Biology presentation of the driving forces of evolution. Presentation "The main driving forces of evolution. Checking homework

Slide 1.

Clade 2.

Tasks of the lesson: to introduce students with various forms struggle for existence; Teach to correctly determine the forms of struggle for existence; To convince the fact that natural selection is the main driving force of evolution.

Slide 3.

Check homework. What form of natural selection is usually valid in populations of species living in relatively unchanged environment conditions? Give it a characteristic. If, as a result of natural selection, individuals die, evading in their structure from the norm, then what form of selection can occur in this case? Give it a characteristic.

Slide 4.

Forms of struggle for the existence of intraspess struggle interspecific struggle fighting unfavorable environmental conditions

Slide 5.

The intraspecific struggle leads to the preservation of the population and the type due to the death or non-participation in the reproduction of the least adapted individuals of this species.

Slide 6.

Examples of intraspecific struggle: the struggle for the territory; Production contest; Intraspecific cannibalism; Struggle for the primacy in the pack; Struggle for possession of female

Slide 7.

The interspecific struggle leads to the victory of a more viable individual or a population of one species over a less viable person or a population of another species.

Slide 8.

Slide 9.

The struggle against adverse conditions of the medium leads to survival in the changed conditions of inanimate nature of the most adapted individuals, populations and species.

Clade 10.

Examples of the fight against adverse conditions ambient: Seasonal molting; Summer and winter hibernation; Seasonal flights and bird nomads; Highly developed root system and modified leaves in desert plants; Littleness of birch and willow in the conditions of the tundra.

Clade 11.

Fastening the topic: Write the sequence numbers of the reasons leading to the death of the dandelion of the dandelion in three lines: A - intraspecific struggle b - interspear struggle in the fight against unfavorable environmental conditions

Slide 12.

The causes of the death of a dandelion: 1-fruits together with hay fall into the stomach sheep; 2-fruits eat many birds; 3-shoots feed herbivorous animals; 4-dandelions trample people; 5-plants darken with drink, nettle; 6-themselves dandelions displace each other; 7-seeds die on the rocks, in the desert; 8-seeds do not germinate from the lack of moisture; 9-platives die from severe frosts; 10-plants die from pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Slide 13.

Answer questions: in the sockets of owls it is often possible to detect multi-age chicks. The polar owls appear in June, and younger chicks in July. Filina has all chicks older than 5-7 days older. What is the biological meaning of this phenomenon? What provisions of the evolutionary teaching can explain the features of breeding birds of prey?

Slide 14.

Fog cods are often settled under the bell of some kinds of jellyfish, whose tentacles are poisonous. How could such a phenomenon arise? With what provisions of the evolutionary theory can be explained by such "oddity" of the behavior of fry cod?

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driving forces Evolution

The development of evolutionary representations by the author of the first slender evolutionary concept was Charles Darwin, who wrote a book about this: "On the origin of species through natural selection or conservation of favorable breeds in the struggle for life" Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

The main provisions of the evolutionary teaching 1. Within each type of living organisms, there is a huge scope of individual hereditary variability in the morphological, physiological, behavioral and any other features. This variability may have a continuous, quantitative, or intermittent qualitative character, but it always exists. 2. All living organisms multiply in geometric progression. 3. Life resources for any kind of living organisms are limited, and therefore the struggle should arise for existence or between individuals of one species, or between individuals different speciesOr with natural conditions. The concept of "struggle for the existence", Darwin included not only the proper struggle of the individual for life, but also the struggle for success in reproduction.

The main provisions of the evolutionary teaching 4. In the context of the struggle for existence, the most adapted individuals, having those deviations that accidentally be adaptive to these conditions of the medium accidentally survive. This is a fundamentally important point in Darwin's arguments. Deviations occur not directly - in response to the action of the medium, but by chance. Few of them turn out to be useful in concrete conditions. The descendants of the surviving individuals who inherit a useful deviation, which allowed to survive their ancestor, are more adapted to this environment than other representatives of the population. 5. Survival and preemptive reproduction of adapted individuals Darwin called the natural selection. 6. The natural selection of separate isolated varieties in different conditions of existence is gradually leading to the divergence (discrepancy) of the signs of these species and, ultimately, to the speciation.

The main logic of evolutionary teaching heredity variability The ability of organisms to unlimited reproduction The limited conditions of the environmental conditions differ from each other and can transmit their characteristics Descendants The struggle for existence survive the most adapted natural selection

Natural selection As a result: Living systems adapt to environmental conditions on planet Earth There is a huge number of types of living organisms, highly organized species and species with a more primitive level of organization can coexist

Artificial selection Natural selection Elementary evolution factors

Artificial selection

Artificial selection Conservation and reproduction of plants and animal specimens, in some respects favorable or useful people

Material for selection in changing the rocks of domestic animals and cultivated people of plants is involved two main points: variability, giving material for the removal of new breeds; Heredity - the overall property of all living beings, thanks to which the peculiarities of parents are transferred to the offspring * Darwin personally studied all the available breeds of homemade pigeons and found that they all originated from a wild rocky dove. From one form, in the creation of a new breed every time special requirements, people gained large handles with high legs, and a small pigeon - seagull, and postal pigeons with their fast flight, and peacock pigeons with a fan-shaped tail, and many others.

Forms of artificial selection The unconscious selection is the selection at which the goal of creating a new variety or breed is not put. People retain the best, in their opinion, individuals and destroy (chose) the worst. The unconscious selection emerged a long time ago, from the moment of taming the dog. The unconscious selection leads to a change in plants and animals, to improving breeds and varieties, to the creation of new local breeds and varieties. The desired result with this selection is formed slowly, but it can be impressive. Methodical selection is a selection carried by a person for a specific plan, with a certain goal - create breed or variety. Features: The target is set: the breeder decides which signs to change and in which direction, that is, the selection direction is determined (egg production, fleshiness, beautiful comb, beautiful tail, beautiful plumage); The plan for creating rock (varieties) is drawn up: what kind of breeds (varieties) is what order needs to be crossed which types of crossing should be applied; Special living conditions are created; Methodical selection is creativity.

Natural selection Saving favorable individual differences and the changes and destruction of harmful, I called the natural selection or experience of the most fit. Ch. Darwin

The mechanism of natural selection 1. Changes in the genotypes in the population are diverse, they affect any signs and properties of organisms. 2. Among the set of changes, it is randomly arising and such that best correspond to specific natural conditions in this time. 3. The owners of these useful signs leave more surviving and breeding descendants compared to the rest of the population. 4. From generation to generation, useful changes are summed up, accumulated, are combined and transformed into adaptation - devices.

The scope of natural selection natural selection affects all the signs of individuals. The selection goes according to the phenotypes - the results of the implementation of the genotype in the process of ontogenesis in specific conditions of the medium, i.e., the selection acts only indirectly on the genotypes. The field of action of natural selection - population. The point of application of the natural selection is a sign or property.

Natural selection has two sides: differential (selective) survival rate differential mortality *. Natural selection has a positive and negative side. Negative side of natural selection - elimination. The positive side is the preservation of the phenotypes of the most appropriate ecosystem conditions at the moment. * Natural selection increases the frequency of these phenotypes, and therefore - and the frequency of genes that form these phenotypes.

Struggle for existence

Causes of the emergence of the struggle for existence? One plant of dandelion occupies an area of \u200b\u200b10m 2 on Earth 2 and gives 100 volatile seeds per year. a) How many square kilometers of the square will cover all the offspring of one individual of the dandelion after 10 years, provided if it is multiplied by the geometric progression? (1 x 10 12 km 2) b) Will these plants for the 11th year of the world of the globe? (The surface area of \u200b\u200bthe globe is 510 million km 2) c) whether this species will cover at least one mainland? Why? The main cause of the struggle is the discrepancy between the possibility of species to the boundless reproduction and limited resources.

Forms of the struggle for the existence of interspecific intraspecific struggle with unfavorable environmental conditions

Internal struggle for the existence of one species of one species similar to the need for territory in breeding in food

The intraspecific struggle leads to the preservation of the population and the type due to the death or non-participation in the reproduction of the least adapted individuals of this species.

Examples of intraspecific struggle: the struggle for the territory; Production contest; Intraspecific cannibalism; Struggle for the primacy in the pack; Struggle for possession of female

The interspecific struggle leads to the victory of a more viable individual or a population of one species over a less viable person or a population of another species.

The struggle against adverse conditions of the medium leads to survival in the changed conditions of inanimate nature of the most adapted individuals, populations and species.

Fighting adverse conditions of drought environment in savannah low temperatures lack of light Alkaline intestinal environment

Examples of the fight against disadvantaged environmental conditions: seasonal molting; Summer and winter hibernation; Seasonal flights and bird nomads; Highly developed root system and modified leaves in desert plants; Littleness of birch and willow in the conditions of the tundra.

MOVING. The driving selection is a form of natural selection that acts with aimed change in conditions external environment. In this case, individuals with features that deflect on a certain side of the mean value receive advantages. In this case, other variations of the feature are negative. As a result, in a population of generation to generation, the average characteristic shift is shifted in a particular direction. In this case, the pressure of the driving selection must meet the adaptive capabilities of the population and the speed of mutational changes. A modern case of driving selection is the "industrial melanism of English butterflies." . It retains hereditary changes in a certain direction by moving, respectively, and the reaction rate. For example, when the soil is mastered, as the habitat among various non-rigid groups of animal limbs turned into a lot.

Stabilizing. A stabilizing selection is a form of natural selection, in which the action is directed against individuals having extreme deviations from the average norm, in favor of individuals with the average severity of the feature. A variety of examples of stabilizing selection in nature are described. For example, at first glance it seems that the greatest contribution to the next-generation gene pool should be made of individuals with maximum fecundity. However, observations of natural populations of birds and mammals show that it is not. The more chicks or cubs in the nest, the harder it is to fill them, the more and less and weaker. As a result, individuals with medium fertility are most adapted. The selection in favor of average values \u200b\u200bwas detected by many signs. In mammals, newborns with very low and very high weights more often die at birth or in the first weeks of life than newborns with medium weight.

SEXUAL. Policy selection is a natural selection for success in reproduction. The males of many species detect clearly pronounced secondary sexual signs, which at first glance seem to be unadaptive: the tail of the peacock, bright feathers of paradise birds and parrots, scarlet crests of roosters, enchanting colors of tropical fish, birds of birds and frogs, and the like. Many of these features complicate the life of their carriers, make them easily noticeable for predators.

DIPORT. D toer (discontinuing) selection is a form of natural selection, in which the conditions favors two or several extreme variants (directions) of variability, but do not favor the intermediate, average status of the feature. As a result, several new forms from one source may appear. The action of diorrative selection explains the formation of seasonal races in some weed plants. It was shown that the timing of flowering and ripening of seeds from one of the types of such plants - the puremme of meadow-stretched almost all summer, and most of the plants bloom and fruits in the middle of summer. However, on hay meals, the benefits of the plants that have time to eat and give seeds to the bowl, and those that give seeds at the end of the summer, after the pouch. As a result, two races races are formed - early and later breathing.

Comparative signs Natural selection Artificial selection 1. Selecting factor Conditions of the external environment Man 2. Results of the variety of species, their fitness to the habitat variety of plants and rocks of animals, their fitness to human needs 3. Duration of action is constant, thousands of years about 10 years (elimination time Varieties or breeds) 4. Object of action Position separate individuals or their groups 5. SPACE OF NATURAL ECOSYSTERS Research institutions (selection stations, tribal farms) 6. Selection forms driving, stabilizing, dioretical, sexual unconscious, Methodical 7. Selection material Hereditary variability hereditary variability

Development of evolutionary representations of the author
first
Slender
Evolutionary concept was
Charles Darwin who wrote
This is a book:
"On the origin of species by
natural selection or about
Preservation
Favorable breed B.
fight for life "
Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

Driving power Evolution and variability, variability,
natural
selection
Heredity
Property of living organisms transfer
Signs from parents to offspring.
Variability
Property of living organisms acquire
New signs in the development process.

Natural selection is survival and leaving the offspring the most adapted features and death less fitted.

The struggle for existence is
intraspecific and interspecies
relationships as well as relationships
Organizms with environment factors.

The main logic of evolutionary teaching

Heredity
Variability
Organisms are different
from each other and can
transmit
Characteristic
Features descendants
Survive
most
Adapted
Ability
Organisms K.
Unlimited
Reproduction
Limitation
Conditions of environment
Struggle for
Existence
Natural
selection

Eventually:

Alive
Systems
Adjust
to
Conditions
Surrounding
Environments
Natural
selection
On the
Planet.
Land
exists
Huge
The number of types of alive
Organisms
Maybe
coexist
high
Organized
Views and views with more
Primitive
Level
Organizations

Evolutionary Evidence: Paleontological

archeopteryix

Archeopteryix

Evolutionary evolution: transitional forms

Evolutionary evidence: morphological (comparative anatomical)

Homologous and similar organs

Rudiment and Atavisms

Evolutionary Evolution: Embryology

Karl Bare: The Law of the Germs

Forms of struggle for existence

Intraspecific struggle
Interspear struggle
Fighting unfavorable
Conditions of environment

Intraspecific struggle

Leads
to
Preservation
population and type for
score
death
or
No longer
in
Reproduction
least
Adapted
individuals of this species.
Label for guinea pigs.lnk

Examples of intraspecific struggle

Struggle for
territory;
Competition for
prey;
Intraspecific
cannibalism;
The struggle for the primacy
in a flock;
Fight for possession
female

Interspear struggle

Leads to victory
more
viable
individual
or
population
one
View
over
less
viable
individual
or
The population of the other
species.

Examples of interspear struggle:

crowding out
Bee.
Australian bee
European;
Competition
between
gray
and
black
rats;
Competition for light
between fir and birch;
Parasitism;
Issimacy of a cunehars of a sable from his
Careful
places
habitat.

Fighting unfavorable environmental conditions

Examples of the fight against adverse conditions
Environment:
Seasonal molting;
Summer and winter
hibernation;
Seasonal flights I.
Koching birds;
Strongly developed
Root system I.
Modified leaves
in desert plants;
Littleness Bereza I.
Willow in the conditions of tundra.

Examples of the fight against unfavorable environmental conditions:

Summarizing:
Struggle for
Existence
"Defeat" the least
Adapted
individuals having
unfavorable
Signs
"Victory" most
Adapted
individuals having
Favorable
Signs
Death, elimination
from breeding
Survival I.
participation
in reproduction
Unfavorable
Signs
Not passed
offspring
Favorable
Signs are transmitted
offspring I.
Strengthen

Summarizing:

driving forces
Evolution:
Natural
selection
Struggle for
Existence
Hereditary
variability
Result
Fight from
Existence
is an
natural selection

Driving Evolution Forces:

Microevolution
it
process
Conversion
populations or populations under
The action of evolution factors
which the
leads
to
Change
Genofond and the formation of a new
species.

Microevolution

1. Under the action of elementary factors
The Genofond population occurs
Changing frequency
individual genes. it
leads
to
elementary
Evolutionary phenomenon - change
genotypic and phenotypic
population composition.
2. With prolonged unidirectional
Impact
Natural
Selection
observed
differentiation
populations.

Evolution factors are any
Phenomena and processes
any impact on evolution
Factors
Evolution
Mutations
Drifting
Genov
Waves
Life
Insulation

it
process
in which
Performed
sudden
Natural or caused
artificially
hereditary
Change
in
Genetic
material
Lettering
to
Change individual signs
organism.

Mutation process

S.S. Chetverikov was one of the first
Who drew attention to periodic
oscillations
Numerous
individuals
Compound population.
That
Oscillation
Numerous
Individuals
Population
Received
name
"Populations
Waves "or" waves of life. "
THE REASONS
Change
Numerous
Populations:
sharp climate change, availability
Feed base, natural disasters,
Human economic activity and
Dr.

1. Waves can be completely accidental
and change dramatically in the population
Concentration
seldom
encountered genes or whole
genotypes.
2. During a sharp decline
Number of population numbers
genes (genotypes) can completely
disappear, while independently
their biological value.
3. At raising waves Other genes
Abruptly increase its concentration.
Waves of life as mutational
Process supply random
non-directional
genetic
material
for
Natural
Selection.

1. Periodic (for example, seasonal oscillations
insect numbers, annual plants,
influenza viruses)
2. Dissemination
(depend on
from
Many
factors). Examples: Numerical oscillations
Predator - Victim, Nutrition Flash
lemmings in the Arctic, spans of locusts,
reproduction of rabbits in Australia, Plague
epidemics in Europe in the past.

Types of population waves:

At the bottom point of the curve of the number
There is a "bottle neck effect".
Through it is a few individuals and in the new
Populations The ratio of alleles will be different.

At the bottom point of the curve of the number, the "bottle neck effect" is observed. Through it is a few individuals and in the new population of Soot

"Only spring water flooded, and without
hundreds of hynut ... "
Nekrasov
Survive only
few individuals and
adaptation ne.
Plays roles rather
case (in the face of D. Mazai)

"Only spring water is flooded, and without that hundreds of hypnames ..." Nekrasov

Isolation - disrupting freedom of crossing.
In an isolated frequency group of alleles
Will will be different than in a big population.
Insulation leads to the hen drift, and also
It is a starting point of the speciation.
Insulating
factor

Isolation - disrupting freedom of crossing. In an isolated frequency group of alleles, they will be different than in a large population. Insulation drive

I.
Potential
Partners ne.
meet
II.
Potential
partners
meet, but
Do not mate
Geographic
insulation
Live in different
Havory
Environmental
(seasonal)
insulation
Blind B.
Different times
Behanthened
insulation
differ in color,
marriage rituals,
song or smell

Geographic isolation
Paradise Sorooks live in the tropical forests of New Guinea.
Each of the five species lives in his mountain range,
separated from the rest of the savanna. Morphological differences
between the species are so significant that they were originally
Describes as separate clans.

Environmental insulation
Lake Tana (Ethiopia) populated by a complex
closely related species of fish barbuses.
Since other species of fish in the lake very
Little, the Barbusi mastered all available
Environmental niches.
Form feeding mixed food
Predator
Extracts insects, plankton and fry fish at the surface of the water

Biological dictation
1. Evolution
2. Heredity
3. variability
4. Natural selection
5. Fight for the existence
6. Paleontological evidence
7. Embryological evidence
8. Rudiment
9. Microevolution
10. Mutation process
11. Population waves
12. Insulation brief content of other presentations

"Natural selection in Darwin" - forms of natural selection. Types of struggle for existence. There is hereditary variability. Hereditary variability. Di-tying selection. Stabilizing selection. Heredity. Driving selection. Natural selection. The results of observations. 1831 - Ch. Darwin goes into the world journey. Fighting adverse conditions. Interspear struggle. Intraspecific struggle. Struggle for existence.

"Biology" Natural selection "" - the final scheme. Natural selection is the result of the struggle for existence. Tasks. Di-typical selection form. The driving form of selection. Stages lesson. Forms of natural selection. Consolidation of knowledge. Fastening the skills to distinguish and characterize individual forms. Land. The purpose of the lesson. Questions on Ch. Darwin. Natural selection. Check of knowledge. Problem question. Stabilizing selection form.

"Natural selection" - stabilizing. As a result, individuals with medium fertility are most adapted. The selection in favor of average values \u200b\u200bwas detected by many signs. Sexual. A variety of examples of stabilizing selection in nature are described. As a result, two races races are formed - early and later breathing. Moving. Natural selection. As a result, several new forms from one source may appear.

"The struggle for existence, natural selection" - in the territory. The driving force of changes to species is natural selection. Presentation on the topic: Natural selection. The first position of the theory. Alkaline intestinal environment. Drought in savannah. Internal struggle for existence. The second position of the theory. Fighting unfavorable environmental conditions. In reproduction. In nature, there is a continuous struggle for existence. The main provisions of the theory of Ch. Darwin on the natural selection.

"The main driving forces of evolution" are examples of combating unfavorable environmental conditions. Driving forces of evolution. The result of the action of a diorrative selection. Examples of interspear struggle. Examples of intraspecific struggle. Fighting unfavorable environmental conditions. Forms of natural selection. The result of a stabilizing selection. Provides adaptation of various groupings of individuals. Forms of struggle for existence. Interspear struggle. The result of driving selection.

"Natural selection" is the creative role of natural selection. The distribution of weight at birth in English babies. The concept of natural selection. An example of a stabilizing selection. Polymorphism. Natural selection. An example of driving or directed selection. Adaptation is an example of natural selection. An example of a dioretical selection. Stock of genetic variability. Driving or directional selection. The principle of natural selection.

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