Which industry makes shoes. Shoe industry in Russia: we are not talking about the substitution of imported goods. Shoe manufacturing as a type of economic activity: concept, essence, structure

 Overview Russian market leather and footwear industry 

 October 2007  www.snbc.ru © Design by Alexander Savelyev 

OVERVIEW OF THE RUSSIAN MARKET

LEATHER - FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY

(October 2007)

The leather and footwear industry during the Soviet era was a huge mechanized industry. Old enterprises were expanded and reconstructed, new tanneries were built in Moscow, Yelets, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Kuznetsk, Mogilev, Frunze, Semipalatinsk and many other cities. Shoe factories were built in Sverdlovsk, Tbilisi, Kuznetsk, Novosibirsk, Kiev and others. Leather and shoe engineering, the production of tanning extracts, chrome leather goods, and artificial leather were laid.

The industry was equipped with modern technology, technology was improved, and the organization of production was improved. In 1970, the leather and footwear industry of the USSR employed about 43 thousand engineering and technicians, which accounted for 6% of the total industrial and production personnel of the industry. In 1971, by total production of leather footwear Soviet Union occupied the world championship, nevertheless lagging behind many developed countries in the production of leather footwear per capita.

In the pre-revolutionary period, the leather and footwear industry developed mainly in the northwestern, western and central regions of Russia. On the territory of Central Asia, Kazakhstan and the eastern regions of Russia, there were almost no leather and footwear enterprises at all. During the years of Soviet power, a more uniform geographical distribution of leather and shoe enterprises was carried out.

Of the other socialist countries, Poland, the German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary had the most developed leather and footwear industries. Czechoslovakia, which at that time held the world leadership in the production of footwear per capita, exported a significant part of its products to other countries, including the USSR. Among other countries, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy have a well-developed leather and footwear industry.

Until 1998, almost all imported footwear was imported to Russia from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany, countries of Eastern Europe and very rarely from Asia. Even Russian companies who created their own collections sewed them mainly in Europe. But the crisis forced them to reconsider their capabilities, especially those companies that were focused mainly on the middle and low-cost segment of the market.

As a result, Russian factories received many orders, and production began to grow. By the end of 1999, the Russian footwear market had stabilized, there was a relative saturation of the market, expressed by a wide range of products.

However, the revival was short-lived. In 2000, it was not possible to maintain the high growth rates in the industry, achieved in the post-crisis 1999, and in 2001 production indicators industries remained at the 2000 level. The rise in prices for raw hides on the world market spurred the export of hides from Russia, which put domestic producers of leather goods in a difficult position, as their costs for the purchase of raw materials have grown significantly.

Experts of the Internet portal Obuv in Russia estimated the volume of the Russian footwear market in 2004 at $ 6-6.5 billion, federal Service state statistics Russian Federation in $ 6 - 8 billion. According to the calculations of DISCOVERY Research Group specialists on the basis of FSSS data on turnover and structure retail, the market volume in 2004 should have been at least $ 8.62 billion. The footwear market volume in physical terms in 2004 amounted to 241.8 - 291.7 million pairs1

In 2005, the total turnover of the footwear market in Russia, according to the estimates of its participants, amounted to two billion US dollars.2 In physical terms, according to DISCOVERY Research Group, the market volume in 2005 amounted to 270.9 - 326.7 million pairs of shoes. 3

According to Rosstat data, per capita shoe consumption in 2006 was approaching two pairs a year. However, you should take into account some of the unrecorded footwear sold (for example, in clothing markets).

In 2006, according to various experts, the volume of the Russian footwear market was:

380 - 400 million pairs (according to the estimates of the Roslegprom association);

400 - 420 million couples (three couples per person per year, according to the estimates of the general director of the Russkaya Kozha plant);

up to 450 million pairs (estimated by the CEO of the National Shoe Association).

According to DISCOVERY Research Group estimates, the volume of the Russian footwear market in 2006, taking into account the shadow sector represented by the main illegal import, was in the range of 315 - 380 million pairs. The market growth rate was about 16%, but a slowdown in the market growth rate is forecasted in the future. The maximum estimate of the size of the footwear market in Russia in 2006 is 380 million pairs. With this indicator, the volume of consumption is 2.6 pairs of shoes per capita per year. Taking into account the indicators of domestic production (according to various estimates, 45 - 52 million pairs) and legal imports (100 - 106 million pairs), the volume of illegal imports is estimated at 222 - 235 million pairs, which is consistent with the estimates of other experts (in a wider range, the volume of unofficial imports in 2006 is estimated in the range from 198.8 million pairs to 283.5 million pairs, legal imports at 98.4 - 162 million steam) .4

In value terms, the total market volume in 2006 is estimated by DISCOVERY Research Group specialists at $ 10.1-16 billion. 5

Over the past 5-6 years, the domestic leather and footwear industry has doubled its production volumes, but they amounted to 50% of the 1990 level for leather, 15% for footwear, that is, only the lost positions are being restored. The growth in footwear production should be much higher, as consumption increases annually, and the capacity of the domestic market has reached 8-9 billion US dollars.6

However, the ill-conceived customs and tariff policy of the Government of the Russian Federation, aimed at the export of leather raw materials and the import finished shoes, led to the monopolization of the Russian market by imports, including 90% of products are imported from China. Manufacturing conditions in China, governmental support the leather and footwear industry in this country, as well as 25% import duties on footwear, provide high rates of production growth and low prices for products.

The domestic leather and footwear industry is developing in completely different conditions of constant growth in prices for raw materials, materials, energy resources, social costs, the absence of a coherent policy regarding the development of light industry and, in particular, the leather goods industry, that is, it is in unequal competitive conditions with the main importers - by Chinese manufacturers. Import of footwear gives a profit of 100% and more, and domestic production - 7 - 10%, which reduces the investment attractiveness.

In January - August 2007, the production of footwear in Russia decreased by 6.8%, which is largely due to a decrease in import customs duties on footwear. At the same time, for seven months of 2007, the import of leather footwear increased 2.4 times. Consequence price competition domestic production of footwear and imports has been a reduction in the production of footwear at some large Russian enterprises. So the leader Russian production- The Bris-Bosfor company, which produces about 30% of footwear in Russia, reduced production by 29 percent in the first half of 2007.7

The conditions for Russia's upcoming accession to the WTO are disastrous for the Russian leather and footwear industry, since import duties on footwear, under the terms of the WTO, will be reduced to 5%, which will further increase the price gap between Russian and imported footwear in favor of imported footwear. Already, the production of footwear in Russia is unprofitable, and imports are highly profitable.

All this worries Russian manufacturers of leather and footwear, which in recent years have made a breakthrough in their industry not only in terms of volume indicators, but also in design, quality, organization of branded trade and service.

The Nizhny Novgorod market of the leather and footwear industry is represented by such enterprises as LLC Bogorodskaya Shoe Factory, CJSC BorObuvSpetsProm, LLC MAAG, OJSC Borskaya Felted Shoes Factory, OJSC Koverninskaya Felted Shoes Factory.

Society with limited liability MAAG, established in 2001, is one of the most promising and dynamically developing enterprises in the footwear industry. The factory is equipped with modern the latest equipment Italian and German production and uses the most advanced technology.

The footwear of the stitching - injection method of fastening, which the factory produces, meets the highest requirements for quality and protective properties. The priority direction of the factory's work is the production of work footwear for various industries: petrochemistry, metallurgy, gas production, Agriculture... Expensive equipment makes it possible to implement the most advanced technological achievements and produce shoes of excellent quality, lightweight and durable. Today the factory produces 30 thousand pairs of shoes a month and increases its production output.

A comfortable and ergonomic last, specially developed in Italy, that meets international quality standards, allows you to use boots without experiencing discomfort during the working day. The design of this model was carried out with the help of a specialized Italian computer program... Computer modeling is carried out by experienced talented fashion designers using an Italian specialized program.

The process of making shoes on modern enterprise is divided into a number of operations performed on the conveyor by one or more workers:

cutting the material,

preparation of parts for assembly,

assembly of the workpiece (the workpiece is called the upper of the shoe, sewn from individual parts),

forming a workpiece,

attaching bottom parts to the workpiece,

finishing finished products.

In the manufacture of footwear, up to 120 types of main-purpose machines and a large number of auxiliary devices and devices are used.

In the shoe industry, a new injection molding method for making shoes began to be applied. Shoe upper blanks are made of artificial and genuine leather, textile materials. The sole material is polyvinyl chloride resin with a small amount of additives. From above, a metal block is lowered onto the mold with a shoe upper blank put on it. A heated liquid resin is injected into a mold covered with a block with a top blank. Within a few seconds, a sole is formed, which immediately fuses with the upper blank. The shoes are ready.

A new type of footwear is manufactured on injection molding units. Injection-molded footwear can be worn for a long time. To make the sole soft, springy, it is made porous.

LLC "MAAG" produces work shoes based on two-layer materials:

thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) + PU polyurethane);

nitrile + polyurethane.

For the production of a two-layer sole, high-quality imported polyurethane systems made in the USA, Germany and others are used. Oil-resistant and antistatic double-layer TPU + PU sole can be produced in red, green, beige, gray and other colors at the request of the customer. The sole is grooved, lightweight and comfortable, with good mechanical characteristics.

The sole is two-layer "polyurethane + nitrile" for outdoor work, heat-resistant (up to + 3000C), has such necessary properties as wear resistance, antistatic, oil and petrol resistance. Nitrile rubber undercarriage is non-slip and resistant to acid and alkaline solutions.

The range of products manufactured by MAAG LLC is very wide. It presents women's and men's shoes from 36 to 46 sizes. These are summer sandals, low shoes, boots, boots. Unlined, lined with nap, lined with natural and artificial fur.

^ Photo 1. Products of the shoe factory LLC "MAAG".

Nitrile pads are made of green, black, red and blue rubber. The outsole has a sagging toe and heel that protects the leather upper.

The range of products manufactured by MAAG LLC is very wide. It presents women's and men's shoes from 36 to 46 sizes. These are summer sandals, low shoes, boots, boots (unlined, insulated on the nap, lined with natural and artificial fur).

The factory offers footwear with a wide range of protective properties. In addition to protection from general industrial pollution, oil, petroleum oils and petroleum products, special shoes are produced to protect against impacts in the toe - with an internal metal toe cap and a metal insole that protects the foot from punctures and cuts.

Shoes of the company "MAAG" LLC are practical and versatile, easy to use, with a large margin of safety and reliable protection against mechanical damage. Shoes are made for different categories of workers - working specialties, management personnel, using elements of corporate symbols to create a corporate identity.

The technical equipment of the factory and careful quality control at all stages of production (from the development of the model and the purchase of raw materials to the shipment of products to the consumer) allow us to produce a wide range of shoes and successfully compete with the leading manufacturers of this industry.

The equipment of the shoe factory "MAAG" is represented by the equipment of the leading European equipment manufacturers.

^ Photo 2. Sites for cutting and processing of details of the upper of the footwear of the "MAAG" LLC factory.

Today footwear manufacturers can choose from a sufficient number of brands and manufacturers. Equipment from Germany, Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Turkey is presented on the market. LLC MAAG works with such manufacturers as Cerim, Atom, Fortuna, Camoga, PMF, Leibrock, PFAFF. Each manufacturer has its own advantages and disadvantages. Only equipment that is correctly selected by the supplier for the specific conditions and production tasks will work ideally.

^ LLC "MAAG" cooperates with one of the leading suppliers of equipment for the manufacture of footwear - the company "Mine Group".

During its entire existence, the MAIN GROUP Corporation has produced and delivered more than 16,500 machines worldwide, many of them are efficiently working even after 30 years, and the MAIN GROUP Corporation is still servicing them and supplying spare parts. The history of the MAIN GROUP Corporation begins in 1930. Main Group is the only one trademark in the world with a wide range of products for all materials, in all configurations and two technological levels: PREMIUM and GLOBAL.

^ MARKET OVERVIEW

LEATHER - FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA

Review prepared

Savelyeva Svetlana Vladimirovna

Deputy Director General

CJSC "NizhBusinessConsulting" for appraisal activities

Business valuation expert.

E - mail: [email protected]

Phone: (831) 277 - 9929

When using this review in the media

(including electronic) and commercial projects link to the source -

CJSC "NizhBusinessConsulting"

MANDATORY!

Nizhny Novgorod

1 http://www.b2blogger.com/pressroom/release/4406.html

2 http://www.allmedia.ru/

3 http://www.b2blogger.com/pressroom/release/4406.html

4 http://www.b2blogger.com/pressroom/release/4406.html

5 http://www.b2blogger.com/pressroom/release/4406.html

6 http://www.fis-group.ru/ "Is there no industrial policy of the country in relation to leather and footwear?"

7 http://www.ecraft.ru/main/news/

N NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n NIZBUSINESSCONSULTING n n NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n NIZHBUSINESSCONSULTING n

The history of footwear as a garment for feet dates back more than 25 thousand years; it is to this time period that modern scientists coincide with the distribution among "homo sapiens" of special devices to preserve the lower limbs from frost, dampness and mechanical hazards. The first shoes were as natural as possible and consisted of windings of palm leaves, papyrus, bast, animal skin and sometimes even tree bark, which were attached to the ankle with strong plant cords or a leather strap. Such footwear met all the requirements of the time - it was affordable and protected the legs from injury and hypothermia. However, there was no need to talk about comfort or even minimal convenience.

Taking into account the physiology of the foot and the emotions of the wearer of the shoe began only in ancient times, when high, soft leather, more reminiscent of stockings, boots and the use of various patterns for the right and left boots, became widespread. In addition, with the advent of new technologies, shoes began to become an indicator of wealth or social status. For example, patricians had the right to attach their shoes to their feet with 4 straps, while plebeians were content with one.

But, shoes as an attribute of style and status fully realized itself during the Middle Ages. The extravagant king Philip IV was not too lazy to issue a decree, which clearly stipulated what kind of shoes someone should wear according to their status. And since in those days sharp-toed shoes were in fashion, it was their outstanding part that became a sign of generosity. Princes and barons often tied the toes of their shoes with twine to their shins, so that a reminder of their high position did not cause injury when walking.

The emergence of the first guilds or shops of shoe-makers is also attributed to the era of developed feudalism, if earlier shoes were made by craftsmen - shoemakers individually and according to their own pricing policy, now the shoe trade has become clearly subordinate not only to the market, but also to a kind of trade union. In the workshops, the quality and aesthetics of footwear was put at the forefront, in addition, it became possible to produce large batches of footwear in a short time.

During the Renaissance, shoes were restored to their original function, so the toes of the shoes became shorter and the heels were narrower. It was at this time that the first heels appeared, which made men's shoes more elegant, women's shoes at that time were not considered an item that required an aesthetic touch - the long hemlines of fluffy skirts covered women's legs from prying eyes. Only in the 18th century did women have the opportunity to demonstrate their legs, dressed in brocade and silk lightweight shoes. The men's court fashion at that time was distinguished by the height of the heel and the obligatory luxurious bows on the instep. Medical aspects of wearing shoes at that time, gentlemen were of little concern, which led to a large number of tendon injuries and leg diseases.

By this time can be attributed to the emergence of the shoe manufactory, and the division of the manufacture of shoes into stages. Now more than one master led the entire process of making a shoe from blanks to decor, each stage was dealt with by a specialist in this issue... However, it was still almost impossible to just come and buy men's sandals, each shoe pair was made "for the client" and certainly to order, the materials and labor were too expensive for streaming work.

In the nineteenth century, shoes turn to face a person and his health, and shocking bright ones replace practical, comfortable and wearable leather shoes and boots, which begin to be cut, taking into account the configuration of the foot. The shoe industry in Europe is experiencing an extraordinary boom.

Already from the second half of the 19th century, mechanical production displaces manual labor... And by the beginning of the 20th century, it reached 500 pairs per year for each employee, and by the middle of the century - up to 3,000 pairs. The leading position in the quality, comfort and beauty of footwear is taken by the Italian footwear industry. to this day it is considered the "crown" of shoe thought, both in terms of aesthetic and functional criteria. Along with the products of Italian footwear producers, Spanish and Portuguese footwear is in demand and respected all over the world, as successful representatives of the price-name-quality ratio.

Today, most shoe production facilities are fully automated, software-controlled devices are used in many areas, which allows you to accurately follow the centuries-old shoe-making technology, and the artel procedures that have survived in Europe are responsible for the quality of shoes not only by the brand, but also by the conscience of the craftsmen. European footwear today is an element of style, a state of mind, comfort of movement and an indicator of success.

Shoe industry (occupational health). In modern highly mechanized shoe factories, a number of production processes(cutting, grinding parts, sewing work, etc.) is accompanied by intense mid-frequency noise of more than 90 and even 100 dB, high-frequency vibration and high muscle tension. A number of machines (for sewing welts, stitching on soles, etc.) transmit low-frequency vibration with large amplitudes to the hands of the workers. Opening pads, sanding and other work is accompanied by significant dust emission. In some works on finishing shoes, the air temperature of the workshop in summer reaches 34-38 ° in some workplaces. Chemicals used in production are emitted into the air of workshops in the form of vapors. The most harmful is benzene (see), which is part of adhesives, as well as nitro paints and nitro enamels. They can also be released into the air - when working with perchlorovinyl glue, chloroprene - when using neurite glue, vulcanization gases - when vulcanizing the bottom of a shoe. Shoemakers may experience dermatitis and, neuritis and neuromyalgia of the hands, vibration disease, and chronic benzene intoxication. Pustular skin diseases caused by microtraumas are frequent. Replacing benzene with less toxic ones and anclopfmashin with presses for hot pressing of shoe edges are cardinal health measures. Vapor-producing operations are provided with local exhaust ventilation; sources of heat release - thermal insulation. Workers in contact with benzene should be exposed to preliminary and periodic exposure.

In addition to natural leather, artificial materials are used as raw materials in the footwear industry: sole rubber, plastics, synthetic fur, etc. Various types of adhesive materials are used to join shoe parts: solutions of rubbers in organic solvents, synthetic rubber latexes and synthetic resins. Modern technology factory production of footwear is characterized by mechanization, chemicalization and conveyor-based labor organization. Physiological features of labor processes are associated with the need to perform monotonous, repetitive hand movements.

In case of imperfection of sanitary-technical devices, vapors of gasoline, acetates, acetone, chloroprene, ammonia, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide get into the air.

The hot vulcanization process is accompanied by the formation complex complex products of thermo-oxidative destruction of rubber compounds (styrene vapor, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, etc.), especially if they contain pore-forming ingredients. Mechanical processing of leather and rubber is accompanied by the emission of dust. An unfavorable factor is the contact of the skin of the hands with organic solvents, resins, rubbers. Many machines used in the shoe industry are sources of noise and vibration. Occupational diseases are dermatitis and eczema and disorders of the neuromuscular apparatus of the upper extremities.

Prevention: elimination of the most toxic solvents (benzene); shelter for places where vapors, gases and dust are emitted with exhaust ventilation equipment; the use of mechanisms and devices that exclude contact of hands with irritating substances; preliminary and periodic medical examinations of persons in accordance with the current legislation; health care of workers, taking into account the predominant use of women in the shoe industry.

Footwear industry- one of the most diversified sectors of the national economy. Recently, all over the world there has been a clear expensive leather products for goods made from synthetic materials. They are not only cheaper, but often more practical than their natural counterparts.

Shoe industry in Russia: far from China

The production of expensive leather products has never been strong point our country. The lack of technology, a significant lag in fashion has led to the widespread use of products from substitutes and synthetic materials based on polymers. In the correspondence competition with the leading European brands in the class of top models, we have always lost. But synthetic sneakers from our manufacturers even began to be bought.
Recently, the leading European powers have retained their leading positions in manufacturing targeted at a limited number of consumers. The niche of low-budget products has given way to developing countries. China, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam almost completely satisfy the demands of consumers of goods from inexpensive raw materials. The footwear industry in Russia, not provided with a large amount of cheap ones, is inferior to the countries of Southeast Asia in terms of production.

The development of the shoe industry depends on little things

During the period of sanctions, the attempt by the domestic footwear industry to switch to full import substitution is commendable. It would seem that this trend plays into the hands of Russian manufacturers. However, there is no talk of replacing imported products yet. What can we say if Russian goods are able to satisfy only 15% of the country's population?
Factories are ready to increase their capacity, they lack quality raw materials. It was the supply of imported components that hit Russian factories the hardest. They do not have enough quality materials, and no one will buy cheap stuff, especially if there is a similar one at a lower price in the neighboring market.
In Russia, almost no fur lining, accessories, and glue are produced. Until recently, needles and threads were also imported, but in connection with this, we have to look for internal reserves. So far it turns out badly. There are less than a dozen factories for the production of component parts throughout the country, and the material and technical base is in a deplorable state.

No components - no quality boots

The modernization of production at factories for the production of components, which began several years ago, is now in a state of stagnation. Investors do not want to invest in this one, even on the most favorable terms. And here we are not talking about possible financial risks or lack of support from local authorities or central authorities. A conversation about elementary unprofitability: the minimum payback period is at least 15 years, and then in a good scenario.
Who will wait so long? It is clear that foreign investors do not want to invest in an obscure business with vague prospects. Whatever one may say, our country will never become a world center for the manufacture of elite boots and shoes like Italy, and China will not catch up in terms of the number of workers and the cheapness of raw materials. Domestic investors, who could well revive the industry - which he did in the pre-crisis period - clearly understand the futility of the industry as a whole.

There are prospects

However, not everything is so bleak. The production of soles and insoles is still at its best. Oddly enough, but the economic upheavals have least affected the manufacturers of sandals and sneakers for children, although they are more difficult to sew. Perhaps this is due to a sincere desire to do something good specifically for the younger generation - not all schoolchildren are staring at Chinese Nike and Adidas.
According to Konstantin Bobrov, Deputy Director of Obuv Rossii, our country is on the verge of a technological revolution. It is no longer possible to work in the old way, and new technologies are only at the development stage. And although there is still a long way to go to complete import substitution, there are prerequisites for restrained optimism.
All conditions for the construction and creation of complex clusters have already been created in four regions of Russia. They include sewing and cutting complexes, as well as factories for the manufacture of components and accessories. There is no reason to expect a quick appearance of beautiful and convenient products from a Russian manufacturer, but there is still hope for the industry to flourish.

Shoe production is a mass, diversified production, with a quick change of assortment and is focused on mass consumption. Another distinguishing feature of this production is the increased material consumption and labor intensity. In Russia, for the production of leather goods and products from them, only 75% of the leather raw materials harvested in the country are used, and 25% of the raw materials are exported abroad. An important task of this branch of light industry is to strengthen its own raw material base.

Shoe industry enterprises are currently mainly concentrated in the European part of Russia, namely in Moscow, Kirov, Tula, Penza regions and some others.

The leather and footwear industry also includes the leather haberdashery industry. The enterprises of the leather goods industry produce bags, gloves and gloves, cases, sports balls and other leather goods. The main production centers are concentrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In addition, the fur industry is distinguished as part of the leather and footwear industry. It includes raw-dyeing and furrier-sewing production, where dressing, dyeing and finishing are carried out different types furs and fur raw materials and the manufacture of various types of products from them.

Light industry, in comparison with other industries, has a less pronounced territorial structure, since there are some enterprises in almost every region. However, it is possible to distinguish specialized areas, especially in the textile industry, producing a certain range of products. For example, Ivanovo region specializes in the production of cotton products and ranks first in Russia in terms of output. Central federal district specializes in the production of all branches of the textile industry and only in this federal district light industry is a branch of specialization. Most often, light industry subsectors are complementary economic complex region.

Further, in the characteristics of enterprises in different regions, statistical data on the volume of products produced for each enterprise are used. To understand how large a share a company occupies in the structure of production, it is necessary to know the total volume of production. Statistical data are given based on the results of the light industry in the first half of 2003. In total, the enterprises of the garment industry produced goods for the amount of 12505 million rubles; in the leather and footwear industry produced 684 million square meters. dm of chrome-tanned leather, 21.3 million pairs of shoes, 2245 thousand pieces of bags and 64 thousand pairs of gloves

 

It might be helpful to read: