Presentation on Estonia. Presentation on the topic "Estonia. National and Local Holidays

Ethnogeographic characteristics of Estonians

1. Ethnogenesis
Estonians, Estlased (self-calf from the middle of the XIX century, before that more often - Maarahvas, literally - the "people of their land"), the people, the main population of Estonia (963 thousand people). The total number of 1.1 million people. They speak the Estonian language of the Baltic-Finnish subgroup of the Finno-Ural family of the Ural family. Dialects: Northern (medium-northern, island, oriental and west talks), South (Milk, Tartu and Võrovsky Drugs) and northeast coastal. Literary language based on the northern dialect, writing (from the XVI century) based on Latin graphics. Believers - mostly Lutherans, motherclockers (Baptists, Adventists, Guerniers) are widespread. There are Orthodox, mainly from the sub-ethnic network of Setu in the south-east of Estonia and in the Pechora district of the Pskov region.

Estonians were formed in Eastern Baltic States based on the mixing of the ancient aboriginal population and those who came from the east in the 3rd millennium BC. Later, they have absorbed East Finno-Ugors, Balt, German and Slavic elements. By the 1st millennium of our era, the main groups of the Estess tribes were formed, by the XIII century, territorial associations-Maanokanda were developed: Uganda and Sakala in the south, Virumaa, Yavarmaaa, Harjuaaa and Ryanka in North, Lääneiaa and Saaremaa in the west of Estonia. Since the beginning of the XIII century, the expansion of the Livonian Order of South and Danes to the North of Estonia began. By 1227, the territory of Estonia was included in the lands of the Livonian Order, in 1238-1346 the northern part of Estonia (Ryanka, Harjumaa and Virumaa) belonged to Denmark. Estonians were addressed to Catholicism. As a result of the Livonian War, 1558-83 The territory of Estonia was divided between the speech of the pricillary (southern part), Sweden (Northern) and Dania (Saarema Island). By the middle of the XVII century, Estonia went to Sweden. Reformation 1521, the distribution of worship and typography, from the end of the XVII century - school education in Estonian has contributed to the formation of Estonian national culture. In 1632, the University of Latin and Swedish was created in Derpete, later - in German (modern Tartu University).

During the Northern War, 1700-21 Estonia came into Russia. Northern Estonia formed Estland Gubernia, South became the composition of the Lifelard province. In the XIX century, due to agricultural reforms and the development of capitalism, the migration movement of the Estonian peasantry in the domestic regions of Russia and the city increases. The number of Estonians in the city population increased (in 1897 63% of Tallinn residents). Estonian national movement develops. After the October Revolution in February 1918, an independent Estonian republic was proclaimed, and then the Germans (until November 1918); From the end of November 1918 to January 1919, in part of the territory of Estonia, the Estonian Soviet Republic proclaimed by the Bolsheviks. In 1940, the Republic of Estonia was included in the USSR. In 1991, Estonia became independent.

2. Dynamics of the number and modern number in urban and countryside.

The first settlers who lived in Estonia had European ways, and came to Estonia from the eastern part of the central or southern part of Eastern Europe, after the territory of Estonia was freed from the mainland ice. In the era of Mesolitis (9000 - 4900 BC), local residents belonged to culture, which was distributed in the forest zone of Eastern and Northern Europe. According to the results of modern genetic studies, the Estonians entering the Finno-Ugric group of peoples, on the parent line, mainly from Europe, on the paternity - from the eastern territories.

Migration influenced the population of the territory of Estonia and later - often new settlers arrived after high mortality periods. Starting from the XIII century, the inhabitants of Germany and Sweden moved to the city of Estonia. The medieval cities are numbered, but Estonians, nevertheless, accounted for about 50% of the number of citizens. In rural regions in the villages, immigrants, mainly from the neighboring territories of Finland, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, which, due to the fact that they were scattered among the local population, were relatively quickly assimilated with Estonians. Mixing with Estonians did not happen from the Swedes who inhabited the coast in the West and the north of Estonia, as well as the Russian community of the Old Believers who settled on the West Coast of the Church of the Lake to avoid religious persecution in Russia. The second large period of immigration began at the end of the XIX century, when a large number of workers from Russia arrived in Estonia to build a network of railways and enterprises in Estonia.

Before World War II, Estonians accounted for 88.1% of the total population of the country. The rest of the population was five national minorities, each of which had more than 3,000 people. According to the Law on the National Cultural Autonomy of 1925, the Germans and Jews were requested about the status of cultural autonomy. Russians were the most numerous national minority (8.2%, or about 92,000 people), the Germans accounted for 1.5% (16,300), Swedes - 0.7% (7600), Latvians and Jews - less than 0 ,five%. As a result of World War II and political transformations, Estonia lost four of the five historical communities of national minorities. The Russian historical community has been preserved, the number of which in the early 1990s was 39,000 people.

Due to the events associated with the war immediately after the end of World War II, Estonians were within the new borders of the country 97% of the population. After the world's occurrence in Estonia, which was part of the Soviet Union, began intensive immigration from other territories of the USSR, which went to the decline only in the late 1980s. Starting from that time, the migration balance of Estonia was negative.

In 2010, Estonians accounted for 68% of Estonia's population, Russians - 25%, Ukrainians - 2%, Belarusians - 1% and Swedes - 1%. Jews, Tatars, Germans, Latvians, Polyakov and Lithuanians can also be attributed to the number of major national groups.

In a longer perspective for the future of society, the age structure of the population is noticeably affected. The share of children in the population of Estonia is declining - in 2008, they accounted for 21% of the total population. And although the number of older people is growing, though, compared with other European countries, the share of people over 64 years old in the population of Estonia is relatively small: according to 2008, people aged 65 years and older accounted for only 18% of the total number of Estonian residents. In 1990-2007 The number of people of working age declined, but it began to rise again, when the working age began to reach a numerous generation, born in the late 1980s. Despite the decline in the total number of people of working age, in the near future their share in the population of Estonia will be quite stable. The most important changes in the age structure of the population will occur after 2018, when the rapid reduction of the share of people-bodied people will begin.

Labor employment of people aged 15 to 64 years in Estonia is slightly higher than on average in the European Union. This is due primarily because labor employment Women in Estonia above average. For example, even among retirees, employment men and women are about the same. In Estonia, people over the age of 70 are usually no longer working, but before reaching this age, yet quite active.
Cities and urbanization.
As in other European countries, in Estonia, there is an incessant increase in the importance of cities, while Tallinn is the All-Deference Center for Attraction, and Tartu, Pärnu and Yoevi / Kohtla-Järve - regional level centers. The county centers are still considered important components of the settlement system.

In the townships of urban type, there are a total of 69% of Estonia's population, 70% of the inhabitants - in regional centers, Harjumaa, Ida-Virumaa, Tartumaa and Pärnumaa. Northern Estonia and coastal regions are most closely populated. There are also three of the five largest cities in Estonia: Tallinn, Narva and Kohtla-Järve, they are focused on the preferential part of the population, industrial potential, transport chains and economic activity. The sign of intensive urbanization and industrialization followed after World War II was a large influx of immigrants from other territories of the Soviet Union.

The division on the settlements of urban and rural type began in Estonia in about the 13th century. According to the original sources, the first cities were: Tartu (1030), Tallinn (1248; called Kolyvan - 1154), Narva (1256), Pärnu (1265), Haapsalu (1279), Wiljandi (1283) and Pide (1291). Often, the city arose around the order of German settlements, which were often built on the site of the ancient settlements captured by them. Already then, large cities were located near coaster and reservoirs, developed trading and transport routes. The modern picture of the network of cities has formed implemented in 1959-1962. Administrative reform, during which the borders of 15 districts approximately coincide with the boundaries of today's counties. In connection with the creation of new district centers, new local centers appeared, such as Yygev, Rapla or Dustwa. In total, Estonia has 42 cities and 9 urban villages. As a result of the changes that occurred after the restoration of Estonia's independence, in the 1990s, the role of county and local centers was significantly reduced, in county centers, the livelihoods concentrated around successful enterprises and the cities near them.

3. Reproduction indicators.

Despite the fact that in many countries the number of children has decreased in recent years, in Estonia, the desire to have children are quite stable. On average, families want to have 2.3 children, which is relatively much compared to other European countries. Representations of men about the desired number of children in the family do not differ significantly from the relevant ideas of women. In fact, children are born considerably less desired, but this indicator is at the average European level.

Attention deserves the fact that in Estonia many children are born in families, where parents are not registered officially. Among European countries in the XXI century. Only Iceland was ahead of Estonia for the relative number of children born outside the official marriage. In Estonia, this trend has become particularly noticeable in the 1990s. And in the first decade of the XXI century., For example, in 2009, 60% of all newborns appeared in such families. In Estonia's society, there is practically no prejudice regarding children born outside the registered marriage, and in practice there is no big difference in practice, whether his parents are in marriage officially. Of course, thanks to the birth of children, the so-called "civil marriage" is more often turning into the official, but, nevertheless, the education of children in families, where parents are in unregistered marriage, not at all. Single mothers in Estonia are relatively small - only 7%. Most often, marriage is registered after two years of living together, but there are couples, all their lives living without registration.

According to the 2000 census, 50% of men and 42% of women were registered marriages. 21% of all couples living together did not register their relations officially. Civil marriage was most common among divorced people (29%) and those who have never been married (20%).

The number of divorces per capita in Estonia is one of the highest in Europe, but in the 21st century it began to decrease - perhaps it is due to the growing popularity of civil marriages. Since, before entering into an official marriage, most couples live together, they already know each other well, so surprises in the nature of partners are not the causes of divorces.

In the 1990s. In Estonia, the transition began to a new type of birth. Until the early 1990s, the fertility exceeded the border of the reproduction of the population (more than two children per woman). 1987-1990 They were recorded in the number of newborns - there were no so many children in Estonia for the year in Estonia for the year, which can be explained by the hopes that the process of national liberation gave rise to the hopes.

In the early 1990s Birth rate began to fall. Integrity in the future became more and more - unemployment grew, children's gardens closed, the possibility of introducing education fees was discussed, many young families were not solved to raise children due to the lack of prospects for improving housing conditions. The birth of children was postponed for the future, first of all, people tried to get a profession, find a job and secure a stable income. The age curve of fertility began to resemble a similar curve of 1930-1935. The smallest number of births per woman (1,3) was registered in 1998. After that, the birth rate began. This was discouraged by the fact that people began to start children at a later age, that is, the children were given birth to those women who had previously postponed the birth of children at a later date, but the influence of the overall stabilization of the economic situation, reducing the risk of deterioration of the economic situation of the family Due to the appearance of a child in it.

By 2009, the total fertility rate increased in Estonia to 1.6 children per woman, which was an average for European countries, nevertheless, this figure was, though, less than in the late 1980s. First of all, you can note the relative growth in the specific birth weight of the second and third children in the family, while specific gravity Children born fourth and subsequent decrease.

Despite the fact that in the period from 1990 to 2009, the average age in which the woman gave birth to the first child increased by three years, compared with other countries of the European Union in Estonia, the woman first becomes a relatively early. In 2009, the average age of a woman who gave birth to the firstborn was 26 years. From the beginning of the XXI century. Mothers, most often, become 25- 29-year-old women. With an increase in middle age in which children give birth, the reproductive behavior began to more influence the factors associated with health and premature mortality. Although in Estonia, men have relatively good fecundity, that is, the physiological ability to conceive and the birth of children, as a result of premature mortality of men over the age of 30 years old women there are more women, so there are no longer enough spouses for all women of this age.

If in many countries the consequences of artificial fertilization are statistically expressed in the form of growth in the birth of twins, in Estonia in the first decade of the XXI century. The effect of infertility treatment on the birth rate is not so obvious. A some increase in the birth of twins has been observed since 1998, but the proportion of such birth is quite low - for example, in 2009 they accounted for 0.02% of all kinds of genera.

The average life expectancy of Estonian residents is significantly lower than in most countries of the European Union, especially among men - in the EU countries, the average life expectancy for men is only in neighboring Latvia and Lithuania. Also for Estonia is characterized by a large intercolored difference in the intended average life expectancy of women and men. Women live on average for 12 years longer than men. The reason for such a noticeable difference is primarily in high mortality of relatively young men as a result of the so-called. external causes of death (accidents, murders, suicides). However, the death rate of Estonian men at a young age and for other reasons is also above the average European level. In 2008, women lived in Estonia, on average, up to 79.2 years, men - up to 68.6 years.
The main causes of death in Estonia are diseases of the blood circulation bodies (58%), malignant neoplasms (16%) and the external causes of death (13%). Mortality due to external factors prevails among people under the age of 40. Mortality as a result of neoplasms increases from 40 years of age both among men and among women. In the low life expectancy in Estonia, first of all, low physical activity, smoking and alcohol. Most significantly increases mortality of men due to cancer of the respiratory and lung cancer. According to the health associated with health, 2006, 41% of men and 20% of women smoked daily. From time to time they smoked about 7% of men and women. Alcohol has direct impact on mortality. In the last decade, mortality due to alcohol consumption increased among men of working age twice. Of external factors The most common causes of death are suicide and automotive accidents. In terms of mortality associated with alcohol, Estonia can be compared with Lithuania, Scotland, East Germany, Northern France, Bulgaria and Hungary.
Along with mortality, the number of years living without restrictions caused by diseases. In Estonia, women and men have good health throughout a significantly smaller period of their lives than on average in Europe. According to 2005, women are internationally healthy up to 52 years old (on average EU - up to 66 years old), men - up to 48 years old (on average EU - up to 65 years old). Consequently, health problems appear in the inhabitants of Estonia relatively early.

4. Geography of settlement
Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, as it lives about 85% of all Estonians. Mostly, emigrants are sent to Finland, Russia, Germany, USA, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Ukraine. Often talking about the emigration of people with higher education, for example, doctors, however, the majority leaving to another country have a secondary education.
Table 1.

Modern settlement range and the number of Estonians

Estonia 922 398 (2010)

Sweden 26,000

USA 25 000 (2000)

Canada 22,000

Finland 20 000 (2007)

Russia 17 875 (2010)

Australia 6,300

Germany 5 000 (2001)

Ukraine 2 868 (2001)

United Kingdom 4,000

Latvia 2 381 (2010)

Ireland 2 373.

Abkhazia 446 (2003)
Total about 1,055,000 (2000)

Source: www.ru.wikipedia.org.

5. Confessional accessory.

Most Estonians are atheists. Believers are mostly Lutherans, there are Orthodox. As of June 1, 2010, 9 churches were made to the register of religious associations and 9 parish associations with only 470 parishes. In addition to them, 71 independent arrival and 8 monasteries were submitted to the register of religious associations. Also, in addition to religious organizations, part of the religious associations entered into the register of religious associations registered themselves as religious societies, a part in the form of accommodating societies, and some did not consider it necessary to register in any public institutions.
In the course of the population of the population in Estonia in 2000, people over 15 years old among others also asked the question of their religious self-determination. According to the population census, one specific tradition of religion recognizes 31.8% of people responded to the question (29% of those who participated in the census of people over 15 years old). Most often attributed themselves to Lutherans (13.57%) and Orthodox (12.79%). They followed Baptists (0.54%) and Catholics (0.51%). 0.33% recognized themselves with followers of non-Christian traditions. Of these, most (0.12%) constituted Muslims, as well as followers of Taara's religion and a native religion (0.09%). 34% of respondents called themselves indifferent in relation to religion, 14.5% could not answer the question. 6.1% recognized themselves atheists. 7.99% of respondents refused to answer the question.
Participation in religious rites in modern Estonia is quite low - a survey of 2000 showed that 4% of respondents (surveyed 1092 people) takes part in religious rites every week. According to the report of the European Social Research from 2004 times a week, 2.5 percent of the respondents answered and the percentage of believers among the answers was 15.2 participated in religious rites. According to a survey, unbelievers accounted for 54.6 percent and "somewhere between" there were 30 percent of respondents.

6. Traditions, customs, rites, etc.

Life cycle.
Ancient Estonians perceived the world around them. First of all, based on the image of the circle. The awareness of the linearity of things could occur only during the transition from Catholicism to Lutheranism. There were two circles in which a person participated: they were a life and temporary (annual) cycle. The first was alone and big, the second was constantly repeated. All the Estonians had a greater extent determined by these two cycles.
In the life cycle there were four main events: birth, confirmation or onset of majority, marriage and death. From this first and the latter happened anyway. Not every born baby became an adult. And not every adult married. The worldview of the Estonians, which established in the process of symbiosis of the old and the new faith, was expressed in complex traditions. Man moving from one life step In another, especially vulnerable, so it had to protect against evil and guarantee good luck and blessing.
The rivor of birth began at the conception of the child. If you wanted to be born a boy - an ax was put on the mattress if the girl is a needle. An important day and time is considered. Monday, Wednesday and Friday considered unhappy days when no work was started. They were unfortunately for the undertaking of life. A child born on Sunday was especially happy, and this belief was preserved to this day. Evening child was happy, and Morning should have been working a lot to work a lot to bring ends with ends. In the whole of Estonia, there is a tradition when the newborn took the opposite sex in the clothes, a boy in a female shirt and vice versa. It was done in order to protect him from evil forces, and that the child be sure to marry.

For the child, the lapse of time from birth and before baptism was the most dangerous. The child never left one and all night burned the light. The name of the child was usually given in honor of grandparents or used church calendar. The child was impossible to give the name of the father or mother. The child was baptized at the age of 2-3 weeks at home or in the church. In Estonia, there are many small custodes and remote villages and farms that Pastor visited only a few times a year, so all church rites were held there together, from baptism before the destruction of the dead man.

In folk traditions there are rites, which are allowed only to adults, although at the same time there are no guidance on the celebration of majority. For example, the girls who have reached the age of majority were allowed to sleep in the barn, kidden walking on the evening, also a joint pastime of the young, - walking in the night (joint grazing horses at night, when they were burned to scare off wolves and had fun around them).
Marriage was one of the central events in a person's life. There was a conviction that a person can fulfill a social and biological role only in marriage. Until the mid-19th century, the right to choose a satellite life was among the parents. The choice determined the diligence of the bride, not appearance and wealth. One of the types of young people had a fitting, which meant the tradition of young guys walking in the summer to the girls to spend the night. It was internships went in the evenings on Thursday and Saturday from Yuryev Day (April 23) on Mikhailov Day (September 29). It was a time when young spent the night outside the house: girls in the barn, boys on a haymaker. The appointment was not officially appreciated, but she was revealed. The places even believed that the match was preceded by the wings: "Be thanks if someone comes, where you will go with such a disgrace, if your daughter don't even want."
For the Estonian wedding tradition, the passivity of the bride and groom is characteristic of the passivity - and others have troubled for them - both in the walling and the wedding. When matching, the negotiations were led and agreed about the wedding match, usually a relative from the bridegroom, married old man. From the side of the bride performed mother or swash. The most suitable time for the match was tuned Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday to the new moon. The bride's generally accepted gifts were apron, a silk handkerchief and a knife (later ring), the mother of the bride Cap or the apron, the father of the hat or the tube, the sisters-brothers shawls. In the 19th century, there was also a ransom or cash, the size of which depended on the state of the groom, and was measured in silver. If the wedding was upset about the fault of the bride, gifts and ransom needed to return, if from the side of the groom, then everything remained a bride as compensation. In the old days, wedding and wedding usually did not coincide. Before the middle of the 19th century, places and the longer, the church wedding was secondary. In the beginning, the wedding was held at the beginning and the transition of the bride into Milodia when she was put on the headdress of a married woman. Wedding usually occurred after the wedding, and sometimes even with the baptism of the first child. Wedding, nevertheless, was mandatory by law.

Death was a sad, but inevitable event and with her a lot of believes are connected. There was a general belief that the heard knocks and the stons foreshadowed death. Natural periods of dying were considered either spring when the first leaflets appear, or autumn, when the leaves fall out - then the further depletion road will be easier. It was better to die in the afternoon and in good weather, as evil people and sorduny died during the blizzard and storms. In order to facilitate the transition to another world, there were various techniques, such as opening a window or door. Under the influence of Christianity, it was spread and believing that a person calmly dies, who recognizes all his sins and asks for forgiveness.

Time cycle.
The second cycle that determines the life of a person is a temporary (annual cycle), which constantly repeated. Annual cycle relating to nature, shared in half, in line with the spring awakening of nature and fading in the fall. In the field calendar, the day of Pahotea (April 14) and "Day when yellow leaves" (October 14) and both days occur since ancient times before the arrival of Christianity.

Like most of the peoples of Europe, Estonians shared a business year by occupation into two parts: on a warm summer period, when they were engaged in wild work, and the cattle was in pastures, and for the winter, when the fields were under the snow and cattle were driven into a hlev. Summer began to Yuriev (Yegoryev) Day (April 23) and ended with Mikhail Day (September 29). This summer lasted 5 months, winter seven. The principle of separation into two parts excludes spring and autumn, they were considered as transitional periods from winter by summer.

The one-year calendar became traditional for Estonians only with the appearance of an Estonian-speaking calendar in the 19th century. Ancient time based on the lunar calendar. The time was calculated from the full moon to the full moon or from the new moon to the new moon (the length of this cycle is 29.5 days). People's belief paid attention to the moon. Watching a decrease and growth of the Moon, noted that the growing moon promotes growth, and the decreasing slows down. The names of the months in Estonians were formed most of the names of traditional days and natural phenomena (April - the month of juice (EST. Mahlakuu), May - month of foliage (Est. Lehekuu), etc.)

The last division of the temporary reference is a day. It is known that in the 17th century, Estonians were familiar with both sunn clocks and with hourly division of the day. In everyday peasant life, the hourly division did not have a practical value, more appropriate was the general division of the day. The day was divided into winter and summer time differently. In Estonia in the 19th century, almost everywhere, ate in winter - 2, and in the summer 3 times. The time of meals and shared the day on the part, parts of the day were counted from one meal to another. "The time between the two meals" was used as a generally accepted temporary unit, for example, "you can throw this field in two intervals between food." Lunch time, dinner and breakfast were prescribed depending on the position of the Sun. There is information that at the beginning of the 18th century, Estonians were divided into 20 time segments. Only at the end of the last century, the concept of "hour" replaced the earlier type of division "depending on the time of day and the time of meals."

An annual cycle, based on the sun move, was divided into two parts of the day of summer and winter solstice. From Christmas, the day became longer, with Ivanov's day went to the wagon. These two turning points have already been two big holidays since ancient times.

Christmas was for the ancient Estonians the most important holiday. The Christmas holiday is also an obvious mixing of Christian and pagan traditions. The main event was not only the celebration of the birth of Christ on December 25, and Christmas covered a longer period - from the day of St. Thomasa (Est. TooMapäev, Rus Thomas) December 21 and up to the day of three kings (Est. Kolmekuningapäev) January 6, and the tradition of the celebration goes to the pre-Christian period. Christmas, with a lot of prohibitions on work and abundant trapes was a period of rest during a long and dark winter. Christmas Eve and the next day were the most significant time in the year. All day must be finished household worksThe housing was decorated with a suspended Christmas crown and brought a straw to the house. Only at the end of the last decade of the 19th century, the Christmas tree came to shift the straw. The archaic value of the straw in the house was interpreted in different ways, most likely it is due to the cult of ancestors. On Christmas Eve, for lunch, the family went to the bathhouse, after which pure clothes were dressed, and the Christmas peace began. It was the time when "Heavenly Gate and the Gate of hell was open," so I had to protect yourself in every way so that the unclean power does not penetrate. To this end, on all doors, windows I.T.P. Drew charms - cross, pentagram or wheel cross. In the Christmas night, the table was sitting several times so that the food was always plenty, I didn't remove me from the table for the night, but left for the "shower" that would come home.

New Year's holiday appeared from January 1, 1691, when the beginning of the year was translated on January 1. In its location - after Christmas and in the middle of the Christmas tree. New Year's holiday was called the second Christmas. New Year's traditions are largely coincided with Christmas, but they are distinguished by greater cheerfulness and less solemnity. Throughout Estonia, people believed in the admission - what you are doing on the first day of the new year, then you will do the whole year.

The Christmas period ended in the afternoon of three kings (January 6) or the day of St. Knuta (January 7). The latter was known on the islands. To this period, the Christmas food was supposed to be eaten and drinking beer.

If Christmas served as a breather in winter, then Ivanov Day (Est. Jaanipäev) June 24 in the folk calendar was an ancient summer holiday, and on a par with Merry Christmas was the most celebrated holiday. In the evening, Ivanov's day on the jerry or high hill was lit the fire, which was thought to have a magical and cleansing property, medicinal herbs collected in Ivanov night also had a special strength. In Ivanov, the night, since both good forces were activated in Christmas night as good forces, so it was a suitable period for magical actions. In Ivanov, the night mostly having fun, swung on a swing, danced around the fire, organized various games for the test of power and dexterity, went to look for a fern flower, whipped wreaths and dressed them on the night to see the future. This day was associated with grazing and duty of livestock, prepared dairy dishes and settled so that the cows give more milk. Agricultural work was ended with Ivanov, and the period of Senokos began.

In total, in the Estonian folk calendar in the period between Merry Christmas and Ivanov, 80 significant dates, whose fame differed regionally. The need to keep a time account was also before, so the score of the time in the people was conducted on weeks. This meant counting a week from one significant date to another. From Christmas - 6 weeks before the pit (day of three kings) from Pichena - 11 weeks before Yurian Day from Yuryev Day - 8 to Ivanov's Day with Ivanova - 4 days day from Yakov Day - 9 to Mikhailov Day with Mikhailova - 6 before Martynova With Martynova - 2 to Cadrine of the Day from Cadrine - 4 before Christmas. Maslenitsa, Yuriev Day, day shower, Martynov Day and Cadrine The day was the most important dates and had rich rituals. Maslenitsa (Est. Vastlapäev) was a mobile holiday, which is celebrated on Tuesday of the seventh week before Easter always on Tuesday to the new moon. The traditional dish on this day was boiled pork legs, bean or pea soup. In the whole of Estonia, the custom of slipping on ice on this day is known - the longer the slide is the higher the flax. Yuriev Day (Est. Jüripäev) April 23 was the beginning of agricultural work and the beginning of the cattle grazing season. This day was known from the pre-Christian period. Numerous rites performed on this day were trying to ensure the replenishment of livestock. Yuriev Day was and in the afternoon of changing the owners for Batags and Bathers, as the conclusion of employment contracts were accomplished from Yuryev. In Yuryev, the fire was bred. From Yuryev Day began days with three interruptions for food, which continued to Mikhailov Day.
The autumn period was the time to commemorate the souls of deceased ancestors (Est. Hinedeaeg). A specific day to remember the souls of the dead before was not. The most common is the opinion that the commemoration days are preceded by Martynov Day. Metting Day (Est. HingeDepäev) November 2, existing in our time came from Catholics at a later time. The most appropriate day for visiting the souls of the native house was Thursday, when in the evening they were expected home and the table was covered in the bath. During this period, it was impossible to noise, there were spinning work under the ban, it was impossible to talk loudly and laugh. There was a believer - if the souls like the treats, then there will be happiness and luck in the house. Martynov Day (Est. Mardipäev, the day of memory of the bishop of Martinus) on November 10 ended the agricultural year and completed the period of commemoration of the shower. Estonians, unlike other peoples, was taken on this day and walk out of the house to the house, where they gave a treat. Used, usually, in men - "Martynov", they tried to dress more terrible and represented often the family that the Mart Father protrudes. In the rites of Martynov, traces of the cult of respect for the ancestors are traced. Day of Cadri (Est. Kadripäev Memorial Day of Holy Katerina) On November 25, it was distinguished by Estonians with the wealth of traditions of rude. The day of the cadry was celebrated as a female day and dressed in women, clothes were white and clean, went home, sang danced and called the bells, wanting a family of happiness. The Day of Cadri was considered the feast of sheep, and, in honor of the replenishment of herd, Kashi had come to Khlev.

The names of the significance dates of the pre-Christian period preserved little on the formation of a folk calendar, undoubtedly, a strong influence was provided by the Catholic Church. First of all, it affected the consolidation and name of holidays. Those holidays that coincided with the local economic rhythm and those with which the most interesting rituals are associated with.

Folk beliefs
The main signs of popular beliefs of Estonia is pluralism, which is expressed in faith in various spirits and fairies, who had no inner hierarchy. The spirits revived many natural areas, and the sphere of their power was limited. This means that an animistic faith in a living nature is characteristic of Estonia.

The word "sacred" when it was close to the concept of "taboo", denoting something inviolable, separate and unlimited. All sacred radiated the mysterious and dangerous force for a person, and also prudently required ritual behavior. The sacred could be places, objects, people, animals, time periods, communication with life events, various phenomena and situations. The sacred places were sacrificial stones and sources, as well as groves.
The sacred sources were endowed with a magical wellness force and his water was treated with eyes and skin, washed off sinful actions, etc. Sources sacrificed silver, they found items related to 8 - 12 centuries. In Estonia, about 400 sacred sources are known. The sacred grove was considered a group of trees. Usually, the sacred were considered deciduous groves next to the village on a high-edge, on a flat terrain - near any cleft or source, where they brought victims to the deceased ancestors and where they went to pray. In the grove, it was impossible to trample the grass, breaking the branches, chop trees, etc. The sacrificial gifts also brought separately worthy trees of the so-called. "Sacrificial trees."
With the introduction of Christianity, the destruction of the sacred groves began, the Catholic Church established its crosses and chapels on the spot, the Lutheran Church tried to fully reverse the reverence of trees and the tradition of bringing sacrificial gifts. Despite this, in the sacred groves of the deceaseders was buried back in 17-18 centuries. The worship of the sacred groves and trees ceased to the beginning of the 19th century, in the people's traditions of the memory of the places where the sacred groves were grew, and the trees were preserved until the beginning of the 20th century. In Estonia, the sacred were also considered the stones that sacrificial gifts were brought, mostly these are ordinary boulders who were on the field or pasture near the village, less often in the forest. In most of the spirits of the Estonians who worshiped and who were committed by sacrifices were only spiritual creatures.
Peko
One of the interesting examples of the relationship of the world of idols and the infancy artistic creativity The sacred image of the keeper of the house and harvest of Peko is known in Setumema. Standing in the section The wake-up PEO was primitively cut from the deck with human torso with the holes wounded on the top, in which sacrificial candles were lit. Figure Pesco belonged to the whole village and nodded every year from one farm on another. From foreign Poeks hid. Special festivities in honor of Peko were arranged in the fall after the harvest, in the spring during the Trinity and Ivanov day. The most important of them was the autumn holiday, which was always suitable in full moon, only men took part in it, and during this holiday, the Figure of Peko passed into a new barn. As a gift, Peko brought oil, cottage cheese and wool, as well as good luck and the range of the herd. The trees and bushes were also dedicated to those who brought sacrificial gifts. The cult of Peko is known only in Setuma and there is no information about the fact that Poco was worshiped anywhere else in Estonia except Setuma.
Tyn.
Unlike Peko, which belonged to the entire village community, in Western Estonia, the image of the house defender is known for only one family. The cult of Tynnya longer was preserved in Pärnumaa, even before the beginning of the 20th century. The image of Tynama itself could be different. There are many reports that the tint was made from wax - they looked a small figure for which sometimes sewed clothes. Often, a wax candle was used as a date, which was put on tiny caftan and pants. Some tints were carved from the tree and more or less like creature. At the same time, Tynam could be both male and female. The only figure of Tynynya preserved in Estonia is located in the Estonian National Museum. Tynny should have always had to receive a share from each baking bread, a scored animal, etc. In case of misfortunes and diseases, copper kopecks were trapped. The main day for the date of donations was Tõnisa Day on January 17 (Est. Tõnisepäev). On this day, some animal were usually hammered, three drops of blood of which dripped into the box of the tint.

In addition to specific defender spirits, the earth's world in Estonian folk beliefs was populated by various supernatural beings that lived their hidden life. In the distance from the house, in the wild, a person felt himself in someone else's territory. Half arts performed most often in the image of wolves or snakes, from which it was possible to protect themselves with the help of spells.

The most popular supernatural creature was damn, under which a large number of other characters were hidden, some of which took place from the pre-Christian period. For the damn it was characterized by the ability to take various appeals, and he spoke in various roles - to push out of the people of different spirits of nature. Representations of the feature were mostly two types: aggressive features and neutral traits. The first one of them was the immediate danger for a person, the second did not show no hostility towards a person. The third and late image of the trait - comic traits, stupid and simple unclean and folk stories. In the Christian religion, the features and sorcerer act at the same time, the supernatural forces man acquired with the help of a demon. In the Estonian folk beliefs, the sorcerer acted on his own and peak his business, relying on his knowledge and natural abilities. Nevertheless, the word "sorcerer" meant a "man with bad intentions." Having good intentions, the doctor and the defender from the evil forces were called a "sign". Both were not only part of the beliefs, but also belonged to the real rustic community.

Despite the pressure of Christianity, Estonians in their beliefs have retained many pagan elements. First of all, this indicates the practical Estonian warehouse: it is not necessary to conflict with any new or old. In order for happiness to accompany the family and the flock, he could ask for help and bring victims to both, since who could exactly know what mystery and danger is another world.

People's clothing
For the development of folk clothes, for centuries, both the fashion of the highest classes and the folk clothing of the neighbors were influenced. The rustic community clothes were primarily due to the established traditions and customs. People's clothing in a certain sense showed the estate and national affiliation, in addition to this, everyday and festive clothing was both a complex iconic system, pointing to age and social and marital status its owner.

In general, clothes were divided into three parts:
. Festive clothing worked only in solemn cases and passed from generation to generation;
. Weekend clothes for less solemn cases;
. Workwear, which was worn daily and which was made of the worst material and without jewelry; Were worn old weekend clothes.
Clothes were usually made from woolly woolen or linen fabrics: from linen fabrics, first of all, shirts and hats of married women were made, from wool - various overweight clothes, mittens, stockings and socks.

For a long time, the bulk of the clothing was natural: linen fabrics were whiten, the outerwear from the wool was brown or black. In order to seize the cloth for the skirt, the yarn painted with vegetable paints. The most common was the staining of the strainer, which gave a red color. As the first purchased paint distribution in the 18th century. Received Indigo.
A full set of festive clothes Girls and young men received to confirmation when celebrated at the age of majority. There were no special differences in the clothes of idling and married men, but at the same time they adhered to strict differences between the clothes of the girl and a married woman, as well as the clothes of a married woman and widow. The girls went in summer, and often in winter with a uncoated head, using only a ribbon or wreath for fastening and decorating hair, on most of the territory of Estonia in a girl's costume there was no apron. The head of a married woman should be traditionally covered and will surely come the apron. They believed that the hostess without an apron would hurt yields. The girl who was waiting for the child, also taught the Apron.
Decoration
The decorations, first of all, were included in the set of festive clothing, but they were worn with everyday work clothes. Decorations, as values \u200b\u200bwere transmitted from generation to generation. Mother's decorations usually inherited eldest daughter, or if there were no daughters, then the wife of the eldest son. Both decorations and ornaments on clothes did not have only aesthetic value, but also defended from around the ambient evil. The everyday decoration of women were beads. White or colored beads made of glass or stone balls worn on the neck of a little girl when she was cut into the first tooth. Beads were on a woman, both in the afternoon and at night, at the celebration and at work, and she took them with him to the grave. Since the beads believed in the recreational strength, the unhappy person believed that one who had no beads on the neck. Especially rich and having great importance were women's decorations. In the bride, the network during the wedding had to be at least two kilograms of silver jewelry, and if they were not, they had to occupy. Believed that belt and mittens had the highest protective force from items. According to beliefs, the mittens defended their owner from enemies and hostile forces. When conducting important cases, the mittens were put on a warm summertime, or just put them on the belt.

Although the territory of Estonia and is small, folkwear has a large number of regional differences. Four large groups can be distinguished - South Estonia, Northern Estonia, Western Estonia and Islands. The emergence and preservation of local features in most part contributed to the fortification dependence. Moved mainly within the borders of their arrival.
South Estonia
For national clothes in South Estonia, it is characterized by preservation for a long time ancient forms of clothing. The area of \u200b\u200bMulgimaa (Viljandimaa) was particularly distinguished by his analogy. At the same time, it is possible to note the various influences: the clothes of the southern part of Võrumaa has common features with Latvian folk clothes, and throughout South Estonia spread Russian features (embroidery with red thread and woven pattern with red thread). The most susceptible to new modes were the northern parishes. In 18 V. The spread received a wide skirt, initially monophonic, and later the longitudinal striped, which in the 19th century was already widespread everywhere. For women's clothing, there was also a shirt with long sleeves, decorated with embroidered geometric ornament or measurement. More Russian elements were in National Clothes Setu, for example, Men Neta wore a spiderman breath, women network instead of skirt wore Sukman, similar to Russian Sarafan.
Northern Estonia
In Northern Estonia's clothes there are only small regional differences. At the same time, this region was most susceptible to innovations. Coastal areas have been standing out by Finnish influence provided on them. In the north fad, you can see Russian and Water traits. In the vicinity of Tallinn, many phenomena associated with European fashion were trapped and spread throughout the country: a male suit, consisting of knee-powered, in women longitudinal-striped skirt and woolen clothing painted in cubic blue color. The most characteristic feature of North Estonia's clothing was that women wore a shirtless sleeves and from above a short-skiing blouse. A distinctive feature was an embroidered floral ornament, as on Cherence. And on the skiing blouse. On the head of the woman wearing a potted headdress - Pottymut
Western Estonia
Western Estonia's clothing had common features, both with southern and northern Estonia. For the region characteristic was the outer clothing of natural black or brown colors of sheep wool. In a female suit included a shirt with long sleeves, on top of which wearing a jacket (sweaters in the waist - Campsun) and libepers (vest), on the shoulders folded with a triangle handkerchief. The longitudinal-striped skirt passed here to the beginning of the 19th century. From the middle of 19 century. Stained and transverse and cellular skirts began to wear, especially in Lääneah. Headgear differed at the parishes: in the southern part they wore caps of a special cut, in the north - a hundred-shaped and hoofing kokoshniki.
Islands
Its folkwear was on every island (Saaremaa, Hiyumaa, Muhu), there were their differences in every arrival at Saaremaa. Many common features were with the clothes living on the Swede coast, such as pleated skirts. Monochrome skirts to the 19th century were changed by longitudinal-striped, later transverse. The aprons also worn and adult girls. On Hiiumaa, women wore a blouse, on Saareaa Shubach and libeles. They wore shoes as shoes, only on the fly - postal.
In connection with the spread of urban lifestyle, in the second half of the 19th century. Folk clothing disappeared from everyday consumers, at the same time in the second half of the 19th century. In Estonia in the period of the so-called. National Awakening, propaganda of wearing folk clothing in solemn cases began: at folk events and singing holidays. The greatest revival of folk clothes as national festive clothing began in the first half of the 20th century. Today, under folk clothes, it is primarily implied, the festive clothing of the first half of the 19th century.

P.S. All images, schemes and tables see in the presentation.

Estonia Lomova E.I. Geography Teacher GBOU Lyceum № 265 Saint Petersburg

Estonia S \u003d 45100 sq. Km (134th place in the world) N \u003d 1.517 million people (151th place in the world) On August 6, 1940, the independence of the Republic of Estonia was proclaimed in the USSR on August 2, 1991.

The coat of arms on a large state coat of arms on the golden field of the shield, three Lazorus leopards are depicted. The shield is crushed by a wreath of two crossed gold branches of oak, crossed in the lower part of the shield. The motive of the coat of arms takes the beginning in the 13th century, when the Danish king of Voldemar II helped the city of Tallinn the coat of arms with three lions, similar to the emblem of Denmark.

Flag since 1882. Blue - reflection of the sky, lakes and the sea, a symbol of loyalty and truth, national ideas. Black - the color of the land of the Motherland and the National Sirtuka White - the desire of the Estonian people to happily and light.

General Official language -Estonian. Religious religion: Lutheranism, Orthodoxy, Baptism. State Story: Democratic Parliamentary Republic. Head of State: President. Borders with Russia, Latvia. It is a member of the EU, Eurozone, NATO, a participant in the Schengen Agreement.

President Tomas Hendrik Ilves

List of presidents of Estonia Lennart Mary 1992-2001 Arnold Ruytel 2001-2006 Toomas Hendrik Ilves since 2006

The Constitution was adopted in 1992. Estonia is an independent democratic parliamentary republic. Legislative authority belongs to the unicameral parliamentarity. The President is elected for a period of 5 years, but no more than two deadlines.

The physico-geographical location is located in the northeastern part of Europe. Washed by the waters of the Finnish and Riga Bay of the Baltic Sea. More than 1540 are of 9.2% of the territory. The shores are strongly dissected, in the north with steep cliffs, in the West - lowlands.

Surface - lowland plain with traces of activity of ancient glaciation. Only 10% of the territory lies above 100 m above sea level. The highest point is the city of Suur-Munamy (318 m) - located in the south-east of the country. Almost half of its square occupy arable land. Many forests are grown specifically for the raw forest, paper industry. The climate is moderate, transition from marine to continental, wet and cool.

Population Estonians - 69% Russian - 25.5% Ukrainians - 2.2% Belarusians - 1.1% Finns - 0.8%

Large cities Tallinn Tartu Narva Kohtla-Järve Pärnu

Tallinn the capital of Estonia is 403 thousand people. The first mention in 1154. Former names - Kolyvan, Revel. Large passenger and cargo seaport.

Tatra 98 thousand people. (2011) The second largest population after Tallinn. County center on the Emayigi River. Founded in 1030 former names - Derpte, Yuriev. Tartu University

Narva 61 thousand people The third largest city. Russian-speaking city in Estonia (80%-Russian). Located opposite Ivangorod.

Monetary unit - Euro

Economy TEK - combustible shale on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. The Baltic and Estonian TPPs work on Gaza from Siberia and Komi. The chemical industry works on local phosphorites and chiban apatites. Mechanical engineering - radio equipment, appliances, electrical engineering - Tallinn, Tartu.

Agriculture traditionally prevails animal husbandry of the meat border direction and bacon pig breeding. Potatoes and other vegetables, cereals (barley, rye, wheat), fodder and fruit.

Sources of information http: //ru.wikipedia http://www.tartu.ee/?lang_id\u003d5 http://www.stranas.ru/europe/stonia.html Geographical Atlas of the World, 1999. Atlas Geographical reference small encyclopedia cities , 2000. Small encyclopedia of countries, 2000.

Slide 2.

Estonian Republic

In the Estonian folk tradition, the color of the flag of Estonia symbolize the sky (blue), land (black),
as well as the desire for freedom and hope for the best future (white). According to another version, the blue color means mutual trust and respect, black - alleged ancestors of Estonians - people in black rascoats, are referred by Herodot, white color is the color of snow covering the country for the good half of the year.
Estonian state coat of arms is a heraldic shield with twisted lower corners and a pointed bottom. On the yellow field of the shield placed the image of three blue lions located in each other. This animal is perceived as a symbol of strength, valor and nobility. The stamp shield is surrounded by a wreath of oak branches symbolizing power.

Slide 3.

State device

According to the current Constitution adopted in 1992, Estonia is an independent democratic parliamentary republic, in which the highest carrier of power is the people.
The legislative power belongs to the Riigikogu (EST. Riigikogu) - the unicameral parliament, which includes 101 deputies elected by the proportional system during equal and direct elections. In the elections of parliament, elected for 4 years, have the right to participate all the capable citizens of the Estonian Republic.
The head of state is the President of the Republic, elected for 5 years, but not more than two terms in a row, deputies of parliament or the college of electors during the secret ballot.

Slide 4.

Geographical position

Located in the northeastern part of Europe. It is washed from the north the waters of the Finnish Bay, from the West by the Baltic Sea and the Riga Bay, borders with Latvia in the south and with Russia in the East. Estonia has a land border with Latvia; The border with Russia passes along the River Narva, in the miracle and Pskov lakes and in the land plot with the Pskov region. The length of the coastline is 3794 km. Estonia includes 1521 island in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Baltic Sea with a total area of \u200b\u200b4.2 thousand km². The largest of them areaareaaa (2673 km²) and Hiyumaa (1023.26 km²), as well as Muh (206 km²), Wormsi (93 km²), Kikhna (16.4 km²), etc. Despite the large area, on the islands Less than 5% of the country's population lives. The rivers of Estonia are small, but quite full.

Large rivers:

Vykhandu (Võhandu) - 162 km
Pärnu (Pärnu) - 144 km
Põltsamaaa (Põltsamaa) - 135 km
Pedja (Pedja) - 122 km
Keila (Keila) - 115 km
Kazari (Kasari) - 113 km
Piusa (Piusa) - 109 km
Pyrita (Pirita) - 105 km
Emaiygi (Emajõgi) - 100 km
Pedetsi (Pedetsi)
Harjapee (Härjapea) - the former river in the center of Tallinn

Slide 5.

Types of transport:

Automobile roads (total: 57,565 km (including 16,465 federal roads) Potted: 12,926 km (including 99 km of motorways))
Railway (total: 900 km of general transport lines (1200 km including closed industrial lines))
Commercial fleet (total: 50 ships (volume of 1,000 register tons or more))

balkers - 3.
cargo ships - 20
siplorage vessel - 1
container shipments - 5.
tankers - 2.
rootkers - 13.
passenger Courts for small marine flights - 6

Aviation
Pipeline (Natural Gas - 859 km (for 2007))
Water report (320 km of waterways, year-round available for shipping)

Slide 6.

Population

The population of Estonia as of January 1, 2011 amounted to 1,340,194 people, a clear decline in population is visible, since in 1977 the number was 1,447,000 people.
Population density: According to 2011, Estonia density is 29.6 people / km². The highest density of the population in the Har'ewly county, the lowest thing is in Hiius.
Migration: According to the published data of the Estonian Statistics Department, in 2009, more people left for Estonia than he arrived: 4,647 people left and arrived 3,643 people. Compared to 2008, the number of people who left for 200 people, while arrivals remained at the same level.
Birth rate and mortality: In 2010, a positive fertility rate and population growth was achieved.
Ethnic composition. The national composition of the population of Estonia in a percentage of data on this 2009, it looked like this:

estonians 68.8%,
russians 25.6%,
ukrainians 2.1%,
belarusians 1.2%,
finns 0.8%,
others - 1.5%.

Languages: the public language is only Estonian, but Russian, Ukrainian, English, Finnish, German, as well as the Võru Dialects networks are also used in everyday life. Urbanization is 69%

Slide 7.

National clothes

Slide 8.

National food

Slide 9.

Natural resources

Estonian Natural Resources favor industry building materials. There are large reserves of limestone, dolomites in the republic. Different clay, quartz sand, gravel. The magnificent raw materials for the building materials industry is shale ash and phosphorites, the reserves of which are almost unlimited. One of the most important industries of the building materials industry is the production of binders, and primarily cement.

Over the past ten years, the production of industrial wall materials has increased more than 10 times. The construction of a plant of building materials began in Narva, which will produce panels from a shamezole reinforced concrete, with a capacity of 360 thousand cubic meters. m per year. Forest and woodworking industry are increasingly developing. Near the city of the Republic of the Republic is occupied by forests.

Slide 10.

Industry

The share of industry from GDP is 28.7%
Employment of the population in industry is 22.7%
Main industries:

Mining
textile
mechanical engineering
woodworking
chemistry

Estonian industry uses local natural resources - minerals, forest and marine wealth, as well as agricultural raw materials. In the extraction and processing of combustible shale and phosphorites, as well as in the energy industry, working on shale fuel is occupied by almost 1/2 of all industrial workers. This distinguishes Estonia from Lithuania and Latvia, where the mining industry is almost absent. Industries using imported raw materials are developed. Some of them (mechanical engineering, metalworking, cotton industry) emerged in the second half of the XIX century, when Estonia was as part of the Russian Empire. A shipbuilding industry appeared before the First World War in Tallinn.

Slide 11.

Agriculture

The main branch of agriculture is animal husbandry meat-dairy and pig breeding (especially bacon). The crop production is mainly the production of animal feed, as well as the cultivation of industrial crops. Developed fishing. In connection with the reduction in the fish resources of the Baltic Sea, international quotas are currently being observed, and the annual fish catch is about 130 thousand tons.

In Soviet times, Estonia had a highly developed agriculture, labor productivity in it approximately 5 times higher than the average for the USSR. In the early 1990s, the elimination of large agricultures was carried out and the transition to a farm method was carried out, after which there was a multiple reduction in the area of \u200b\u200bthe processed lands and livestock. The share of agriculture in GDP was consistently decreased from 5.8% in 1995 to 4.8% in 2000, 3% in 2006, 2.9% in 2008.

One of the main problems of agriculture of Estonia, due to the northern location of its territory, are the high energy costs for production exceeding the costs in other countries of the European Union

Estonia is located in the northern part of Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, i.e. In the northern part of a moderate belt, in the transition zone of the marine and mainland climate. Since Estonia is part of the Eastern European Plain, its territory is low and even: elevation and plateau alternate with lowlands, depressions and valleys. Soils Dernovo - podzolis and podzolic

Slide 12.

Economy

Export - 9.233 billion
Export Articles:

machines and equipment 29%,
wooden and 13% paper,
metals 10%,
food products 8%,
5% textiles,
chemical products

Export partners:

Finland 18.2%
Sweden 12.2%
Latvia 9.1%
Russia 7.9%
USA 6.6%
Germany 5%
Lithuania 4.8%
Gibraltar 4.5%

Import - 9.315 billion.
Import Articles:

machines and equipment 33.5%,
chemical products 11.6%,
textiles 10.3%,
food products 9.4%,
transport equipment 8.9%

Import partners:

Finland 18.4%
Russia 12.9%
Germany 12.3%
Sweden 9.2%
Lithuania 6.4%
Latvia 5.8%

State debt - 7.2% of GDP. External debt - 23,080 million. Currency - EURO
International organizations:

Slide 13.

Tourism

Tallinn - the capital of Estonia, the city is a museum of medieval architecture. Tallinn's heart is the Old Tompea city (Vyshgorod) with numerous cathedrals, fortress walls and medieval towers and the lower city adjacent to it. The upper city was built in the XIII-XIV centuries, the lower city - in the XIV-XVI centuries.
Old city
In 1997. historical part Tallinn - the old town - was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Of particular importance to the old city of Tallinn gives, first of all, its unique medieval architecture and the unique spirit of the antiquity, which other capital of Northern Europe has already lost much.
In Tallinn, as in one of the most well-preserved cities of medieval Europe, there were practically no changes to the network of streets and the boundaries of the plots formed in the period from the XI to the XV century.

Slide 14.

Maiden's Tower

Maiden Tower (Neitsitorn) is a medieval prison tower for mothers of easy behavior.
This tower was built in the second half of the XIV century simultaneously with the construction of the urban wall. Over the past century, the maiden tower was repeatedly subjected to serious destruction and was rebuilt every time during restoration. Today on the floors of this ancient structure there is a cozy cafe.
Tallinn Zoo is one of the most interesting collections in Scandinavia.
In the Tallinn Zoo, founded in 1939, you can see over 5,400 representatives of almost 350 types of fauna. Among them are many rare copies that live not only in a temperate climate, but also on arctic latitudes and in other exotic places. In the "tropical house" you can watch crocodiles, monkeys and other dwellers of the jungle. Favorite place of children - the zoo of domestic pets with hamsters, rabbits, marine pigs and other animals.

Slide 15.

Waterfall Yagala

The waterfall of Yagal is a waterfall in the lower flow of the Yagal River, approximately 4 km before the river flow into the Gulf of Finland. The height of the waterfall is about 8 meters, width - more than 50 meters. This is the widest natural waterfall in Estonia. Yagala Yoa is a rather popular place among tourists.

Slide 16.

One of the largest natural sights of Estonia is a group of Kaali meteoric crater - located on Saareaa Island 18 km north of Kuressar. In the landscaped reserve of 50 hectares there are nine meteorite crater.

Slide 17.

One of the biggest quarries is located in the village of Rumm. He is not working and flooded. In the result of flooding, there was an extraordinary beauty of the lake in which many people bathe and fish

Slide 18.

Famous people

Ekaterina Volkova - Russian actress of theater and cinema, the most famous for the role of faith in the TV series "Voronina"
Alexy II or Alexy Second - Bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church; From June 7, 1990 - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Academician.

See all slides

Machine-building industry: Estonia is made by various electronic products, computers, cables, laboratory, turbines, lifts, sea transport, parts for cars, and so on; Accurate mechanics and optical products whose manufacturers are very small in the world. In the engineering industry, Estonia is dominated mainly by small enterprises, cooperating with various foreign enterprises. Metalworking industry: produce various construction items, and shipbuilding products. Products made from both black and non-ferrous metals are exported. Chemical industry: large companies The chemical industry is located in the industrial region of Northeast Estonia. Nitrofert produces fertilizers and chemicals ammonia, nitrogen. Velsicol - benzoic acid. Viru Keemia is engaged in the manufacture of various products from the slate. Many Estonian chemical companies Paints and other construction chemistry

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General Information Estonian Republic Area Area - 45 thousand km2 Population - 1.3 million people Capital - Tallinn Form of Board - Parliamentary Republic Monetary unit - Euro. International organizations: the European Union, NATO, Schengen Zone

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Geographical information is located in the northeastern part of Europe. It is washed from the north the waters of the Finnish Bay, from the West Baltic Sea and the Riga Bay. Borders with Latvia in the south and arms in the east. Estonia has a land border with Latvia; The border with Russia passes along the River Narva, in the miracle and Pskov lakes and in the land plot of the Spspov region. The length of the coastline is 3794 km. Estonia includes 1521 island in the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Baltic Sea with a total area of \u200b\u200b4.2 thousand km². The largest of them are Saaremaa (2673 km²) and Hiyumaa (1023.26 km²), as well as Muhu (206 km²), Wormsi (93 km²), Kikhna (16.4 km²) and others. Estonian rivers are small, but quite full . Estonian climate is transitional from moderate-sea to moderately continental with soft winter and cool summer. Atlantic cyclones are greatly influenced by the climate, air due to the proximity of the sea is always wet

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Administrative division: 15 counties (Maana), headed by county elders (Est. Maavanem), appointed for a period of five years by the Government of the Republic on the submission of the Minister of Regions. Ida-Virumaa - Jõhvi Yygevamaa - YiGeva Lääneaaa - Haapsalu Lääne-Virumaa - Rakvereaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa- Tartu Harumaaa - Tallinn Hiyumaa - Kärdla Yavamaaa - Wiljandimaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaara

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History The first human settlements arose in this territory about 9500-9600 years to our. By the X-XIII centuries, the early refortel structure of society was formed, where the heads of the Military Druzhs were standing at the head of the land. In the XIII century, the Danish Crusaders, suppressing the resistance of the ests, included these lands to the Livonsky, and the little manners. In the XVI century, Estonia was the era of the Reformation, since that time, the main religious confession on its territory was Protestantism after the Northern War between Sweden and Russia Estonia in 1721 was included in the Russian Empire, turning into the Estland province after the collapse of the Russian Empire on February 24, 1918 The Estonian Republic was proclaimed. On February 2, 1920, Soviet Russia and Estonia signed a Tartu peace treaty on mutual recognition. As a result of the field of spheres of influence between the USSR and Germany Estonia in September 1939 Soviet Union The "mutual assistance pact" was imposed, and on August 6, 1940, Estonia was included in the USSR. In the period from July 7, 1941 to November 24, 1944, the territory of Estonia was occupied by Nazi Germany. After the Soviet troops restored control over the territory of Estonia, it was again included in the USSR. On August 20, 1991, Estonia's independence was restored.

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The population is the dynamics of the population number (th) C 1992 to 2009, the country's depopulation was happening, the cause of which became both mass emigration and a negative natural increase. By 2008, the population of the country decreased by 14.5% compared with 1990. Year 1712 1897 1934 1970 1989 2000 2012 total 150-170 958 1126 1356 1566 1370 1294 Incidentally, theston-Tsev 868 993 925 963 921 890

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The peoples of Estonia The ethnic composition of the population according to the population of 2012: Estonians - 68.7% Russian - 24.8% Ukrainians - 1.7% Belarusians - 1% Finns - 0.6% Other - 3.2%

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The traditions of Estonia culture originated in the peasantry turned out to be quite colorful. For example, it is believed that the marriage is concluded in all the rules only after putting on to the bride of a headdress of a married woman and tapping the apron, and wedding in the church or painting in the registry office do not matter. . Normal is considered a variety of swedings at weddings, such as the abduction of the bride, the permissions of the road on the way of following the wedding cortex, checking economic skills in a young couple and so on. It takes enough actively on June 24 - games with fires on Ivan-Khapov, songs, dancing and jumping through the firefire. Choral festivals. In this bright event, at the same time up to 30 thousand choriers, which is listening to a quarter of a million listeners placed on the field.

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The traditions of Estonia actively passes on June 24 - games with fires on Ivan-Chanoy, songs, dancing and jumping through the flame of the fire.

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The features of the character of Estonian primarily, individualism. Estonian believes that he should live separately - my farm, my earth is the main thing, this is the center of the universe. The neighbor should live away from me, at a distance, no closer. In the bus, Estonian wants to be at the nearest person no less than a meter. These are the criteria of personal space. It seems that Estonians are slow. It's just our temperament. Estonians quickly think and quickly make decisions. This is shown the last 15 years of our history. We have accepted fast and efficient economic decisions and now we receive good dividends from it. Just Estonians, unlike some other nationalities, really think before do something or say, and this process is simply physically occupied for some time. The best dish of Estonian is another Estonian. Neighbor is always in sight. If he has a new car - it is disturbing it if something happens better than here we are worried about us. It pushes us on the action - everything should be not worse than a neighbor. Such competition is a good stimulator of society.

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The anecdotes about Estonians are sitting at work behind computers four Estonians. One says: - ThuTtto of the one-breeding Internet brakeosittt! An hour later, the second: - Tttaaa, brakeosittt! Two hours a third: - The menu does not call the tozhzh! After three hours, the fourth: - CardiTtt True, that retaining disabled! Estonian in the village on the porch and calls his dog: -Shaiaarik, Shaaarik, Shaaaaaariik !! In response silence. . . Estonian: - Sharikass !!! In response with dignity: - GAVSS !!!, GAVSS !!!

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Estonian economy is considered to be the advantages of Estonia are a stable cash course used to 2011 crowns, through binding to the euro, a simplified tax system. Also, the advantages of Estonia economy include a system of electronic regulation of relationships between business entities and the state, a simplified legal system in the field of small and medium-sized businesses, one of the lowest corruption in the world. However, Estonia depends on the energy supply, had a negative negative trade balance, but in November 2012, the trade balance was positive.

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Estonian Economy Ericsson Eesti As. Estony AS.In the factory has over 1200 employees. Engaged in assembling equipment for mobile networks and broadband networks. Easti Energia Mining Enterprises (EST. Enterprise Fuel Shale in Northeast Estonia, the production volume amounted to about 14 million tons. LRT Grupp is a machine-building concern who owns ship repair and metalworking factories in Estonia. 74% of products are exported - Courts, mobile power plants, pontoons, etc.) Tallinn port - the third largest port complex on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea

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Estonian cuisine National cuisine was formed under the influence of German and Swedish culinary traditions and consists of simple and satisfying "peasant" dishes based on pork, potatoes, vegetables, croups, fish, milk and bread products. Only one dairy soup numbered more than 20. Soups themselves are a fairly common dish: there are, for example, soup with bark and potatoes, with dumplings, with peas and pearl cereals, bread, ink, from a saula with potatoes and even beer soup. Almost every Estonian dish is accompanied by "Castmed" - dairy and milk-creamy gravy. Popular "Syar" - a special dish from cottage cheese, smoked trout "Suitsukal", pork legs with peas, gallushki from barley flour, "multigikapsas" - a special way stewed with barley and sauer cabbage pork, "Piccocks", porridge porridge "Calikapuder", Boiled meat and kissel. The national drink is undoubtedly beer - the bright "Saku" and the darker "Saare" from Saarema Island.

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