Products manufactured in the central region. Central Federal District. How the financial structure differs from the organizational
Administrative-territorial composition:
Moscow, Belgorodskaya, Bryanskaya, Vladimirskaya, Voronezhskaya, Ivanovskaya, Kaluga, Kostromskaya, Kurskaya, Lipetskaya, Moscowskaya, Orlovskaya, Ryazanskaya, Smolenskaya, Tambovskaya, Tverskaya, Tula, Yaroslavl region.
Territory - 652.7 thousand km 2 ... Population - 37.1 million people.
The administrative center is Moscow.
The Central Federal District unites the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions (Fig.5.2.)
Rice. 5.2. Administrative-territorial composition
The territory of the Okrug belongs to Central Russia with its characteristic relative unity of natural, geographic, demographic and economic development features.
Table 5.3
Share of economic indicators
Of the Central Federal District in the all-Russian
|
Economic indicators |
Specific gravity,% |
|
Gross regional product | |
|
Fixed assets in the economy | |
|
Mining | |
|
Manufacturing industries | |
|
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | |
|
Products Agriculture | |
|
Building | |
|
Commissioning of the total area of residential buildings | |
|
Turnover retail | |
|
Receipt of tax payments and fees to the budgetary system of Russia | |
|
Fixed capital investments | |
Branches of specialization industrial production districts based on the localization factor are highlighted in table 5.4.
The Central Federal District, in accordance with the calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 5.4), specializes in the following types economic activity: manufacturing industries, including manufacturing food products, including drinks, and tobacco, textile and garment production production of leather, leather goods and footwear production, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing activities, chemical production, production of rubber and plastic products, production of other non-metallic mineral products, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, other industries; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Table 5.4
Industrial production specialization
Central Federal District
|
Economic activities |
Share of the type of economic activity in industrial production,% |
Localization factor |
|
|
Section C Mining | |||
|
Subsection CA Extraction of fuel and energy minerals | |||
|
Subsection CB Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy | |||
|
Section D Manufacturing | |||
|
Subdivision DA Manufacture of food products, beverages, and tobacco | |||
|
Subsection DB Textile and clothing production | |||
|
Subdivision DC Manufacture of leather, leather products and footwear | |||
|
Subsection DD Woodworking and woodworking | |||
|
Subsection DE Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities | |||
|
Subsection DG Chemical production | |||
|
Subsection DH Manufacture of rubber and plastic products | |||
|
Subsection DI Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products | |||
|
Subsection DJ Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products | |||
|
Subsection DL Manufacture of electrical, electronic and optical equipment | |||
|
Subdivision DM Manufacture of vehicles and equipment | |||
|
Subsection DN Other production | |||
|
Section E Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | |||
The Central Federal District (CFD) is a capital region leading in terms of population, economic and social development, with a complex differentiated economic structure and a dense network of railways and highways.
By natural conditions, the location and development of productive forces on the territory of the district are distinguished by the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.
Central economic region
The Central Economic Region has a favorable economic and geographical position. It is located at the intersection of water and land roads, which have always contributed to the development of economic ties. The central region borders on Belarus and Ukraine, the North-West, North, Volgo-Vyatka, Volga and Central Black Earth economic regions, with which economic relations are developing and interregional associations are formed.
Natural resource potential
The territorial resources of the Central Economic Region are relatively small and inferior to the size of the eastern regions, and in the European regions to the North and the Volga region.
The relief is mostly flat, the climate is temperate continental. The climate makes it possible to grow grain and industrial crops, potatoes, vegetables, develop gardening and various branches of animal husbandry.
Fuel reserves are represented by the Moscow Region brown coal basin, which is located on the territory of five regions: Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan. Low-quality brown coal located near Moscow turns out to be 2.8-3 times more expensive than coal from other basins. OJSC "Mosbassugol" is in a state of crisis: the company's income does not cover the costs that are spent on maintaining the mines in working order, wage arrears are accumulating, the natural and ecological conditions of mining lead to an increase in the cost of coal mined.
Reforming the coal industry of the region allows receiving funding from the state budget, which, in turn, reanimates the local "lignite" (on the consumption of brown coal) electric and heat power engineering and makes it possible to solve social problems, since 70% of all mines and open-pit mines are city-forming enterprises.
There are peat deposits in the region in the Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, Moscow regions. The fields are at the last stage of development.
Explored oil and gas fields in the Yaroslavl region, but not yet developed.
Of the mineral raw materials, there are few iron ore deposits (Tula and Oryol regions). The Kosogorsk metallurgical plant was founded on the use of Tula ores (from the 16th-17th centuries).
Agronomic ores are represented by phosphorites in Bryanskaya (Polpinskoye deposit), in Moskovskaya (Yegoryevskoye deposit). Cement raw materials, limestones, marls are available in the Bryansk, Moscow, Ryazan, Oryol regions.
Deposits of diamonds, deposits of rare earth metals (Tula and Oryol regions) were discovered in the region.
Natural resources are mainly of intraregional importance.
Population and workforce
Occupying an insignificant part of the territory of Russia, the Central Region is distinguished by a particularly large population. The increase in numbers occurs due to intensive migration processes. At present, the population density of the Central District is 62 people. per 1 km 2, the most densely populated are Moscow, Tula, Ivanovo, Ryazan regions.
The district is characterized by a high proportion of the urban population - 83%. There are 248 cities and 400 urban-type settlements in the district; the largest urban agglomeration of the country is located - Moscow. The capital region is characterized by the most developed social infrastructure.
The main demographic problem of the Central Region is the problem of employment, which is currently being solved quite successfully, especially in the metropolitan areas.
The leading branch of market specialization is a highly developed diversified mechanical engineering, which specializes in the production of cars, machine tools, tools, instruments, electrical equipment for the light and food industries.
The main place in mechanical engineering belongs to transport engineering, which is represented by the production of cars, diesel locomotives, wagons and river vessels.
The center of the automotive industry is Moscow, where the Joint Stock Moscow Company "Plant named after I. A. Likhachev" (AMO ZIL) is located, which was reorganized in 1992 from the production association named after I. A. Likhachev (ZIL), specializing mainly in the production of medium-sized trucks; JSC AZLK, which produces Moskvich passenger cars; JSC "Avtoframos" established as a joint venture Renault and the Moscow Government; JSC "SeAZ" (Serpukhovsky Automobile Plant) produces cars "Oka".
In Likino-Dulevo (Moscow region) there is a bus plant LLC "Likinsky bus". One of the largest transport engineering plants in the country is a diesel locomotive plant in the town of Kolomna, Moscow Region. OJSC "Kolomensky Zavod" is the only Russian manufacturer and leader in the production of modern mainline passenger diesel locomotives, a developer and manufacturer of a new generation of passenger electric locomotives and freight diesel locomotives for the railways of Russia, CIS and Baltic countries. The enterprise is part of the Transmashholding company and is an active participant in the implementation of the Comprehensive Program for the Modernization and Renovation of Traction and Rolling Stock, implemented by Russian Railways OJSC as part of the transport strategy of Russia.
River shipbuilding and ship repair centers - Moscow, Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region) and Kostroma.
The main centers of machine tool building are Moscow (factories "Red Proletarian", "Stankokonstruktsiya", "Stankolit", "Stankonormal"), Ryazan, Kolomna. Instrument making is developed in Moscow (factories "Energopribor", "Fizpribor", "Manometer", watch factories, etc.), Vladimir, Ryazan, Smolensk.
Electrical engineering is represented by the Moscow factories "Dynamo", "Moskabel" and factories in Kaluga, Yaroslavl, Aleksandrov (Vladimir region).
The Central Region is a consumer of the Ural rolled ferrous metals and rolled products from the Central Black Earth Region and Siberia, as well as from Cherepovets.
The branch of specialization is the chemical industry. Phosphate fertilizers are produced by OJSC Voskresensk Mineral Fertilizers (Moscow Region) and State Unitary Enterprise Bryansk Phosphates. Novomoskovsk joint-stock company Azot (Tula region) produces nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture. Nitrogen fertilizers are also produced by the joint chemical company Shchekinoazot (Tula region) and OJSC Dorogobuzh (Smolensk region).
It should be noted that the chemical industry is characterized by integration processes, for example, OJSC Voskresensk Mineral Fertilizers is part of OJSC United Chemical Company URALCHEM, Novomoskovsk Joint Stock Company Azot is part of OJSC Mineral and Chemical Company EuroChem, etc. ...
The region has a developed chemistry of organic synthesis, the enterprises of which produce synthetic rubber, artificial fibers, and plastics. Synthetic rubber factories are located in Yaroslavl and Efremov (Tula region).
The oldest branch of the region is the textile industry. The central region produces more than 85% of all fabrics produced in the country. The cotton industry is represented by the Trekhgornaya Manufaktura Combine in Moscow, the Glukhovsky Cotton Combine in Noginsk (Moscow Region), and combines in Ivanovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Tver, Yaroslavl, and others. Linen fabrics are produced in Kostroma, Smolensk, Vyazniki (Vladimir Region). The footwear industry produces 12% of the leather footwear produced in the country.
The central region specializes in the printing industry.
Developed in the area food industry represented by enterprises for the production of confectionery, pasta, bakery, meat, dairy, alcohol and tobacco products. The largest food industry enterprises are located in Moscow.
The management of the electric power industry of the Central District is in the process of reforming. The district's power system is dominated by thermal power plants, the largest of which are Kostromskaya, Konakovskaya, Cherepetskaya, Shchekinskaya GRES. On the territory of the region there are nuclear power plants: Kalininskaya and Smolenskaya. The Verkhnevolzhskaya HPP cascade includes two hydroelectric power plants: Rybinskaya and Uglichskaya. The Zagorskaya PSPP operates in the region and the Zagorskaya PSPP-2 is under construction.
The construction materials industry is well developed in the region (Moscow, Tver, Bryansk, Vladimir regions).
Agriculture in the Central District is largely of suburban importance. Cereals, sugar beets, hemp, potatoes and vegetables, etc. are grown. Dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry breeding are developed in the region.
The central region has a transport network represented by all types of transport. The leading place belongs to railway transport. The road network has a radial structure. Moscow is the largest junction of 11 railway lines, all of which are electrified. The area has a pipeline system. Moscow is connected by a system of canals and the Volga with the Baltic, White, Caspian, Azov and Black seas.
The region imported - energy, timber and timber, building materials, bread, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, sugar, cotton.
The export is dominated by industrial products - machinery and equipment, automobiles, machine tools, appliances, tools, electrical products, household appliances, cloth, shoes, etc.
Regional differences
Moscow is the country's control center and main information center. Moscow has a special capital status and is directly subordinate to the Russian government.
In the region, technical and innovative special economic zones have been formed in Zelenograd and Dubna.
The Moscow region specializes in mechanical engineering, chemical, light (textile) and food industries.
The Yaroslavl Region specializes in mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, and the textile industry.
The Ivanovo region is distinguished by its textile industry, especially cotton. Mechanical engineering and chemistry, serving the textile industry, are well developed.
The main industries of the Vladimir region are mechanical engineering, chemical, textile and glass industries.
The Tula region in industry specializes in mechanical engineering, metalworking, metallurgy, chemistry, mining of coal near Moscow.
The Smolensk region specializes in mechanical engineering, light and food industries. Mechanical engineering provides products for radio engineering, electrical engineering, and devices.
In the Tver region, the leading place in industry is occupied by mechanical engineering and the textile industry, and in agriculture - flax growing and dairy farming.
Market reforms are being carried out more intensively in the Central Region than in many other economic regions.
The main prospects for the development of the Central Economic Region:
improving the management of socio-economic processes;
restoration and development of economic ties with other regions of Russia, with countries of near and far abroad;
agrarian reforms;
reconstruction and re-equipment of enterprises;
development of industrial and social infrastructure.
Capital investments directed to the region's economy are highly efficient. In this regard, the share of investments in the economy of the region is projected at the level of 21-22% of the total volume in the Russian Federation.
Central Black Earth Economic Region
In the all-Russian division of labor, the Central Black Earth Region specializes in the mining, metallurgical, engineering, chemical, food industries and in the production of certain types building materials as well as in agricultural production.
Natural resource potential
The Central Black Earth Economic Region has huge deposits of iron ore resources. In terms of the amount of iron ore reserves and the technical and economic indicators of their extraction, the iron ore basin of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) is of all-Russian importance.
Among non-metallic minerals, the region is also rich in molding sands (in the vicinity of Tambov). There is a large field of raw cement in the Belgorod region. There are significant reserves of refractory and refractory clays and glass sands. The Belgorod region has colossal reserves of chalk and limestone.
The Chernozem Center is poor in energy resources (it has small reserves of peat, mainly in the north), but the proximity to regions rich in energy resources makes it possible to solve the fuel and energy problem.
The climate of the Black Earth Center is moderately continental.
The area has a poorly developed hydrographic network. The Don with tributaries, the Seim (a tributary of the Desna), Tsna (a tributary of the Moksha) and the Seversky Donets flow here. The Don is navigable in the lower reaches.
The forested area is only 10% of the district's territory. Forests are located in the North and are represented mainly by broad-leaved species.
Soils only in the north are podzolic and gray podzolic, gray forest, in the rest - chernozems, which are a huge wealth of the country. Irrational land exploitation has led to a deterioration in the structure of chernozems and a decrease in their fertility.
Population and workforce
Chernozem Center is a densely populated area of the country. The highest population density is in the Lipetsk region, the lowest in the Tambov region. Almost the entire territory of the region is characterized by natural population decline, low birth rate. In recent years, there has been a significant influx of refugees, especially in rural areas.
The ethnic composition of the population is homogeneous, the Russian population predominates. In the southern part, the percentage of Ukrainians is quite high.
Placement and development of the main sectors of the economy
The leading branch of the market specialization of the Central Black Earth Economic Region is the mining and metallurgical industry.
In the Soviet economy, in the Kursk and Belgorod regions, a large TPK was formed on the basis of the iron ore resources of the KMA. The geographical position of the complex was extremely advantageous, since its territory was crossed in latitudinal and meridian directions by railways, which provide access to the Central Region, the industrially developed regions of Ukraine, the Volga region and the North Caucasus. The territory has an extensive network of roads, gas pipelines, power lines. The energy base of the complex was created at the expense of the capacities of the Kursk and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants. The development of KMA contributed to the creation of a metallurgical base in the Central European part of Russia.
The modern structure of the metallurgical base is formed by large metallurgical companies.
OJSC “NLMK” is a vertically integrated metallurgical company, the structure of which includes: Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (Lipetsk); OJSC Stoilensky GOK (Belgorod Region), which is the main supplier of iron ore raw materials; JSC "Dolomit", which produces flux and converter dolomite (Dankov, Lipetsk region); JSC Studenovskaya Joint-Stock Mining Company (Stagdok) (Lipetsk), which extracts and processes flux and process limestone; and other businesses, including those outside the area. NLMK Group produces about 15% of all Russian steel.
The mining division of the Metalloinvest holding includes the Lebedinsky (Belgorod Region) and Mikhailovsky (Kursk Region) mining and processing plants. The metallurgical division on the territory of the region is represented by the Oskol electrometallurgical plant for the production of high-quality steel by the method of direct reduction of iron, bypassing the blast-furnace process. It is the only one in Russia with a blast-free environmentally friendly technology.
OJSC Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant Svobodny Sokol produces cast iron and a wide range of pipe products.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking is a leading market sector of the industry. It is located mainly in large cities - Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov, Belgorod. The factories of the region produce mining equipment, excavators, tractors, agricultural machines, equipment for the food and cement industries, chemical equipment, machine tools, instruments, radio and electrical products.
The chemical industry is also a branch of specialization and is represented by the production of synthetic rubber and rubber tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, aniline dyes in Tambov, synthetic resins in the Belgorod region, varnishes in Dankov (Lipetsk region).
The sectors of market specialization also include the production of building materials, in particular, the production of cement and the extraction of chalk. There are cement plants in operation - Belgorodsky, Lipetsk, Podgorensky (Voronezh Region), Starooskolsky (Belgorod Region).
One of the most important branches of market specialization is the food industry. The main branch of the food industry is sugar. It is located in accordance with the source of raw materials in the Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh regions. Among other branches of the food industry, flour-grinding, oil-processing, meat, dairy-cheese-making, alcoholic beverage, tobacco-makhorka industries are developed, which mainly use local agricultural raw materials.
The industries that complement the territorial complex and serve the immediate needs of the population of the region include a variety of light industry and service sectors.
The Central Black Earth Region has favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The leading place in agricultural land is occupied by cereals - 55%, 28% are occupied by fodder crops, 12% - by industrial crops and 5% by potatoes and vegetables and melons.
Sugar beet crops are mainly located in the Kursk, Voronezh and Belgorod regions. In the same regions and in Tambov, sunflower crops are widespread.
The branches of specialization of agriculture in agriculture are grain farming (winter wheat), the production of factory sugar beets, oil crops (sunflower) and makhorka.
Livestock breeding has a meat and dairy direction, pig breeding and poultry farming are well developed.
Transport and economic links
The area has a significant railway network. In the southern direction there are railways: Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow-Donbass; Moscow - Kursk - Kharkov. Eastward: Saratov - Tambov - Michurinsk; Voronezh - Kursk - Kiev; Valuyki - Minsk, etc. Large highways pass through the region: Moscow - Simferopol; Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow - Tambov. Trunk pipelines run through the territory of the Chernozem Center.
Iron ore, building materials, metal, grain, sugar, etc. are exported from the region. Fuel, timber, mineral fertilizers, goods for the population are imported.
Regional differences
The Voronezh region stands out for its qualified mechanical engineering, chemical industry, and production of building materials. Agriculture specializes in the production of wheat, sugar beet, sunflower.
Large enterprises in Voronezh produce excavators, agricultural machines, forging and pressing equipment, equipment for the food industry, televisions, as well as synthetic rubber and tires.
The Kursk region is distinguished by the mining industry, primarily the extraction of iron ores and their primary processing. Mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries are well developed in the region.
Machine-building plants in Kursk produce calculating machines, batteries, tractor parts, mobile power plants, and equipment for the food industry.
Mechanical engineering, chemical, food and wool industries have developed in the Tambov region. Tambov enterprises produce equipment for food, chemical, light industry, household appliances.
Lipetsk region specializes in the production of ferrous metals, mining, tractor construction, lime production, food industry, especially sugar.
The branch of specialization of the Belgorod region is ferrous metallurgy. The region has developed production of building materials, food industry and agriculture.
Main problems and development prospects
There was a need for a structural reorganization of the region's economy in the conditions of market relations.
The limiting factor for the economic development of the region is the limited water resources. This is due to the weak development of the river network. The solution to this problem is in the creation of closed and recirculating water supply systems, the use of groundwater for industrial purposes, an increase in the payment for water use, etc.
Prospects for the development of the region are associated with the formation of a special economic zone of industrial and production type "Lipetsk" on the territory of the Gryazinsky district of the Lipetsk region. Industrial-production orientation includes manufacturing industries, including: the production of machinery and equipment, household electrical appliances, electrical machines, plastic and metal products, electrical and electronic equipment, furniture and other products.
Mislavsky A.V. Head of the Accounting Systems Design Department of the Management Technologies and Accounting Systems Design Department of CJSC AKG RBS
Double entry No. 10 - 04.10.2005
The formation of the financial structure of the enterprise, namely the allocation of centers of financial responsibility (CFR), is the first step towards the creation of a budgeting system. Each division of the company contributes to the final financial result of the company (in the form of attracting income or making expenses) and should be responsible for its actions: to plan, to report on the results. It is on the delegation of responsibility that the budgeting process is built.
The advantages of switching to management in the CFD are obvious. By dividing responsibility between the departments, we determine who is really responsible for what at the enterprise, we get the opportunity to evaluate the results and quickly coordinate the actions of the departments, create a competent system of motivating employees to complete the assigned tasks. The attention of the head of the department is concentrated on the performance indicators of the center entrusted to him, the efficiency and validity of acceptance increases. management decisions... Top management, on the other hand, frees up time to carry out strategic tasks.
There are different centers
If we proceed from the understanding of budgeting as a management technology, and budgets as a management tool, the enterprise in this case will be the object of management.
A commercial enterprise as an object of management in the simplest version can be considered as a set current activities(creation and sale of products, works or services) and investment. Costs are inherent in current activities (purchase of raw materials or finished products, production, selling costs) and income (proceeds) from the sale of products, works or services. The difference between current income and expenses is defined as profit (or loss) from current activities.
Responsibility for income in commercial company, as a rule, is assigned to the sales department (sales department or trading house). The costs are borne by all departments, but to a greater extent by the supply (procurement) department, production units, warehouses. In most cases, profit is determined for the entire enterprise, and decisions on its use are made by the company's management.
Thus, the activity of an enterprise as an object of management can be decomposed into separate processes: procurement, production, sales, investment. Accordingly, the structural units that manage these processes can be viewed as centers of responsibility for their implementation.
Based on the above functions, we define four main (1) types of the center of responsibility:
- center of income;
- cost center;
- profit center;
- investment center.
In practice, many more types of responsibility centers are distinguished (for example, profit margin centers responsible for profit margins, or venture centers responsible for innovation activity company).
Let's consider the main types of CFD in more detail
Revenue Center - a structural unit responsible for sales activities companies. Its effectiveness is determined by maximizing the company's income within the resources allocated for these purposes. The question may arise as to whether the department responsible for sales is the center of the cost of selling products ( promotions, wage sales managers, etc.)? Of course, it is possible to define the sales unit as a cost center, but, given their insignificant share in comparison with the amount of income (which is the income of the entire enterprise), we will still refer to it as the center of income. The budget management tools for this type of CFD are the Sales Budget and the Sales Cost Estimate (the purpose, structure of these documents and the procedure for working with them will be discussed in the following publications).
A cost center is a structural unit responsible for performing a certain amount of work (production task) within the resources allocated for these purposes. This type of CFD includes, as a rule, most of the company's divisions. First of all, production (workshops of the main and auxiliary production, service divisions). At the same time, the cost center may also have revenues (for example, revenue from the sale of services by the transport department to the outside), but if their value is insignificant, and the provision of these services is not the main business of the company, the CFD is defined as a cost center. The budget management tools for this type of CFD are the Production budget ( manufacturing program) and Cost Budget (or Cost Estimate). As a kind of cost centers, procurement centers and administrative cost centers can be distinguished.
- The procurement center is a kind of cost center; it is responsible for the timely and full supply of the enterprise with the necessary material resources within the limits allocated for these purposes. Such centers of responsibility include, for example, procurement departments. The budget management tools for this type of CFD are the Procurement Budget (may include transportation costs) and the Cost Estimate.
- An administrative cost center is a kind of cost center, it is responsible for the quality execution of management functions. This type includes the company's management apparatus, in most cases without dividing it into structural components (management, departments). The budget management tool for this type of CFD is the Estimated administrative costs.
The profit center is a structural unit (or the company as a whole) responsible for the financial result from current activities. In most cases, the management of the company is responsible for the current profit (or loss). In some cases, the company may have profit centers responsible for the financial result of a certain type of activity. A profit center can contain downstream revenue centers and cost centers. The budgetary management tool for this type of CFD (not counting the Budgets of sales, purchases, costs) is the Budget of Income and Expenditure (BDR).
Investment Center - a structural unit (or a company as a whole) responsible for efficiency investment activities... A traditional misconception is to designate as the center of investment a unit that plans and controls investment activities (for example, investment management). The fact is that the final investment decisions are made by the company's management and bears full responsibility for them. The budgetary management tool for this type of CFD is the Investment Budget, as well as the Forecast Balance (or Balance Sheet Budget). Enterprise-wide, as a rule, the center of investment coincides with the center of profit and, in this case, the center of responsibility is defined as the center of profit and investment.
Thus, the type of CFD determines the rights and responsibility of the structural unit for the assigned financial performance, which are an integral part of the financial result of the company as a whole.
The set of interconnected and subordinate centers of responsibility represents the financial structure of the company, which is based on the organizational and functional structure, but does not always coincide with it. Several divisions of a company can be defined as one CFD (for example, the services of the management apparatus can be defined as a cost center headed by the head of the company), at the same time, several CFDs can be allocated within one structural unit (for example, within a trading house can be allocated separately the center of income wholesale trade and income center foreign economic activity). When identifying the center of financial responsibility, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of clearly defining the list of products, works or services provided to external clients or internal structural divisions. The financial responsibility center is characterized by financial independence, that is, its head must be able to determine and manage the financial result of the CFD. The activities of the Responsibility Center are planned and monitored through the system key indicators.
"Key" digression
The purpose of this article is not a complete description of the system of key performance indicators of the Central Federal District, therefore, we will only briefly define them.
The key indicators for the revenue center are sales volumes, cash receipts, the status of accounts receivable, the volume of costs associated with the sale of products, for its own maintenance, etc.
The key indicators of the cost center are the volume of work performed (production tasks), quality indicators for output, the amount and structure of costs for output and its cost, indicators of the efficiency of using the means of production, and labor resources and etc.
The activities of the profit center are assessed by all of the above indicators, as well as by indicators of financial and economic efficiency current activities: profitability, structure working capital, return on assets, etc.
The indicators of the center of profit and investment, in addition to those indicated, include indicators of the effectiveness of investment activities (payback period, ROI) and the financial condition of the enterprise as a whole (such as the coefficients of financial independence and stability, etc.).
The system of key performance indicators of the Central Federal District serves as the basis for building a budget model. Some of them can be directly included in budget forms (for example, a task for revenue), some are not directly related to budget indicators (for example, profitability). When using top-down budgeting, performance indicators also serve as the basis for the formation of budget assignments. In any case, when defining key performance indicators, it should be borne in mind that they must have a numerical value, be unambiguous and contained in accounting systems.
Step by step
Returning to the topic of financial responsibility centers, let us define the main stages of the formation of a financial structure.
First, it is necessary to determine the center of investment, that is, the unit responsible for the efficiency of using the profit obtained in the framework of current activities. In practice, in most cases, the center of investment is the enterprise itself as a whole, since only its management determines investment policy, structure and size of fixed assets and controls financial condition the company as a whole. Responsibility for the activities of the enterprise also includes the control of current activities, therefore, most often this center defined as the center of profit and investment.
The profit and investment center includes dedicated revenue centers and cost centers. In the presence of structural units responsible for the financial result of certain types business (for example, manufacturing enterprises that are part of the holding, which have separate sales markets, their own suppliers, who independently determine the pricing policy, but do not make decisions on investing the profit obtained as a result of current activities), along with the centers of income and cost centers, form profit centers. Profit centers can be formed not only on the basis of a separate structural unit, but also as part of several structural units of various divisions of the company, located within the same technological or product chain. Further, in the composition of such a center of profit, its own, subordinate centers of income and cost centers are allocated. The subsequent allocation of centers depends on the complexity organizational structure and the need to delegate authority (for example, lower cost centers in the cost center can be allocated as part of a cost center). An example of such a structure is shown in Fig. one.
Rice. 1 Complex structure of the Central Federal District
Thus, a hierarchy of financial responsibility centers is built, which determines the financial structure of the company. The formed set of responsibility centers and their hierarchy is fixed by an internal regulatory document - "Regulations on the financial structure of the company", which includes a description of the types of CFDs, their composition and hierarchy, the powers of managers, the calculation procedure (planning and accounting) financial results activities based on the use of a system of key indicators. This document is being developed CFO(or a unit reporting to it) and approved director general(president) of the company. Heads of structural divisions are empowered to make proposals for changes and additions to this document.
Summing up, it can be noted that we have considered only one of several components of budget management technology - management by financial responsibility centers. Other important components are: the system of key performance indicators of the Central Federal District, the budget model (composition and interrelation of indicators of budget forms), budget regulations, the methodology of plan-actual and factor analysis execution of budgets and others. We will tell you about them in detail in the next issues of the magazine.
- the most densely populated part of Russia. The population density is 57.5 people / km 2. Center - Moscow. In terms of area, it occupies about 4% of the territory of the Russian Federation and concentrates 25% of the country's population, of which half is concentrated in Moscow metropolitan region.
It is not by chance that the district was named Central. This name characterizes not only its geographical position in the center of the country, but also its historical function as the nucleus of the Russian state, the center of economic, political and cultural life.
In the Central District there are largest centers personnel training, research institutes, design organizations, a city of science, therefore it is characterized by high concentration qualified personnel, which explains the high level of development of knowledge-intensive industries (Table 1).
Table 1. Geography of engineering industries in the Central Federal District
|
Industry name and composition |
Manufactured products |
Accommodation centers |
|
instrumentation |
Devices, communication means |
Moscow region, Smolensk |
|
machine tool building |
Ryazan, Moscow region |
|
|
transport engineering |
Buses, river ships, diesel engine building, car building |
Golitsyno, Likino-Dulyovo, Tver, Tula, Vladimir, Bryansk, Moscow region |
|
automotive industry |
Trucks and cars, engines, spare parts |
Moscow region, Smolensk, Tver, Ivanovo. Yaroslavl, Yartsevo (Smolensk region) |
|
electronic computers |
Consumer electronics, electrical engineering |
Smolensk, Moscow region |
|
mountain, power equipment, agricultural engineering |
Equipment, metal structures, agricultural machinery |
Kursk, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov, Yelets, Michurinsk |
It is a developed industrial and agricultural area.
Ferrous metallurgy uses the natural wealth of the region - the iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. In terms of geological reserves, the KMA field ranks first in the world. The shallow occurrence of ores (from 35 to 500 m) allows them to be mined in open pits. Mining of K ML ores accounts for 40% of the total production of iron ores in the CIS countries.
Lebedinsky mining and processing plant is located in the Belgorod region. It produces a powdery ore concentrate, 2/3 composed of iron oxide. From here, the concentrate is sent to metallurgical plants in the form of agglomerate or pellets.
OJSC Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant in Lipetsk specializes in iron and steel smelting. It ranks third in Russia in terms of product output after Cherepovetskiy ( Vologodskaya Oblast) and Magnitogorsk ( Chelyabinsk region) factories.
Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant is located in Stary Oskol (Belgorod Region). It produces steel by direct reduction of iron.
The most valuable wealth of the district is soils - chernozems. The humus content in them ranges from 4 to 12%, and the chernozem horizon itself reaches 1 m or more. These are the most fertile soils in Russia, therefore the district belongs to the main agricultural regions of the country. A significant part of its territory is occupied by fields of grain, industrial and fodder crops: rye and wheat, millet and buckwheat, corn, barley, oats, silage grasses, sugar beets, sunflowers. Livestock raising, horticulture and vegetable growing are well developed.
The agro-industrial complex of the district specializes in the production of commercial grain, flour, cereals, granulated sugar, oils, starch, canned fruits and vegetables.
Indicators of the Central Federal District
Administrative-territorial composition: Moscow, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovsk, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions.
Territory - 652.7 thousand km 2. Population - 37.1 million people.
The administrative center is Moscow.
The Central Federal District unites the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions.
The territory of the Okrug belongs to Central Russia with a characteristic non-relative unity of natural, geographic, demographic and economic development features.
Table 2. The share of economic indicators of the Central Federal District in the all-Russian
Branches of specialization of industrial production of the district on the basis of the localization coefficient are highlighted in table. 3.
The Central Federal District, in accordance with the calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 3), specializes in the following forks of economic activity: manufacturing industries, including the production of food products, including beverages, and tobacco, textile and clothing production, leather production, leather goods and production of footwear, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing activities, chemical production, production of rubber and plastic products, production of other non-metallic mineral products, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, other industries; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.
Table 3. Specialization of industrial production in the Central Federal District
The Central Federal District (CFD) is the capital region, leading in terms of population, economic development and social sphere, which has a complex differentiated structure of the economy and a dense network of railways and highways.
Districts of the Central Federal District
According to natural conditions, location and development of productive forces on the territory of the district, the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions are distinguished.
Central economic region
District composition(13 subjects of the Federation) - Moscow, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovskaya, Vladimirskaya, Ryazan, Tula, Oryol, Bryansk, Kaluga, Smolensk, Tver regions.
In terms of the number of subjects of the federation, this is the largest district, it also stands out in terms of population.
The region does not have significant reserves of minerals that could determine the development of its economy. Fuel reserves are presented in the lignite basin near Moscow, low quality coals, but can be used as coking and power ones. There are insignificant deposits of peat in the territories of Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions. Discovered oil and gas fields in the Yaroslavl region, which are not yet developed.
Mineral raw materials are represented by a few iron ore deposits in the Tula and Oryol regions. The Kosogorsk Metallurgical Combine (XV-XVII centuries) was founded on the use of Tula ores. There are industrial phosphorite deposits in the Bryansk and Moscow regions.
Everything Natural resources are mainly of intra-district significance.
Population. The central region is leading in terms of population density (more than 60 people / km 2), but there are significant differences. The maximum concentration of the population is reached within the Moscow agglomeration (excluding Moscow - 140 people / km 2), while in the Kostroma region the average density is only 13 people / km 2.
The share of the urban population is 83.1%. The largest Moscow agglomeration in Russia was formed in the region. Moscow, as it were, impeded the growth of other cities, so there are few large urban settlements in the region: Yaroslavl (620 thousand people), Ryazan (530 thousand people), Tula (520 thousand people). The main nationality of all subjects is Russians. In some places, there is a compact residence of other peoples: in the Tver region - Karelians, in the Ryazan region - Mordovians and Tatars, in the regions of Smolensk and Bryansk regions bordering on Belarus - Belarusians.
Household. The presence of highly qualified labor resources and a large number of research and design institutes have always determined the development of science-intensive and labor-intensive industries in the region, including the military-industrial complex.
Tertiary sector. Moscow is undoubtedly the largest the banking center of the country. The boards of all major banks in Russia are concentrated here, there is a large branch network... All this leads to the fact that this industry is coming to the fore in the region. Income received from financial transactions outstrips all other areas of business. An additional resource leading to the strengthening of the role of the Center is the implementation of state functions Moscow. Placement in the city of the Presidential Administration, Government, Federal Assembly entails the concentration of various industries, firms and management structures.
Industry... Mechanical engineering is the main branch of industry in the region. At one time, the automotive industry, machine tool building, instrument making, electrical engineering, electronics, aircraft construction developed here. The first locomotive and carriage-building enterprises appeared in the region, then their number increased.
The center of the automotive industry - Moscow - where the ZIL production association is located, specializing in the production of medium-duty trucks.
The Center houses many factories that produce equipment for various industries (clothing, chemical, energy, building materials, woodworking). The main centers of machine tool building are Moscow, Kolomna, Ryazan. Instrument making is developed in Moscow (factories "Energopribor", "Fizpribor", "Manometer", watch factories), Ryazan, Vladimir, Smolensk. Electrotechnical engineering is well developed in Moscow; it is represented by the factories "Moskabel", "Dynamo" and factories in Yaroslavl, Kaluga and the Vladimir region.
Chemical production is also a branch of specialization. Among the branches of chemistry, operating on their own resources, one should name the production of phosphorus fertilizers (Voskresensk and Polpino). Plants for the production of plastics, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic rubber, nitrogen fertilizers (Tula region), and detergents operate on imported oil and gas (there are three refineries in the region). The centers for the production of synthetic rubber are Yaroslavl and Efremov.
Ferrous metallurgy is represented by a full-cycle enterprise in Tula, an iron foundry in Kosaya Gora (Tula region), as well as a number of processing plants in Moscow, Elektrostal, Orel.
The central region is characterized by a powerful printing industry, which is also a market specialization. Large printing plants are located in Moscow, supplying all regions of the country with their products.
The textile industry, which once played a leading role in the region, is experiencing a decline in production. It is caused by the massive import of cheaper products from abroad, a shortage of raw materials left outside of Russia, and the disappearance of government orders. All these reasons led to the shutdown of many businesses.
Most of the other industries meet the internal needs of the Central Economic Region: electricity, food processing, non-ferrous metallurgy, building complex.
Agriculture. Climatic conditions in combination with different soils, they make it possible to grow cereals with a short growing season, fodder crops, and potatoes in the northern regions. In the southern regions, winter wheat ripens, a lot of potatoes are planted on chernozem soils, sugar beets are planted in the very south. Dairy and beef cattle breeding is represented in animal husbandry. There are many poultry and pig farms in the region. The suburban type of economy has developed significantly, combining vegetable growing, potato growing with dairy and meat cattle breeding and pig breeding.
Transport characterized by a huge scale of transportation of goods and passengers. Historically, a radial-ring transport network has developed in focus with Moscow. 11 electrified railways linking the Central Region with all parts of the country. Several federal highways pass through Moscow. Moscow is the largest aviation hub in the country. Oil and gas pipelines run through the Central District.
The Moscow river port can receive cargo going through a system of canals from five seas.
The Central Economic Region is a major tourist region of the country.
Currently critical factors development of the region are:
- an increase in the role of the financial and credit sphere (banks), the rapid formation of small and medium-sized businesses during the transition to a market economy;
- structural restructuring in the economy, which preserves traditional production on the basis of military-industrial complex enterprises.
Central Black Earth Economic Region
District composition(five subjects of the federation) - Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov regions.
Conditions for the development of the economy. The region's specialization is associated with its own iron ore resources (KM A ore is the first in the country). There are phosphorite deposits in the Kursk region.
Nonmetallic minerals are represented by molding sands, deposits of cement raw materials, chalk and limestone (Belgorod region).
The soils in the north are podzolic and gray podzolic; the rest are fertile chernozems.
Limitations are determined by the shortage of water and the lack of energy capacity. Naturally, the territory is favorable for the cultivation of many agricultural crops.
Population. Coefficient natural loss the population is slightly lower than the indicators of the Central region and reaches 6-8 ° / 00. The population density is relatively high - 46 people / km 2. At the same time, there is almost no differentiation across the territory. The region is one of the few that can be called mono-national. The share of Russians ranges from 92% in the Belgorod region to 98% in the Tambov region.
Household. Ferrous metallurgy. Located in the region, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) is the largest iron ore basin in the country (the ore contains up to 60% iron). The Kursk-Orlovsky region (Mikhailovskoye field) and the Starooskolsky region (Lebedinskoye and Stoilenskoye deposits) are distinguished. Enriched ore is largely sent outside the region, as well as to local enterprises in Lipetsk and Stary Oskol (a plant for the direct reduction of iron from ores has been built). Other industries include mechanical engineering (machine tool industry - Voronezh, Lipetsk, tractor engineering - Lipetsk, agricultural mechanical engineering - Voronezh, Tambov, Michurinsk, Kursk; heavy engineering and aircraft construction). Chemistry: production of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, dyes in Tambov, detergents in Shebekin.
Agro industrial complex. Sugar beet (first in the country), sunflower (third in the country), cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruit and berry crops are cultivated in the region. Dairy and beef cattle breeding and pig breeding predominate in animal husbandry. In terms of meat production per capita, the region ranks first in the country (about 55 kg), in milk production - in second place after the Volga-Vyatka region. Almost all products are processed within the region. There are flour mills, milk canned feed, sugar and starch enterprises, factories for the production of vegetable and animal oil. The country's largest Alekseevsky Air Combine began to produce the most famous brand sunflower oil"Sloboda".
Further development of the region is associated with the increase in agricultural production and the development of iron ore deposits in the KMA.
The Central Federal District accounts for 1/3
production of light industry products in the Russian Federation.
Central Federal District - the main area of concentration cotton industry. More than 90% of all cotton fabrics are produced here Russian Federation... The first place is occupied by the Ivanovo region, 70% of Russian cotton fabrics are produced here.
The Central Federal District is the main production area linen fabrics... The main production centers are Vyazniki (Vladimir region), Gavrilov-Yam (Yaroslavl region), Vyazma (Smolensk region).
Production woolen fabrics developed in the Bryansk region (Klintsy), Ivanovo region(Shuya) and others.
There are production facilities in the Central Federal District garment industry. In the Moscow region are located the enterprises "Bolshevichka", "Firm" Cheryomushki "," PTSHO Salut "(Moscow region).
In the Vladimir region - "Vyaznikovskaya sewing factory", "Children's clothing", "Sobinovskaya sewing factory". In the Ivanovo region - "Aivengo sewing factory".
The Central Federal District is the leader in the production of products leather and footwear industry. In Moscow and the Moscow region there are factories "Egoryevsk-obuv", "Paris Commune", "Factory of sports shoes". In the Central Federal District, there are footwear enterprises such as MUA Production (Vladimir Region) and Torzhok Shoe Factory (Tver Region). This is the most large enterprises leather and footwear industry.
In addition, in the Central Federal District there are enterprises producing chrome tanned leather, such as "Ostashkovsky leather factory" (Tver region), "Russian leather" (Ryazan region), "Kozha-m" (Lipetsk region), as well as enterprises for the production of finished leather goods. The main ones are "Medvedkovo" (Moscow), "Belga" (Moscow region), "Torzhskaya leather haberdashery factory" (Tver region).
1. VLADIMIR REGION
There are 21 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 10
Sewing - 11
1.1. Kameshkovsky branch of the OO "Children's clothing"
1.2. JSC "Avangard"
1.3. LLC "M.R. -Lakinsky industrial holding company "
1.4. LLC "Textile company" GOF "
1.5. OJSC "Weaving factory" Medtex "
1.6. CJSC "Promtsentr"
1.7. LLC "Enterprise of nonwovens"
1.8. JSC "Avangard"
1.9. LLC "Children's clothing"
1.10. LLC NP Expertise
1.11. OJSC "Sudar"
1.12. CJSC "Vyaznikovskaya sewing factory"
1.13. CJSC "Sobinskaya Garment Factory"
1.14. OJSC "Workshop sewing factory"
1.15. Vinatek LLC
1.16. LTD " Industrial company"HUA LUN"
1.17. LLC "Profection" "
1.18. LLC M.T.T.
1.19. Vladimirsky workshop of LLC "Children's clothing"
1.20. LLC "Tadis"
1.21. LLC "Kovrovskaya haberdashery factory"
2. VORONEZH REGION
Textile - 4
Sewing - 1
2.1. CJSC "Promtextil"
2.2. Borisoglebsk Garment Factory LLC
2.3. LLC PTO "Voronezh knitwear manufactory"
2.4. JSC "Borisoglebsk jersey"
2.5. JSC "Borisoglebsk Garment Factory"
3. BRYANSK REGION
There are 11 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 5
Sewing - 6
3.1. LLC "Bryansk worsted plant"
3.2. LLC "Bryansk PSA VOG"
3.3. LLC Novozybkovskaya sewing factory named after March 8"
3.4. LLC "Klintsovskoe PSA VOG"
3.5. JSC "Sfpost"
3.6. LLC "Milana" Novozybkovskiy branch
3.7. LLC "Milana" Klintsovsky branch
3.8. LLC "Milana" Unega branch
3.9. LLC "Sewing factory" Vesna "
3.10. JSC "Novozybkovskaya sewing and knitting factory"
3.11. JSC "Tonus"
4. BELGOROD REGION
There are 5 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Sewing - 5
4.1. JSC "Belgorod sewing factory" Rossiyanka "
4.2. LLC "Firm" Vesnyanka "
4.3. MUUP "Gubkinsky sewing factory"
4.4. Enterprise PKU "IK No. 5 UFSIN"
4.5. JSC "Rossiyanka"
5. IVANOVSK REGION
There are 40 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 36
Sewing - 4
5.1. LLC "Ivanovskaya Textile Company"
5.2. CJSC "Nikitinskaya PTF"
5.3. LLC "Vyatka textile"
5.4. LLC "Ross-ko-textile tailoring"
5.5. Shuisko-Tedin Factory LLC
5.6. OJSC "Furmanovskaya Factory No. 2"
5.7. PTF No. 3 - OJSC "KhBK" Shuiskie chintz "
5.8. LLC "Rodniki-textil"
5.9. CJSC "PK Nordtex" f-l "Rodniki-textil"
5.10. ZAO PK Nordtex f-l Shagovets (Vichuga)
5.11. OJSC "KhBC" Shuiskie chintz "
5.12. LLC "PK" Teikovsky KhBK "
5.13. LLC "Factory" Red October "
5.14. LLC "PP" Red October "
5.15. LLC "Factory" Zinovievskaya Manufactory "
5.16. PK Krasnaya Talka LLC
5.17. LLC TC "Krasnaya Talka"
5.18. HBK "Navtex" LLC
5.19. LLC "Privolzhsky Linen Mill"
5.20. Privolzhskaya Finishing Factory LLC
5.21. LLC "Samoilovsky Textile" (Vichuga)
5.22. ZAO PK Nordtex "Samoilovsky Textile"
5.23. LLC PF "Vozrozhdenie"
5.24. Privolzhskaya Linenaya Manufactory LLC
5.25. Shuiskaya Cloth Factory LLC
5.26. LLC "Sigma"
5.27. VOOI "Chernobyl" f-l No. 1
5.28. VOOI "Chernobyl" f-l No. 2
5.29. LLC "Factory of knitwear" Zarechye "
5.30. LLC "Shuyskoe enterprise" Shetrik "
5.31. LLC "Motiv"
5.32. Dilan-Textile LLC
5.33. OJSC "Furmanovskaya Factory No. 2"
5.34. LLC "Himtex"
5.35. Vichugskoe bottom-hole zone of secondary raw materials
5.36. IRO OOOI "Integration"
5.37. LLC "Garment Factory"
5.38. JSC "Ivanhoe"
6. KALUGA REGION
There are 3 enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 2
Sewing - 1
6.1. OJSC "Ermolino"
6.2. Runo OJSC
6.3. OJSC "Sukhinicheskaya sewing factory"
7. KOSTROM REGION
There are 7 enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 6
Sewing - 1
7.1. LLC JV "Khokhloma"
7.2. LLC "BKLM-Active"
7.3. LLC "Zdolma"
7.4. Branch of JSC "Moscow Wool Factory"
7.5. F-l LLC "Company Yarko"
7.6. LLC "PPO" Orbita "
7.7. OP LLC "PPO Orbita"
8. KURSK REGION
Textile - 3
Sewing - 2
8.1. LLC PO Concern Kursktrikotazhprom
8.2. OJSC "Kursk factory of technical fabrics"
8.3. LLC "Nipromtex"
8.4. LLC "Kursk PSA VOG"
8.5. LLC "Tait"
9. LIPETSK REGION
There are 5 enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 1
Sewing - 4
9.1. CJSC "Firm" "Eletsky lace"
9.2. LLC "Eletskoe PSA VOG"
9.3. Chaplyginskaya Garment Factory CJSC
9.4. Usman Sewing Factory LLC
9.5. LLC "Spetsposhiv"
10. MOSCOW REGION
There are 43 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 23
Sewing - 20
10.1. LLC "Krasnaya Polyana"
10.2. OJSC "Egorievskaya textile manufactory"
10.3. LLC TIZ "Oreteks"
10.4. LLC "Fabrics Oreteks"
10.5. JSC "Pavlovo-Posad shawl manufactory"
10.6. LLC "Pehorsky Textile"
10.7. OJSC "Pushkin Textile"
10.8. CJSC "Textile Factory" Kupavna "
10.9. OJSC "Pavlovo-Posadskiy camvolshchik"
10.10. CJSC "Shchelkovo Silk Factory"
10.11. CJSC "Rakhmanovskiy Silk Factory"
10.12. JSC "Peredovaya Tekstilshchitsa"
10.13. LLC "Pavlovo-Posad silk"
10.14. JSC "Khimvolokno"
10.15. LLC TTO "Klinvolokno"
10.16. LLC "Rassvet"
10.17. Dokangamex LLC
10.18. LLC SEP "Luch"
10.19. LLC "Giza"
10.20. LLC "Sun"
10.21. LLC "Vesna"
10.22. LLC "Mosshen"
10.23. LLC "Vitekskom"
10.24. LLC "Orintex Plus"
10.25. LLC "Pingons"
10.26. Nofta-Khim company
10.27. Bella LLC
10.28. LLC "Care"
10.29. OJSC "Noginsk Garment Factory"
10.30. JSC "Kanat"
10.31. NPO Energocontract
10.32. LLC "Vitekskom"
10.33. LLC "Vikashtor"
10.34. LLC "Shaturskaya sewing factory"
10.35. LLC "Raton"
10.36. LLC "Metric"
10.37. LLC "Agat"
10.38. CJSC "Frant"
10.39. LLC "Agate"
10.40. OP LLC "AspaTeks"
10.41. LLC "Lodos"
10.42. CJSC "SPK"
10.43. LLC "Spetsplast"
11. ORLOV REGION
There are 2 enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 1
Sewing - 1
11.1. JSC "Gamma"
11.2. CJSC "Khimtekstilmash"
12. SMOLENSK REGION
There are 10 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 6
Sewing - 4
12.1. LLC "Dichevsky KhBK"
12.2. LLC "Vyazemsky Exhibition Complex"
12.3. CJSC "Smolensk hosiery factory"
12.4. JSC "Roslavl knitwear factory" April "
12.5. LLC "Elegant"
12.6. LLC "Wild Orchid"
12.7. LLC "Vyazemskaya sewing factory"
12.8. LLC "Pochinkovskaya sewing factory"
12.9. LLC "Elegant"
12.10. CJSC "Safonovskaya sewing factory" Orel "
13. TAMBOV REGION
There are 5 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 4
Sewing - 1
13.1. CJSC "KZNM"
13.2. LLC "Tambov jersey"
13.3. CJSC "Kotovsky plant of nonwovens"
13.4. CJSC "Yunost"
13.5. LLC "Morshanskaya Manufactory"
On the territory of the Central Federal District, a complex industrial complex of mainly processing industries and industries has formed, which has a fairly high level of interconnection.
Leading industries of the district: mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical and petrochemical, light industry. The food industry, coal mining, electric power industry, metallurgy, woodworking, building materials industry, glass and earthenware industries are well developed in the district.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking... The machine-building complex of the Central Federal District in terms of the number of employees and marketable output has no equal in the country. Among the branches of mechanical engineering, the leading place belongs to those of them that are most dependent on the availability of qualified personnel and use the powerful scientific and technical potential of the district. The machine-tool and tool industry of the Central Federal District produces 1/5 of metal-cutting machines and about 1/3 of metal-working tools in the CIS. The enterprises are concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as in Ryazan (Ryazan, Sasovo), Ivanovo (Ivanovo) and Kaluga (Sukhinichi) regions. Electrotechnical enterprises are concentrated in the capital and in the region (Podolsk, Serpukhov), as well as in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Vladimir, Kolchugin. Instrument making is most developed in Moscow and in the region, as well as in the Oryol, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions.
The leading production association in the automotive industry of the Central Federal District is the Moscow Automobile Plant named after V.I. I.A. Likhachev. The company specializes in the production of medium-tonnage trucks and small-scale high-class passenger cars. ZIL branches are located in Moscow, Ryazan, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, Yartsevo, Mtsensk and other cities. The production of dump trucks (Mytishchi) and buses (Likino-Dulyovo) was created on the basis of ZIL vehicles in the Moscow region. Moscow plant them. The Lenin Komsomol is the parent enterprise of the Moskvich Production Association, which has branches in the Ivanovo and Tver regions.
Central Federal District is the birthplace of domestic railway engineering. The production of diesel locomotives is concentrated in Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudinov, Murom; wagons - in Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi. The aviation industry of the district is distinguished by a high degree of concentration. Its enterprises are located in Moscow, Smolensk, Rybinsk (engine production). In the Volga-Oka interfluve - Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma, Moscow, Gorokhovets - shipbuilding is localized.
Of fundamental importance are the expansion and reconstruction of numerous tractor (Vladimir) and agricultural (Lyubertsy, Ryazan, Tula, Bezhetsk) machine building enterprises in the Central Federal District. The Central Federal District has no equal in the production of equipment for the textile industry (Ivanovo, Shuya, Kolomna, Klimovsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kostroma), sewing (Podolsk, Tula, Rzhev), chemical (Yaroslavl, Mytishchi, Kostroma), coal (Tula, Uzlovaya, Skopin, Yasnogorsk), energy (Podolsk, Semibratovo), building materials industry, woodworking, printing (Rybinsk), etc.
Chemical and petrochemical industry. In these industries, the district has significant fixed assets, a large scientific base and a capacious consumer. However, the development of the industry is constrained by the shortage of raw materials, water, energy, and the difficult environmental situation of the highly urbanized district.
The Central Federal District occupies a leading place in the production of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The largest suppliers of complex fertilizers (including nitrogen) are Novomoskovskoye and Shchekinskoye PO Azot (Tula region), Dorogobuzh plant (Smolensk region). Phosphate fertilizers are produced by the Minudobreniya PA in Voskresensk, using imported apatite concentrates. On the basis of local phosphorites in the Moscow and Bryansk regions, phosphate rock is produced. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in the Moscow and Tula regions, plastic products - in Moscow, Moscow (Orekhovo-Zuevo, Zhilevo, Lyubuchany) and Smolensk (Safonovo) regions. The region occupies one of the leading places in the country for the production of chemical fibers (Klin, Serpukhov, Moscow region; Ryazan, Tver, Shchekino and Shuya). Synthetic rubber is produced in Yaroslavl and Efremov using imported oil and gas raw materials. Yaroslavl and Moscow tire factories produce about 1/4 of the production of tires, in the same centers the production of rubber products is concentrated, in Moscow - rubber shoe... Synthetic dyes are produced in the Ivanovo region, varnishes and paints - in the Yaroslavl and Moscow regions; new production facilities are also localized here - chemical reagents and photochemical. For the development of chemical and petrochemical industry in the Central Federal District Moscow, Moscow, Tula and Yaroslavl regions stand out.
Ferrous metallurgy. On the territory of the Central Federal District, the second largest and largest production base of the country's ferrous metallurgy is located: the first place in Russia in the extraction of iron ore, the second in the smelting of pig iron, steel and the production of rolled products, and the third in the smelting of ferroalloys. The iron ore industry, the bulk of the production of pig iron, steel and rolled products gravitate towards the southern part of the district (Belgorod, Kursk and Lipetsk regions). In the central and northern regions of the Okrug, conversion metallurgy prevails, mainly the smelting of high-quality steels and the production of rolled products in the metallurgical workshops of machine-building plants.
The largest enterprises in the industry: Lebedinsky and Stoilensky mining and processing plants, Yakovlevsky mine, Novolipetsk and Starooskolsky metallurgical plants, Tula metallurgical plants, Elektrostal plant near Moscow, Oryol steel rolling plant.
Fuel and energy complex. The fuel and energy complex of the Central Federal District only partially meets the needs of the district. Coal production in the Moscow region is declining. The Central Federal District takes the leading place in peat extraction in Russia. The largest peat enterprises with a capacity of 1-2 million tons of peat per year operate here. Most of the production falls on the Moscow, Yaroslavl and Tver regions. But in the fuel balance of the county the share local species fuel dropped to 10-15%. Most of the peat is not used for energy purposes, but for the needs of agriculture.
At present, the Central Federal District is one of the leading in the country in the production of electric and thermal energy. The fuel and energy complex is based on large TPPs and CHPPs with a capacity of more than 1 million kW each - Konakovskaya, Kostromskaya, Kashirskaya, Ryazanskaya TPPs, Moscow TPPs, etc. Following the country's first nuclear power plant- Obninskaya - built large nuclear power plants: Smolenskaya, Tverskaya, Kurskaya. A powerful cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built on the Volga River. The needs of the CER for petroleum products are largely met by the Ryazan, Yaroslavl and Moscow refineries.
Agriculture... The Central Federal District is one of the leading agricultural districts in the country. Favorable natural and climatic conditions contributed to the development of high-intensity agriculture. The federal district accounts for 43.1% of the gross harvest of flax fiber, 47.7% of the harvest of sugar beets, 33% of the gross harvest of potatoes, 17.2% of the gross harvest of grain, 15.2% of the harvest of sunflower seeds, 23.3% of the harvest of vegetables, 28.4% of milk production, 21% of meat production.
The main crops of wheat are in the black earth regions of the district - Oryol, Tula, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Tambov regions. The Central Black Earth Region also accounts for the bulk of cereal crops. So, in the arid regions of the southeast, millet is grown, and in the western regions with a sufficient amount of incoming moisture, buckwheat.
The most important industrial crops are flax and sugar beet production. Flax growing is represented in the most humid regions of the non-chernozem zone of the Okrug - Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl regions. Sugar beet crops occupy significant areas of arable highly fertile chernozem lands in the Kursk, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions. Sunflower crops are most common in drought-resistant areas of the Voronezh and Tambov regions. In the Voronezh and Kursk regions, hemp crops are widespread, and tobacco and makhorka - in the Tambov region. In the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, essential oil crops are also grown - anise and coriander. Horticulture has developed in the regions of the Central Black Earth Region, especially in the Lipetsk and Tambov regions. The federal district also specializes in the production of vegetables and potato growing.
Light industry. The light industry of the district is distinguished by a high degree of concentration, primarily in the textile industry. The district's light industry accounts for 1/3 of the industry's production, which is explained by the presence of a powerful production base, large research institutes, qualified personnel, and wide consumer demand. The enterprises of the district produce almost 80% of cotton fabrics in Russia, while at the enterprises of the Ivanovo, Moscow, Vladimir regions - 4/5 of the total production of cotton fabrics in the district. The largest textile center of the country is Ivanovo.
Silk industry enterprises, which provide 45% of silk fabrics, are located mainly in the capital and the region, as well as in Ivanovskaya, Vladimirskaya and Ryazan regions... The enterprises of the flax industry, which also produce 80% of the total volume of flax fabrics in the Russian Federation, are located in the places where the raw material - fiber flax (Vladimirskaya, Kostromskaya, Ivanovskaya and Yaroslavskaya regions) grows. The main center of the linen industry is Kostroma, but recently enterprises have appeared in the Smolensk region. The district produces 60% of the total production of woolen fabrics, but at the same time 2/3 of the district's fabrics fall on the capital region. Among other regions, Bryansk, Ivanovsk and Tverskaya stand out. The district's textile industry is especially characterized by wide interregional ties - 3/4 of all textile products are exported, including more than 4/5 of cotton.
Food industry. The sugar and butter industry is concentrated in the southern part of the Okrug (Belgorod, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov and, to a lesser extent, Lipetsk regions), where they are confined to the main areas of sugar beet and sunflower cultivation. The Central Federal District is the main producer of beet sugar in Russia, and it ranks second in the country after the Southern Federal District in terms of crop area, sunflower seeds collection and vegetable oil production. Dairy cattle breeding is the main branch of the district's livestock specialization, its share in milk production in the country exceeds a quarter. The dairy direction of cattle breeding increases as it moves from south to north, where there is a better supply of juicy forages. Potato and vegetable growing is developed everywhere. However, the density of their crops increases in suburban areas. The role in the production of potatoes and vegetables of the Moscow region and the administrative districts of neighboring regions bordering on it is especially great. The Okrug ranks first in Russia in terms of the total volume of potato harvest, and shares the first and second places with the Southern Federal District in terms of vegetable production.
Transport complex... The Central Federal District has a developed transport system... There is a high density of railways and highways, which is significantly higher than the average for Russia. From Moscow, rays diverge in different directions 11 railways, which, branching out at the periphery, form more than 25 exits. The transit role of the district, located at the crossroads of the oil Volga region, the forest North, the industrial Urals and the grain South, is very important. Moscow, Orel, Kursk, Belgorod, Yaroslavl, Bryansk, Smolensk became major railway transport hubs of the system. 15 highways depart from Moscow in different directions. Creation of a Moscow multiband ring road with multi-level interchanges allows for transit traffic, bypassing the city center. Moscow, Tula, Ivanovskaya, Vladimirskaya, Orel, Ryazan, Voronezh, Belgorod regions are distinguished by a high density of roads. Almost 60% of paved roads have improved road surfaces. Waterways are of great importance, especially in the transportation of bulky goods. Moscow is not only a port. Three airports in the capital (Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo, Domodedovo) are considered the largest hubs of inter-regional and international air lines. Within the okrug, pipeline transport is also developed, represented by a system of oil and gas pipelines.
Thus, we can say that the Central Federal District has a high industrial potential, is the capital region, leading in terms of population, economic and social development, with a complex differentiated structure of the economy and a dense network of railways and highways.
It might be helpful to read:
- Survivors: what will happen in the new year in the labor market;
- Hotline for non-payment of salaries;
- Analysis of the Russian labor market;
- Labor protection instructions for administrative personnel and specialists (office workers);
- What is charity;
- How to find out about a scheduled inspection of my business;
- Office safety: key points;
- "Hot line" on non-payment of wages to the prosecutor's office will bring;