The last mine action ships of the maritime zone of the Soviet Union. Experienced mine engineering minesweeper mit (USSR) Sea minesweepers of the USSR

The appearance of what at first seemed to be universal means of combating mines ahead of the course of the ship required the creation of very expensive anti-mine ships of a new class - minesweepers and minesweepers and their latest anti-mine weapons, which are based on reusable self-propelled underwater vehicles (PA). In addition, this led to the creation and introduction of special channels into the bottom mines, causing mines to detonate from the physical fields of the underwater vehicle and its destruction, which turns out to be economically profitable, given the higher cost of the PA in comparison with the bottom mine and the incomparable numerical ratio of bottom mines and PA ...

In addition, by the beginning of the 1980s, the combat capabilities of the mine had increased manifold, including the depth of setting, the multichannel and repetitive action of the fuses, the difficulty of detection (dielectric materials of the hulls, silting, etc.), and the secrecy of setting (submarines, aviation). Particularly dangerous in this regard was the anchor mine adopted by the United States in 1976 with a depth of 500-1000 m, which poses a serious danger to submarines.

Layout of a mine (container with a torpedo) Mark 60 CAPTOR

Therefore, in the late 1970s - early 1980s, there was an urgent need to create a new generation of mine-sweeping ships with the widest use of automation and remote control, with improved living conditions and increased safety of navigation. More attention has begun to be paid to environmental protection issues.

The first studies on the creation of a new sea minesweeper were carried out in the 1970s. The design of the ship began by the Western Design Bureau (chief designers N.P. Pegov and V.S.Sergeev) in 1972, then, according to one of the options, the installation of a helicopter-minesweeper on the ship was being worked out. However, even without this, the ship's displacement increased to 1150 tons, and power plant remained the same according to the project 266M. At the same time, a trolling power plant and a bow thruster are additionally installed.

Sea minesweeper - project 12660

The ship's armament includes a new anti-mine complex for searching for bottom, bottom and anchor mines along the course, as well as contact and non-contact trawls. The most advanced mine-sweeping armament was installed on the minesweeper: a complex for the destruction of mines with a self-propelled homing anti-mine projectile-torpedo "Cobra" and a self-propelled anti-mine projectile - a torpedo for cutting minrepes "Gyurza" for target designation of the ship (both projectiles were created in the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor"), remote-controlled seeker-destroyer "Ketmen", seeker-destroyer "Halibut", electromagnetic and acoustic trawls, GAS mine detection "Musk deer", etc. The ship's combat assets consisted of a 76-mm AK-176 cannon, a 30-mm AK-630M machine fire control "Vympel" and MANPADS "Strela-3".

The deep-sea hydroacoustic towed seeker-destroyer of bottom mines "Halibut" began to develop at the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor" in 1976. In comparison with the "Luch-1" finder in the new product, the detected objects had not only to be marked with markers, but, if necessary, destroyed directly in the process of towing. GAS for the seeker was created at the Central Research Institute "Morfizpribor". Soon, work on the entire system "Halibut" was transferred to the Ural branch of the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor" (chief designers Kh.Kh. Davletgildeev and V.I. K.E. Voroshilov. The seeker-destroyer passed tests and was adopted by the Navy in 1985, but due to shortcomings in the sonar system it did not enter serial production.

The development of the new GASM "Kabarga", modifications of which were installed on the roadstead and sea minesweepers of the Navy, was completed in 1990 by the Research Institute "Breeze". However, in terms of the level of secondary information processing and interaction with anti-mine weapons, it practically does not differ from previous models of stations.

At the same time, after the appearance in the Soviet Navy of effective ship-based mine detection stations of the "Kabarga" type in the 1980s. work continues on the creation of self-propelled mine-destroyers. In 1989, a self-propelled remote-controlled search-destroyer of the second generation STIU-2 "Ketmen" was adopted by the fleet, working on target designation of the ship's hydroacoustic mine detecting station at depths of up to 100 m. It was developed by the Ural branch of the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor" (chief designer A A. Kazin).

STIU-2 provides search at a speed of up to 3 knots and the destruction of bottom and anchor mines ahead of the course of the minesweeper. A charge was placed on the detected mine (there are two of them on the apparatus with an explosive charge of 130 kg each), and after the SIU retreated to a safe distance, the mine was detonated.

Model of the self-propelled remote-controlled searcher-destroyer STIU-2 "Ketmen"

The construction of Project 12660 ships has been carried out at the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard since 1983. The ships were built from low-magnetic steel to combat the Captor-type deep-sea anti-submarine mines and to provide mine countermeasures for ships and transports in remote sea areas. The lead minesweeper Zheleznyakov was built at the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard in 1988. The dimensions of the ship demanded, when removing from the slipway in the workshop, to increase the opening of the workshop gates, and the trigger device withstood the maximum loads at the time of descent. Delays were late new technology, which complicated and delayed the timing of the installation work.

The two ships "Zheleznyakov" and "V. Gumanenko" that entered service significantly outperform mine action by several times. The construction of the hull of the third ship was discontinued due to lack of funding.

The creation of ships of Project 12660 is a whole era in Soviet shipbuilding. They became the first naval minesweepers of the USSR Navy, capable of conducting mine action ahead of the course and fighting modern deep-sea mines. The experience gained during their creation and use is invaluable in the further design of mine defense ships.

According to the shipbuilding program MTShch project 12660 (known in NATO as Gorya) it was supposed to build much more than it was possible. Already in the process of testing, it became clear that the project was very complex and the ship turned out to be large. And besides, the Soviet Union collapsed, other times came and the financing of the defense sector fell sharply. Therefore, it was decided to build new sea minesweepers in the hull of the well-proven MTShch project 266M, but with new means of searching and destroying mines, which should have been not as expensive as Project 12660 Rubin.

Modern approaches to mine action

In recent decades, a significant technological breakthrough has been the creation of minesweepers-seekers. Only the leading maritime powers and countries with a high level of industrial development were able to implement it, mainly due to the implementation of the principle of interstate cooperation.

The modern concept of mine action, known under the name, is based on the active use of hydroacoustic weapons of mine-sweeping ships for the search, detection and examination of all stationary underwater mine-like objects found within the given boundaries of water areas.

According to the results of the survey, mine-like objects classified as mines should be applied to electronic card(entered in the databank) and destroyed, and information about foreign objects (sunken ships, industrial waste, large stones, noticeable bottom folds, etc.) must also be entered into the databank to identify acoustic contacts during subsequent search operations in these water areas.

The basis of the anti-mine armament of modern ships of this direction are sonar mine detection stations, anti-mine remote-controlled vehicles and automated control systems for mine action.

As is known, the leading position in the construction of modern minesweepers and the creation of the main components of their anti-mine weapons is occupied by firms from Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA. In recent years, they have also been joined by firms from Japan, Sweden, Norway, South Korea building minesweepers-seekers with anti-mine weapons supplied in whole or in part by the firms of the above countries. Most states are unable to build such ships and are forced to purchase them from exporting countries.

Striving to keep up with the leading maritime powers, in the 1990s, businesses defense complex Russia prepared proposals for the modernization of anti-mine ships, then, for export to Russian minesweepers of the 10750E and 266ME types, it was proposed to install mine detection stations MG-89M, MG-991, MG-992M and MG-993M, self-propelled remote-controlled underwater vehicles for additional search and destruction of mines ( ROV) "Ropan-PM", "Route".

V promotional materials Western PKB noted that the satisfaction modern requirements contributes to the installation on the ship of project 266ME and the use of GAS mine detection (Propelled variable depth sonar - PVDS) with a receiving and emitting system located on a self-propelled remote-controlled underwater vehicle (Remotely operated vehicle - ROV), which ensures the detection, identification and classification of mines far ahead of the ship. The range of the GASM in this case is not limited either by the interference generated by the ship, or by the hydrological conditions of the sea. The destruction of mines after detection can be carried out by an apparatus of the same family, which has the function of a mine destroyer.

As the specialists of the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor" once noted, the creation and development of means of search and destruction of mines will be a priority in the development of anti-mine weapons. New trends in this direction are seen in the creation of self-propelled hydroacoustic mine detection stations with a variable immersion depth of their receiving and emitting antennas, disposable anti-mine shells - destroyers, towed mine search stations as part of unmanned carriers.

In addition, the use of seemingly traditional mine action means with the greatest efficiency requires the use of modern technologies... The latter was clearly noticeable when the permanent mine-sweeping unit of the regional command of the NATO Allied Naval Forces "North" visited St. Petersburg at the end of 2004. Almost every ship had perfect means of space communications and navigation.

In addition, all ships in the group of minesweepers-seekers were equipped with special devices for remote search for mines. For example, a Belgian minesweeper (displacement 595 tons, length 51.5 m, crew of 46 people) had two self-propelled remote-controlled underwater vehicles for searching for mines PAP 104 (working depth up to 200 m), a mine detection sonar, and another necessary equipment and equipment. He, like the Dutch M857 Makkum, was created by a joint Franco-Belgian-Dutch development.

M857 Makkum

Even the oldest of the ships that came to the Neva is the Polish minesweeper Czajka ( tail number 624, displacement 507 tons, length 58.2 m, crew 49 people) of the Krogulec class (type 206FM), built in 1967 in Gdynia, despite its old age meeting NATO standards, it had two small-sized underwater vehicles for finding Polish mines development.

German mine finder Pinguin B3. Explosive charges are fixed under the hull.

Project 254 minesweepers
Project 254 sea minesweepers, T-43 type T43 class minesweeper Project 254


Project
The country	the USSR
Manufacturers	Western PKB (aka TsKB-363)
Operators	USSR Navy
Years of construction
In the ranks	retired from the fleet
Main characteristics
Displacement	500 t (standard) 569 t (full)
Length	58 m (54 m at design waterline)
Width	8.5 m (8.4 m at design waterline)
Draft	2.1 m
Reservation	homogeneous from shipbuilding steel St.4s (8 mm at the wheelhouse)
Engines	2 diesels of type 9D or 9D-8, 3 diesel generators
Power	2000 or 2200 hp
mover	2 shafts and 2 propellers
Travel speed	14 knots (maximum) 10 knots (economic)
cruising range	3800 miles (at 10 knots)
Autonomy of navigation	7 days
Crew	65 soldiers (7 officers)
Armament
Radar weapons	GAS "Tamir-10" General detection radar "Rif" State identification radar "Fakel-MO / MZ" or "Nichrome" (Square Head, High Pole A)
Artillery	2 x 2 37 mm B-11 2 x 2 12.7 mm machine guns 2M-1
Missile weapons	degaussing device
Anti-submarine weapons	2 x BMB-1 bombers, 10 BB-1 depth charges, 2 bomb releasers
Mine torpedo armament	10 min KB-3 or 16 min sample 1908/1939 contact sea trawl MT-1 / MT-1P, 2 x non-contact acoustic trawl BAT-2 solenoid electromagnetic trawl TEM-52 chain guard ЦОК-1-40

Project 254 minesweepers- sea minesweepers that were in the service of the USSR Navy and the naval forces of various countries. A total of 295 minesweepers of this type were built.

Projects to upgrade minesweepers

During the Great Patriotic War, only the ships of projects 3, 53, 53-U and 58, which were considered hopelessly obsolete at that time, survived from the minesweepers in the USSR Navy. Also in the Red Fleet were road minesweepers of project 253-L and boat minesweepers with non-contact trawls. Due to the insufficiently high efficiency in 1946, work began in the USSR on the creation of new minesweepers of all classes, and the minesweeper version, effective in the fight against non-contact mines, was considered the preferred option. The tasks for the new generation of marine minesweepers were considered to be the determination of the boundaries of minefields and their destruction, reconnaissance and control trawling, laying fairways in minefields, escorting ships and vessels behind the trawls, as well as participating in setting minefields.

The first post-war sea minesweeper was the Project 254 ship, which was originally designed as a basic minesweeper. The development of the ship was carried out since 1943 in three TsKBs numbered 51, 17 and 50. Only in 1946 TsKB-363 received TTZ for its design, G.M. Verakso was appointed chief designer, Captain 1 rank V. S. Avdeev. In the same year, the project was completed, which provided for the flow-position method of assembling the hull from saturated sections and blocks using welding. It was the first ship of the Russian Navy to be fully welded.

Description of the ship

General view and structure

The main material of the hull was shipbuilding steel grade St.4s; low-magnetic steel grade EI-269 was also used for overhead sheets for compasses. The wheelhouse was made of homogeneous armor with a thickness of 8 mm. Throughout its length, the hull was recruited along the longitudinal recruitment system. The ships also had a second bottom, an ice-reinforced stem, and side keels as passive-type pitching stabilizers. The hull was divided into ten watertight compartments. The standard displacement reached 500 tons, and the total displacement was 569 tons.

Equipment

In order to protect against non-contact mines, a demagnetizing device was installed on the minesweeper of three windings - the main, directional horizontal and directional buttock, sectioned to provide the necessary adjustment. It protected from magnetic and induction mines, and also provided compensation for all components of the ship's magnetic field within ± 2000 nT (± 20 mee) at all points of the horizontal plane at a depth of up to 6 m from the NWL. To detect anchor mines, the ship had an active type "Tamir-10" GAS.

Armament

The ship was armed with two twin 37-mm V-11 artillery mounts of an open type: one was on the tank, the second on the superstructure in the stern. He also had two twin 12.7 mm 2M-1 machine-gun mounts, two BMB-1 bombers and two bomb releasers. To protect against enemy ships and submarines, the ship could install mines: 10 mines of the KB-3 type or 16 mines of the 1908/1939 model using mine paths and slopes. The anti-mine weaponry consisted of several trawls: contact type MT-1, non-contact acoustic BAT-2 (two pieces) and electromagnetic solenoid TEM-52, as well as a TsOK-1-40 chain guard. The ship was equipped with typical radio equipment at that time.

Driving performance

The main power plant consisted of two 9D diesel engines with a capacity of 2 thousand hp. and gave speeds up to 14 knots. With the MT-1 trawl, the speed dropped to 8.3 knots. The economic course was at 10 knots and gave a cruising range of up to 3800 miles (10 days of autonomous navigation).

Modifications

Three modifications were built: 254-K, 254-M and 254-A. These ships were additionally equipped with artillery mounts ZiF-17 (class A), 2M-3 (class M), as well as trawls M-2 (class K), MT-1D and TEM-52M (both classes M and A). Ships of classes 254-M and 254-A were slightly larger in size. Radars "Lin", "Lin-M", "Tamir-11" and "Rym-K" served as additional radio-technical weapons.

Building

The ships were built at the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard in Leningrad (No. 363) and in Kerch at the Shipyard Zaliv (No. 532). The lead ship T-43 was delivered to the Navy in 1948 in Leningrad. In total, until the early 1960s, 295 ships were built. It was the most massive minesweeper in the world. In the west, she was given the code designation T-43 class (after the name of the lead ship). Most were exported, but mostly they were ships of the 254-K type: two went to Algeria, Albania, China, Iraq and Syria, three went to Bulgaria, six to Indonesia and seven to Egypt (of which five ships are in service to this day: "Gharbeya", "Daqahleya", "Bahareya", "Sinai", "Assuit"). Another 12 ships were built in Poland, and in China 40 ships were built under the same license.

Mine minesweeper MIT was developed on the basis of the heavy sneaker T-10 (T-10M) by the SKB-200 design bureau of the plant named after V.I. S. Ordzhonikidze (plant No. 78) in Chelyabinsk on the basis of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 4, 1956 and of May 30, 1960. It was intended for making continuous passages in anti-tank minefields during military operations. Prototypes of the minesweeper ("Object 211", "Object 213" and "Object 220") were manufactured in 1958-1961. The minesweeper "Object 211" passed the factory-range tests in 1959-1960. and the minesweepers "Object 213" and "Object 220" - in 1962. In 1963, due to the planned cessation of production of heavy T-10M tanks, further work on the manufacture of three prototypes of MIT for field trials was discontinued, and technical documentation has been deposited.

The minesweeper was a T-10 (T-10M) tank without a turret and weapons, instead of which special equipment was installed. The scheme of the general layout of the machine has also changed, and the crew size has been reduced from four to three people. In the middle part of the hull, instead of the fighting compartment, there was an additional transmission compartment with a completely modified armored roof above it. In the front part of the hull roof, symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, there was a rotating commander's cupola on the left, and a non-rotating operator's cupola on the right. The location of the driver was the same as in the base car. In the center of the additional transmission compartment, a reversible winch with a pulling force on a cable of 1640 kgf was installed. The cable was brought out to the roof of the car and then to the pulley blocks, which provided a tenfold increase in tractive effort. The winch, together with the hydraulic system, was intended to transfer the equipment for trawling to the working or transport position. On both sides of the winch, as well as the hydraulic pump, there were two MPB-54 electric motors with a power of 2 kW each. The hydraulic cylinders of the system were located in the niches of the hull sides. Prototypes of a mine engineering minesweeper mainly differed in equipment for sweeping mine-explosive obstacles.

On the minesweeper "Object 211" the equipment for trawling consisted of two knife sections of continuous trawling. This type of trawl belonged to the passive type excavating trawls. The working elements of the trawl were rigid knives cutting through the ground. During trawling, the knives burrowed into the ground, removed mines onto its surface and took them to the sides outside the swept strip. The distance between the knives was 230 mm. The trawl provided trawling of almost all mines, regardless of their type and responsive drives. The total mass of the trawling equipment did not exceed 5400 kg. During the tests, low explosion resistance of the trawl knife sections, the need for a large traction force and a large dependence on unpaved and climatic conditions... In the working position of the trawl, it was difficult to make quick turns of the minesweeper, which in battle conditions reduced its maneuverability. The digging trawl showed especially low efficiency when trawling on loose, soggy, frozen ground, on concrete and rocky surfaces, in small forests, in soils of variable density, with a highly developed turf cover.

On the minesweeper "Object 213", the main working body was, located in two rows, heavy steel rollers, which moved in front of the machine. The trawl installed on the minesweeper, according to the principle of impact on mines, was of the push type. The destruction of the body of the mine or the explosion of the mine occurred due to the creation of local pressure on the ground or the surface of the mine with pressure drives by heavy steel rollers. The rollers were made of conventional cast steel (25L steel) and had an individual axle suspension to the traction frame. The articulated connection of the roller suspension to the traction frame ensured good copying of the terrain unevenness by each of the 14 rollers. At the same time, the pressure on the mine did not exceed the mass of the roller. The total mass of the sweeping equipment reached 11,000 kg. The main advantages of the roller trawl were the relatively high reliability of trawling mines with pressure drives, simplicity of design, high speeds trawling (up to 15 km / h), significant explosion resistance (up to 14 explosions of mines weighing up to 7 kg).

However, the tests carried out also revealed a number of serious shortcomings, primarily related to the principle of operation of the trawl. This is a large mass of the rink (up to 500 kg), selected from the condition of providing the necessary pressure on the ground and explosion resistance, and therefore low passability and maneuverability of a minesweeper with a skating rink, especially on loose and soggy soils, increased transmission wear, significant fuel consumption in comparison with base machine. In order to maximize the advantages inherent in the methods of trawling identified during testing of prototypes of mine engineering minesweepers "Object 211" and "Object 213", on the experimental minesweeper "Object 220" the equipment for trawling consisted of two knife gauge sections and a single row roller section. The mass of prototypes of minesweepers, depending on the installed equipment for trawling, was in the range from 43.6 to 50.3 tons. The transfer of knife or single-row roller sections from the working position to the stowed position was carried out in 3 seconds.

The time spent on the preparation and installation of the roller trawl was 4.5 hours, the track knife trawl - 3 hours. The time for dismantling the equipment for trawling was 1 hour and 10 minutes, respectively. and 35 min. Depending on the installed equipment, a trawling strip width of 3840 mm (knife sections), 3815 mm (roller sections) or two tracks with a width of 1445 mm were provided. The maximum lifting angle of the machine was 15 °. Trawling speed with a roller trawl - up to 15 km / h. with a knife trawl - 10-12 km / h. The speed of the minesweeper with the equipment in the stowed position was up to 30 km / h. The minesweeper was designed taking into account the possibility of overcoming water obstacles along the bottom. It was equipped with PAZ and PPO systems, as well as the R-113 radio station, which were used on the base machine.

After the end of World War II, for the sake of the political conjuncture, there existed for many years (and partly continues to exist) a certain bias in the assessment of allied assistance during the war years. A few, mostly magazine and newspaper articles, which were usually fragmentary in nature, gave a biased assessment of the lend-lease received by the Soviet Union military equipment and materials. At the same time, it was not stipulated that some of the very necessary types of equipment and weapons delivered were not at all in the Soviet Army and the Navy (radar, sonar, proximity trawls, multi-barrel bombers, etc.), while certain types of military products obtained from land- liza, exceeded in volume similar ones made by the Soviet industry, or accounted for a large specific weight.

In particular, this applies to cars and tractors (see IBO #31, 1999), as well as steam locomotives and wagons. The Soviet Air Force operating on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War included more than 15% of the aircraft received from the allies under Lend-Lease.

The Soviet fleet was significantly replenished with imported ships and vessels, various weapons and equipment. So, as a result of lend-lease deliveries, the number of patrol ships in the Pacific Fleet in 1945, compared to the beginning of the war, increased 4-5 times. The number of minesweepers in the USSR Navy has doubled. The Northern Fleet, which in June 1941 had only two torpedo boats, by 1945 was replenished with 47 American boats of the Vosper (A-1), Higgins (A-2) and ELKO (A-3) types. From the USA in 1943-1945 received 43 landing ships of special construction, which the Soviet fleet actually did not have, although the need for them was great (more than 100 landing operations of various scales were carried out by the fleet during the war years).

Unfortunately, the bulk of Lend-Lease ships arrived in the USSR only in 1944-1945, at the final stage of the war.

Quantity

The first proposals of the allies for the supply of ships and boats date back to September 1941, when the head of the Soviet military mission in Great Britain, Rear Admiral Nikolai Kharlamov, in a letter to the head of the Naval Shipbuilding Directorate, Rear Admiral Nikolai Isachenkov, said that the "firm" Canadian Powers Bot Company "proposes to manufacture 100 torpedo boats for the USSR, 25 boats a month. This proposal became a prerequisite for ordering and supplying 202 torpedo boats to the Soviet Union.

Under a British license, the American firms Annapolis Yacht Yard and Hershov built boats of the Vosper type designed by Scott Payne in Bristol and Comden. They were sent to the USSR in assembled form. The Electric Boat Company (ELKO), which had no right to sell finished boats to the Soviet Union, supplied complete sets of parts for hulls and mechanisms, as well as technical means and the necessary documentation. In the USSR, at a shipyard with the participation of American specialists, boats were assembled. The Higgins-class torpedo boats were built in New Orleans. In the Soviet Union, torpedo tubes on these boats were replaced by domestic ones.

The performance data of the three types of American torpedo boats were very close: displacement - 45-50 tons, full speed - 36-39 knots, cruising range - 420-450 miles; torpedo armament - two 533-mm caliber vehicles, artillery - 20-mm Oerlikon-type anti-aircraft gun. The crew of the boat was 11-14 people (according to the staff of the USSR Navy).

To the Soviet Union torpedo boats were delivered by sea on transport ships.

On merchant ships, 60 wooden patrol boats of the RPC and RTS types with a displacement of 27 tons were delivered to the USSR. The Americans used them to rescue aircraft crews shot down in the coastal areas of the sea. In the Soviet Navy, they were classified as small hunters of the MO-1 type, although they did not have hydroacoustic equipment to search for submarines.

Large hunters of the "SC" type (according to the Soviet classification, type BO-2) were built at 26 US shipyards. The hunter's body is wooden. Displacement - 126 tons, full speed - 17 knots. Artillery armament included a 40-mm Bofors-type cannon and three 20-mm Oerlikon-type submachine guns. There was radar and sonar equipment.

For such small ships, the long passage across the stormy North Atlantic was very difficult and dangerous. Nevertheless, the large hunters adopted by the Soviet crews crossed the ocean on their own, showing examples of maritime training and resilience. In total, the USSR Navy received 78 large hunters (SF-36, Pacific Fleet-32, BF-4, Black Sea Fleet-6). The ships were delivered to the Black and Baltic Seas by inland waterways.

The supply of minesweepers, which the fleet especially needed, began with ships of the "AM" ("amiki") type, built at the shipyards of Tampa, Willamette, Madisonville and Lorraine. Minesweepers had a steel hull. Displacement - 914 tons, full speed - 13.5 knots, cruising range - 7000 miles. The main armament of the ship was an electromagnetic trawl of the "LL" type (LL), which were practically absent in the Soviet fleet, as well as two acoustic trawls and a contact undercutting trawl of the "Oropeza" type. The anti-submarine complex included two bomb throwers, two bomb throwers and a sonar station. The minesweeper was equipped with radar equipment.

Of the 34 minesweepers of the "AM" type received under Lend-Lease, the Northern Fleet included 10, in the Pacific - 24.

43 minesweepers of the "YMS" type (UMS) were received under Lend-Lease. They had a wooden hull, were low-magnetic and low-noise, were equipped with sets of the latest contact and non-contact trawls for that time, radar and hydroacoustic equipment. Their displacement is 345 tons, full speed is about 13 knots, cruising range is 2030 miles. Artillery armament included one 76.2 mm cannon and two 20 mm machine guns.

The bulk of the ships intended for the Pacific Fleet was transferred by the Americans to Soviet sailors at the Cold Bay naval base (southwestern tip of the Alaska Peninsula). The general management of the training of crews and the transfer of ships was headed by the commander of the naval detachment "3294" (subdivision "Hula-2") Captain William Maxwell. With next technical devices, primarily with radar and sonar, as well as automated system electromagnetic trawl control Soviet sailors met for the first time. The training was conducted in classrooms on the shore, and then directly on ships. In total, 12,400 officers and sailors of the Soviet fleet were trained in Cold Bay.

In the acceptance from the Americans of one of these minesweepers "YMS-287" (T-611) in Cold Bay, the author of these lines participated, who for four years served on the ship, first as the commander of an artillery and mine-torpedo warhead, (BCH-2 -3) and then as a navigator (BCH-1), who was at the same time an assistant commander on such minesweepers.

England transferred to the Soviet Union in 1942-1944. 10 minesweepers of the "MMS" type (MMS) with a displacement of 260 tons, equipped with electromagnetic and acoustic trawls. The acceptance of the ships was carried out in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk.

The Pacific Fleet included 28 PF or Tacoma-class frigates transferred under Lend-Lease from the United States (according to the Soviet classification of the EK type - escort or patrol ships). They were quite large ships. Their displacement is about 2300 tons, full speed is more than 19 knots. The frigate was armed with three 76.2 mm guns, two 40 mm Bofors cannons and nine 20 mm Oerlikon assault rifles. The deck housed two bomb releasers and nine bomb launchers. There was a sonar station and several radar installations. The crew consisted of 195 people.

Quality

The quality of the ships received under Lend-Lease and their role in the combat operations of the Soviet fleet can be judged from the letter of Vice-Admiral Eliseev to the People's Commissariat foreign trade USSR dated June 5, 1945: "It should be noted that the ships received from the Allies provided a significant contribution to the activities of the fleet. Minesweepers, submarine hunters and torpedo boats operated successfully in accordance with their purpose."

Thanks to supplies from the United States, the Pacific Fleet was especially replenished. This was dictated by the USSR's commitment, given at the Yalta Conference of the Three Powers, to enter the war with Japan no later than three months after the victory over Germany. From the spring of 1944 to September 1945, 215 ships with a total value of $ 228 million (in 1946 prices) were accepted by Soviet teams at the Cold Bay naval base.

The ships received there in several groups moved to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and from there - to the places of permanent basing. Many of them took part in the hostilities against Japan. Several imported ships that distinguished themselves in battles became guards.

During the war, the naval aviation received 2158 combat aircraft of various types from the United States and Great Britain under Lend-Lease. During this period, 6,877 aircraft entered the naval aviation from the domestic industry. The share of imports was thus 31.3%.

In addition to ships and aircraft of the Soviet Navy, the USSR received from the allies a lot of other equipment and spare parts. For example, 555 radar stations for various purposes were sent from England for the Soviet fleet, and from the USA - 641. The deliveries of radar equipment were especially tangible help: at the beginning of the war, the fleet's naval staff had a single radar station installed on the Black Sea cruiser Molotov.

England handed over 329 Asdik-class sonars to the Soviet Union for the fleet. "The ultrasonic instruments we received (sonars. - V.K.) differed sharply in better side from our similar stations" - this is how the deputy head of the communications department of the USSR Navy, engineer-captain 1st rank Gusev, assessed this equipment.

The Allies supplied the Soviet fleet with a large number of ship engines and generators. More than one third of all combat boats of the fleet were equipped with them.

The assimilation by the Soviet fleet of ships and models of naval equipment received from the Allies to a certain - and in a number of cases to a significant extent - helped our designers to make significant adjustments to the already created and still being developed ship projects.

The study of American boats made it possible to create a domestic boat of project 201, which was distinguished by high seaworthiness, an efficient control system, good habitability and better weapons.

The new Soviet minesweepers began to be equipped with electromagnetic trawls, in terms of parameters close to the American and British trawls of the "LL" type. On the minesweepers, sonars appeared, which could be used both to search for submarines and to detect mines. For service anti-submarine ships received multi-barrel bomb launchers of the type of "Hedgehog" bombers.

According to the experience of the allies, a reliable and convenient VHF radio station of the American "MN" type was introduced in the USSR Navy for intra-squadron communication. She allowed the commanders and watch officers of the ships sailing in a marching order to negotiate without resorting to the help of a radio operator.

Taking into account the experience of the Americans in the Soviet Navy in the very first post-war years, training complexes were developed for working out anti-submarine teams (for example, the Ataka complex). On them, the commander of the ship, the officer on duty and the hydroacoustic developed the skills to search for a submarine, maintain hydroacoustic contact with it, attack and destroy it. At the same time, conditions were created that were very close to real ones.

There were also other innovations that appeared on Soviet ships as a result of the study and development of weapons and equipment received from the allies under Lend-Lease.

Of course, the military products of the domestic industry played a decisive role in the victory over Germany. At the same time, one cannot objectively belittle the importance of allied assistance to the USSR under Lend-Lease, including for the Soviet fleet.

I HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING AND FLEET I

To the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory

SWEEPERS OF THE NAVY OF THE USSR IN THE PRE-WAR AND WAR YEARS

V.M. Yoltukhovsky, Ph.D. military Sciences UDC 6295 (VUNC Navy - Naval Academy) _

During the First World War and the Civil War, the role and importance of mine weapons in the struggle at sea increased markedly. Therefore, in the USSR, during the implementation of three pre-war shipbuilding programs, a certain place was occupied by the construction of trawling ships. However, due to financial difficulties, estimates for military shipbuilding were regularly cut. In addition, there was not enough production capacity to implement the plans. So, five shipyards, not counting allied factories, remained on the territory of Finland, Estonia and Latvia, and from the domestic in the early 1920s they switched to the production of products not related to shipbuilding, the Nevsky Shipyard, the New Admiralty, the Creighton plant, etc. Moreover, there are no organizations left in the country that had experience in designing mine-sweeping ships.

To eliminate this situation, in the late 1920s, a network of institutions began to be created that were engaged in the design of minesweepers, their equipment and weapons. This task was solved mainly by TsKBS, TsKB-1, TsKB-17, TsKB-51, TsKB-52, as well as the Special Technical Bureau for Military Inventions (Ostekhbyu-ro). Later, the Scientific Research Institute of Military Shipbuilding (NIIVK), formed in 1931 on the basis of an experimental ship basin, as well as the Scientific Research Mine and Torpedo Institute, created from the mine and torpedo department of Ostekhbyuro and mine-sweeping sector of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Directorate of the Naval Forces (NTK UVMS).

Weak material and technical base of the listed institutions

and organizations, the low level of training, lack of professional experience, extremely short deadlines set by the people's commissariats and central offices in the design of minesweepers negatively influenced this process, led to various omissions and errors. So, due to major errors of TsKB-1 in calculations of the stability and load of minesweepers, their metacentric height turned out to be almost two times less than the specification one. As a result, the ships pr. 3, 53 accepted from the industry could not go to sea for about six months, until the Northern Shipyard and the Sevmorzavod carried out work to increase their stability.

Due to errors in the loading of ships and in the design of propellers on the minesweepers of the first series, there was a shortage of specification speed. This led to the fact that the speed with the stern paravan-trawl (less than 18 knots) excluded its reliable operation in waves and headwind, i.e., jeopardized the performance main work- trawling.

The process of building and quality of the ships was negatively affected by the acceleration of work on the project and its launch in a series, and then the identification of flaws and errors of design organizations, the installation of new or additional mechanisms. On the ships of the project 53 of the 1st series, the overload was 9 tons due to the structures and mechanisms installed on additional agreements, and a greater mass of mechanisms in comparison with the project. This was especially typical for the products of the Kolomna machine-building plant named after V.I. V.V. Kuibyshev, Voronezh plant named after V.V. JV Stalin, Dynamo Moscow. As a result, during the first shipbuilding program, none of the

six mortgaged minesweepers did not enter service.

The drafting of plans for the development of the Navy was significantly influenced by a radical change in the military-political situation in the world and the need to strengthen the fleets in the Baltic and Black Sea. All this made it possible to more thoughtfully substantiate the requirements for the construction of the Navy in the 2nd five-year plan, reflected in the "Basic Considerations for the Development of the Red Army Naval Forces for the Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937)" developed by the Naval Forces Directorate.

Decree of the STO of the USSR of July 11, 1933 "On the program of naval construction for 1933 - 1938." planned a radical update of the Navy with new ships of various classes. During this period, it was planned to commission 861 ships total displacement 451.5 thousand tons, including 42 minesweepers. As a reserve, it was proposed to deploy special shipbuilding, in particular, the construction of minesweepers, in the Sea of Azov (in Mariupol, Taganrog and Yeisk), in the Far East (Khabarovsk) and in the North (Murmansk).

But the reconstruction of the shipyards had not been completed by that time, all the planned plans for their modernization were not systematically implemented. Delays in the supply of materials, mainly steel, were serious problems for the timely and high-quality commissioning of minesweepers. The steel received by the factories was sent primarily to support the construction of cruisers, destroyers, submarines.

The first three minesweepers built by the Northern Shipyard were equipped with diesel engines from the German company MA№. However, after a sharp reduction in purchases abroad, due to an acute shortage of foreign currency, the production of these diesel engines (under a German license) was entrusted to the Kolomna Machine-Building Plant named after. Kuibyshev. At the same time, increased (in comparison with foreign samples) weight and dimensions, lower power, low quality of metal and

BTShch type "Fugas"

the main mechanisms of the Kolomna diesel engines were delayed in their serial production for more than two years. The first 42-BMRN-6 diesels began to be supplied to ships in 1936, but the haste in their manufacture led to significant rejects, and bench tests under a reduced program led to diesel failure on two ships built by Sevmorza-Voda. We had to keep teams of specialists from the Kolomna plant on minesweepers for 2-3 months and invest heavily in the adjustment of diesel engines.

The fleet's need for minesweepers was acute, but their planned number in the 2nd shipbuilding program remained extremely limited and could not meet the demands of the Navy. So, according to the calculations of the headquarters of the Navy in 1935, at least 320 ships of this class were required. In fact, by the end of 1935, the fleets numbered only 16 (or 5% of the required number). By the end of 1935, 18 minesweepers had been laid down at the shipyards, but none had been commissioned. Therefore, by decision of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), it was planned to mobilize for short time(2 months) from various commissariats of 100 courts.

In total, 234 ships were laid down in the 2nd Five-Year Plan, including 27 minesweepers, or 11.5% of the total number of ships laid down. During these 5 years, 162 ships were built, of which the number of minesweepers was 6 units. (or 3.7%). Ultimately, by the beginning of the war, the Navy had 38 new minesweepers, post-

swarovski on pr. 3, 58, 53 and 53U. 17 were part of the Baltic Fleet, 13 were part of the Black Sea Fleet, and 8 in 1939 was transferred from Kronstadt and Sevastopol to Far East.

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, there were 80 minesweepers in all the fleets of the country - primarily the latest base minesweepers (BTSH), as well as those converted from fishing vessels and

tugs. A typical representative of such BTShch - "Fugas", built in 1937, had the following tactical and technical elements (TTE): full displacement 550 tons, length 62 m, width 7 m, draft 2.2 m, cruising range of economic progress 4300 miles , maximum speed 18.5 knots (with a paravan-trawl - over 14 knots). Artillery and trawl armament included - 100-mm gun, 45-mm semi-automatic, paravan-trawl, snake trawl, Schultz sea trawl, in addition, the ship could take on board 20 large and as many small depth charges. Sufficient seaworthiness, long cruising range, good speed, and powerful armament for those times allowed basic minesweepers to perform a variety of combat missions. During the Great Patriotic War, battleships were used not only to fight mines in open areas of the sea and places remote from bases, but also to escort submarines, guard ships and transports, transport people and cargo, and land amphibious assault forces.

Mine defense has become one of the most important types of combat support for the forces of the Baltic and Black

The main tactical and technical elements of the BF minesweepers "

Full Draft at Power-Sko-Max. Armament

Type of ship displacement (t) full displacement (m) engine speed (hp) height (knots) speed with trawls (knots) Tralnoe Artillery

BTSH "Fugas" 450 2.2 1400 18.5 14-15 PT, ZT MTSh 1 - 100 mm 1-45 mm

BTShch type "AM" 945 2.8 1900 13.5 9 Cont. trawl Oropeza MK-U, AT 1-76 mm 2-40 mm 6-20 mm

Minesweeper "Menzhinsky" 467 2.6 400 7.7 4 ЗТ, МТШ 1-45 mm

Minesweeper "Izho-rets" 140 2.2 200 7.7 4 МТШ 1-45 mm

Minesweeper boat Rybinets 26 1.0 136 9 4 OTSH, KT -

Minesweeper MSV-38 10.2 0.6 73 7.5 4 CT -

KATSCH K-15-M-17 15.7 0.65 65 9.1 5 CT -

ETSH "Vladimir Polukhin" 879 2.8 8000 22.4 18 PEMT, MT PrT, GPT, ZT 1 - 100 mm 1-45 mm 3-37 mm 2-20 mm

MBTSH "stoton-nick" (1st series) 126.7 1.34 540 14 9-10 KEMT, PEMT OPT, KPT, BAT 2-45 mm

Accepted abbreviations: PT - paravan-trawl; ZT - snake trawl; MTS - sea trawl Schultz; OTSH - lightweight trawl Schultz; CT - boat trawl; PEMT - loop electromagnetic trawl; PrT - loop river trawl; GPT - deep-sea bottom trawl; KEMT - boat electromagnetic trawl; OPT - lightweight twin trawl; KPT - boat pair trawl; BAT - towed acoustic trawl; AT - acoustic trawl.

1 Yoltukhovsky V.M.Mine war at sea (1921-1945), SPb .: VVMUPP im. Lenin Komsomol, 1998, p. 224.

SHIPBUILDING 5"2015

HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING AND FLEET

During the war, fishing trawlers were converted into minesweepers

Nomor fleets, which had trawling ships of several types (table). Along with the minesweepers of the Fugas and Verp types, the fleet included five low-speed minesweepers of the Menzhinsky type, converted from civilian vessels. They were distinguished by high seaworthiness and sufficient autonomy. The presence of two machines facilitated maneuvering with trawls, but due to their low speed, they could not work with all models of trawls. Slow-moving minesweepers are characterized by a small navigation area

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