Presentation on the topic of nuclear energy in physics. Presentation - nuclear energy. Alternative replacement for nuclear power plant
The atomic age has a long prehistory. The beginning was laid by W. Roentgen's work "On a New Kind of Rays" published in December 1895. He called them X - rays, later they were called x-rays. In 1896, A. Becquerel discovered that uranium ore emits invisible rays with great penetrating power. This phenomenon was later called radioactivity. In 1919, a group of scientists led by E. Rutherford, bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles, obtained an oxygen isotope - this is how the world's first artificial nuclear reaction was carried out. In 1942, under the stands of the football stadium at the University of Chicago (USA), the first nuclear reactor in history was launched. Nuclear power is a very important part of life modern man, because at the moment it is one of the most progressive and developing branches of science. The development of nuclear energy opens up new opportunities for mankind. But like everything new, it also has its opponents, who argue that nuclear energy has more disadvantages than advantages. First you need to find out - how did nuclear energy originate?
Europe was on the eve of World War II, and the potential possession of such a powerful weapon pushed for its fastest creation. The physicists of Germany, England, the USA, and Japan worked on the creation of atomic weapons. Realizing that it was impossible to work without a sufficient amount of uranium ore, in September 1940 the United States purchased a large amount of the required ore, which allowed them to work on the creation of nuclear weapons in full swing.
The United States government has decided to as soon as possible build an atomic bomb. This project went down in history as the "Manhattan Project". Led by Leslie Groves. In 1942, an American nuclear center was established on the territory of the United States. Under his leadership, the best minds of that time were gathered not only from the USA and England, but from almost all of Western Europe. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A characteristic cloud of radioactive dust, resembling a mushroom, rose to 30,000 feet. All that remains at the site of the explosion are fragments of green radioactive glass, which the sand has turned into.
In the twentieth century, society developed rapidly, people began to consume an increasing amount of energy resources. A new source of energy was needed. Great hopes were attached to the use of nuclear power plants (NPPs) to provide the bulk of the world's energy needs. The world's first experimental nuclear power plant with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in the USSR on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk. Prior to this, the energy of the atomic nucleus was used mainly for military purposes. The launch of the first nuclear power plant marked the opening of a new direction in energy, which was recognized at the 1st International Scientific and Technical Conference on the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy (August 1955, Geneva). Abroad, the first nuclear power plant for industrial purposes with a capacity of 46 MW was put into operation in 1956 at Calder Hall (England). A year later, a 60 MW nuclear power plant was put into operation in Shippingport (USA). At the beginning of the 1900s 435 operating nuclear power plants generated about 7% of the energy produced in the world.
People who do not understand the design and operation of nuclear power plants believe that these same nuclear power plants are dangerous and are afraid of building new enterprises, afraid to go to work for these enterprises and generally have a negative attitude towards this phenomenon. Protesters say they are not opposed nuclear technologies, but against nuclear energy as such, because they consider it dangerous. As an argument, they cite the events that occurred not so long ago at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and at the Fukushima station. The accident at the Japanese nuclear power plant "Fukushima" has changed the attitude of people to nuclear energy around the world. This trend is illustrated by a survey conducted international company Ipsos in 24 countries, where about 60 percent of the world's population is concentrated. In 21 out of 24 states, the majority of respondents were in favor of closing nuclear power plants. Only in India, the US and Poland, according to Ipsos, the majority of citizens are still in favor of the continued use of nuclear energy.
There are 2 ways to develop nuclear energy According to experts' forecasts, the share of nuclear energy will grow and make up a significant part of the global energy balance. People will achieve a secure future in the field of nuclear energy Shutdown of operating nuclear power plants, search for a new alternative way to generate electricity
Pros: Every year, nuclear power plants in Europe prevent the emission of 700 million tons of CO 2. Operating nuclear power plants in Russia annually prevent the emission of 210 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere; low and sustainable (in relation to the cost of fuel) electricity prices; Contrary to the prevailing public opinion, experts around the world nuclear power plants are recognized as the safest and most environmentally friendly compared to other traditional methods of energy production. In addition, a new generation of nuclear reactors has already been developed and is being installed, for which complete operational safety is a priority. Against: The main environmental problems of nuclear energy are the management of SNF (spent nuclear fuel). So most of the Russian SNF is currently stored in temporary storage facilities at nuclear power plants; The problem of eliminating nuclear power plants: a nuclear reactor cannot simply be stopped, closed and left. It will have to be taken out of service for many years, only partially reducing the maintenance staff. No matter how much it would be desirable for supporters or opponents of the development of nuclear energy, it is too early to put an end to the discussion of the future of the nuclear industry in the world as a whole. One thing is indisputable: it is unacceptable to rely only on nuclear specialists who are in love with their work and officials in charge of the nuclear industry. The consequences of the decisions they make are too heavy for the whole society to be held responsible only for them. The public, and especially civil society organizations, must play an important, if not key, role in the discussion and adoption of meaningful decisions.
The accident at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant is a major radiation accident that occurred on March 11, 2011 as a result of a strong earthquake in Japan and the tsunami that followed. The earthquake and the tsunami hit disabled external power supplies and backup diesel power plants, which caused the inoperability of all normal and emergency cooling systems and led to the melting of the reactor core at power units 1, 2 and 3 in the first days of the accident.
The earthquake hit the prefectures of Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima. As a result of tremors at 55 nuclear reactors, safety systems worked normally. As a result of the earthquake, 11 existing power units in Japan were automatically shut down. After an 8.4-magnitude earthquake at the Oginawa station, all three reactors were shut down in the normal mode, but later (two days later, on March 13), a fire broke out in the engine room of the first power unit, which was quickly localized and extinguished. As a result of the fire, one of the turbines was destroyed, and no radioactive emissions into the atmosphere followed. It was the water that brought the main destruction to the Fukushima-1 station: the backup diesel generators were drowned out by water, which provided electricity to the power units at the nuclear power plant after the earthquake. The power outage, necessary for the operation of the control and protection systems of the reactor, led to tragic events in the future.
The fact that the presence of radioactive iodine and cesium released from the active zone of the Fukushima nuclear power plant reactor was recorded in Russia (including Moscow) soon after the accident is true. The presence of these isotopes is recorded by instruments, however, not only in Primorye or Moscow, but throughout the globe, as experts predicted from the very beginning of the development of the accident in Japan. However, the amounts of these isotopes are so insignificant that they cannot have any effect on human health. Therefore, there is no need for Muscovites and guests of the capital to stock up on iodine-containing drugs, not to mention the prospects for any kind of evacuation. The head of the Hydrometeorological Center of Primorye, Boris Kubay, confirmed that the concentration of iodine -131 is 100 times lower than the permissible values, so there is no threat to human health.
According to available data, the volume of radioactive releases from the accident at the Fukushima-I nuclear power plant is 7 times lower than that observed during the Chernobyl accident. Much higher in the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and the liquidation of its consequences was the number of victims, which reached 4,000 people according to the WHO. However, one should not forget that the accident at the Fukushima-I nuclear power plant has a character that is fundamentally different from the nature of the Chernobyl disaster. In Chernobyl, the main danger to human health was the release of radioactive elements directly at the time of the accident. Subsequently, the radioactive contamination of the territories adjacent to the NPP only decreased as a result of a natural decrease in the radioactivity of unstable elements and their gradual erosion in the environment. The Fukushima-I nuclear power plant is located on the coast of the ocean, due to which a significant part of the radiation contamination enters the ocean water. On the one hand, this caused a much less intense contamination of adjacent territories (besides, unlike Chernobyl, there was no reactor explosion at Fukushima as such, which means there was no massive spread of radioactive particles through the air), but on the other hand, a leak of contaminated water into the ocean from the damaged Fukushima reactors continues, and it will be much more difficult to eliminate it.
Among those who insist on the need to continue the search for safe and economical ways to develop nuclear energy, two main directions can be distinguished. Supporters of the first believe that all efforts should be focused on eliminating public distrust in the safety of nuclear technology. To do this, it is necessary to develop new reactors that are safer than existing light water reactors. Here, two types of p reactors are of interest: a “technologically extremely safe” reactor and a “modular” high-temperature gas-cooled p reactor. The prototype of the modular gas-cooled reactor was developed in Germany, as well as in the USA and Japan. Unlike a light water reactor, the design of a modular gas-cooled reactor is such that the safety of its operation is ensured passively - without direct actions of operators or an electrical or mechanical protection system. In technologically extremely safe p acto p ah, a passive protection system is also used. Such a reactor, the idea of which was proposed in Sweden, does not seem to have progressed beyond the design stage. But it has received strong support in the US, among those who see its potential advantages over a modular gas-cooled reactor. But the future of both options is uncertain due to their uncertain cost, development difficulties, and the uncertain future of nuclear power itself.
1. Thorium Thorium can be used as a fuel in the nuclear cycle as an alternative to uranium, and the technology for this process has been in existence since 1990. Many scientists and others have called for the use of this element, arguing that it has many advantages over the current uranium fuel cycle used in mining plants. this world. 2. Solar energy Solar energy is rich, inexhaustible and perhaps the best known of alternative and energy sources. The most popular method of using this energy is to use solar panels to convert solar energy into electricity, which is then delivered to the final consumer. 3. Hydrogen Another alternative source of energy is hydrogen, which can be used together with a fuel cell for transportation needs. Hydrogen is low toxic when burned, can be produced domestically and be three times more efficient than a typical gasoline engine. Hydrogen can be obtained from a variety of processes, including fossil fuels, biomass and electrolyzed water. To get the most out of hydrogen as a fuel source, the best method is to use renewable and energy sources for its production.
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PURPOSE:
Assess the positive and negative aspects of the use of nuclear energy in modern society. Form ideas related to the threat to peace and humanity when using nuclear energy.
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Application of nuclear energy
Energy is the foundation of the foundations. All the benefits of civilization, all material spheres of human activity - from washing clothes to exploring the Moon and Mars - require energy consumption. And the further, the more. Today, nuclear energy is widely used in many sectors of the economy. Powerful submarines and surface ships with nuclear power plants. With the help of a peaceful atom, the search for minerals is carried out. Mass application in biology agriculture, medicine, in space exploration found radioactive isotopes.
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Energy: "FOR"
a) Nuclear energy is by far the best form of energy production. Economical, high power, environmentally friendly when used correctly. b) Nuclear power plants, compared to traditional thermal power plants, have an advantage in fuel costs, which is especially pronounced in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a steady upward trend in fossil fuel production costs. c) Nuclear power plants also do not tend to pollute the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, waste water containing oil products.
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Nuclear power plant, thermal power plant, hydroelectric power station - modern civilization
Modern civilization is inconceivable without electrical energy. The generation and use of electricity is increasing every year, but the specter of the coming energy starvation is already looming in front of mankind due to the depletion of fossil fuel deposits and the increasing environmental losses in the production of electricity. The energy released in nuclear reactions is millions of times higher than that given by ordinary chemical reactions (combustion, for example), so that the calorific value of nuclear fuel is immeasurably greater than that of conventional fuel. Using nuclear fuel to generate electricity is an extremely tempting idea. The advantages of nuclear power plants (NPPs) over thermal (CHP) and hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) are obvious: there is no waste, no gas emissions, no need to carry out huge volumes of construction, build dams and bury fertile lands on the bottom of the reservoirs. Perhaps more environmentally friendly than nuclear power plants, only power plants that use the energy of solar radiation or wind. But both windmills and solar stations are still low-powered and cannot meet people's needs for cheap electricity - and this need is growing faster. And yet, the feasibility of building and operating nuclear power plants is often questioned due to the harmful effects of radioactive substances on the environment and humans.
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Prospects for nuclear energy
After a good start, our country lagged behind the leading countries of the world in the development of nuclear energy in all respects. Of course, nuclear energy can be abandoned altogether. Thus, the risk of exposure of people and the threat of nuclear accidents will be completely eliminated. But then, in order to meet the energy needs, it will be necessary to increase the construction of thermal power plants and hydroelectric power stations. And this will inevitably lead to a large pollution of the atmosphere with harmful substances, to the accumulation of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a change in the Earth's climate and a violation of the heat balance on a global scale. Meanwhile, the specter of energy hunger begins to really threaten humanity. Radiation is a formidable and dangerous force, but with the proper attitude, it is quite possible to work with it. Characteristically, those who constantly deal with it and are well aware of all the dangers associated with it are the least afraid of radiation. In this sense, it is interesting to compare statistics and intuitive assessment of the degree of danger of various factors in everyday life. Thus, it has been established that the greatest number of human lives are carried away by smoking, alcohol and cars. Meanwhile, according to people from population groups that differ in age and education, nuclear energy and firearms bear the greatest danger to life (the damage caused to humanity by smoking and alcohol is clearly underestimated). Specialists who can best assess the merits and possibilities of using nuclear power engineers believe that humanity can no longer do without the energy of the atom. Nuclear energy is one of the most promising ways to satisfy the energy hunger of mankind in the face of energy problems associated with the use of fossil fuels.
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Advantages of nuclear energy
There are so many advantages of nuclear power plants. They are completely independent of uranium mining sites. Nuclear fuel is compact and has a long useful life. Nuclear power plants are consumer-oriented and are becoming in demand in those places where there is an acute shortage of fossil fuels, and the need for electricity is very high. Another advantage of them is low cost generated energy, relatively low construction costs. Compared to thermal power plants, nuclear power plants do not emit such a large amount of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and their operation does not lead to an increase in the greenhouse effect. At the moment, scientists are faced with the task of increasing the efficiency of using uranium. It is solved with the help of fast breeder reactors (FRN). Together with thermal neutron reactors, they increase energy production per ton of natural uranium by 20-30 times. At full use natural uranium becomes profitable its extraction from very poor ores and even its extraction from sea water. The use of nuclear power plants with RBN leads to some technical difficulties, which are currently being addressed. As fuel, Russia can use highly enriched uranium released as a result of the reduction in the number of nuclear warheads.
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The medicine
Methods of diagnostics and therapy have shown their high efficiency. When cancer cells are irradiated with γ-rays, they stop dividing. And if the cancer is at an early stage, then the treatment is successful. Small amounts of radioactive isotopes are used for diagnostic purposes. For example, radioactive barium is used for fluoroscopy of the stomach Successful use of isotopes in the study of iodine metabolism of the thyroid gland
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The best of the best
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, the largest nuclear power plant in the world in terms of installed capacity (as of 2008), is located in the Japanese city of Kashiwazaki, Niigata Prefecture. Five boiling water reactors (BWRs) and two advanced boiling water reactors (ABWRs) are in operation, with a combined capacity of 8,212 GigaWatts.
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Zaporozhye NPP
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Alternative replacement for nuclear power plant
Energy of sun. The total amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is 6.7 times the global fossil fuel resource potential. The use of only 0.5% of this reserve could completely cover the world's energy needs for millennia. On Sev. The technical potential of solar energy in Russia (2.3 billion tons of conventional fuel per year) is approximately 2 times higher than today's fuel consumption.
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The warmth of the earth. Geothermal energy - literally translated means: the earth's thermal energy. The volume of the Earth is approximately 1085 billion cubic km and all of it, with the exception of a thin layer of the earth's crust, has a very high temperature. If we also take into account the heat capacity of the Earth's rocks, it becomes clear that geothermal heat is undoubtedly the largest source of energy currently available to man. Moreover, this is energy in its purest form, since it already exists as heat, and therefore it is not required to burn fuel or create reactors to obtain it.
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Advantages of water-graphite reactors
The advantages of a channel graphite reactor are the possibility of using graphite simultaneously as a moderator and a structural material of the core, which allows the use of technological channels in replaceable and non-replaceable versions, the use of fuel rods in a rod or tubular design with one-sided or all-sided cooling by their coolant. The design scheme of the reactor and the core makes it possible to organize fuel refueling at the operating reactor, to apply the zonal or sectional principle of constructing the core, which allows profiling the energy release and heat removal, the widespread use of standard designs, the implementation of nuclear steam superheating, i.e. steam superheating directly in the core.
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Nuclear Power and the Environment
Today, nuclear power and its impact on the environment are the most topical issues at international congresses and meetings. This issue became especially acute after the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP). Issues related to installation work at the nuclear power plant. As well as issues affecting the condition of the working equipment at these stations. As you know, the work of nuclear power plants is based on the splitting of uranium into atoms. Therefore, the extraction of this fuel for stations is also an important issue today. Many issues related to nuclear power plants are related in one way or another to the environment. Although the operation of nuclear power plants brings a large amount of useful energy, but, unfortunately, all the "pluses" in nature are offset by their "minuses". The nuclear power industry is no exception: in the operation of nuclear power plants, they face the problems of disposal, storage, processing and transportation of waste.
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How dangerous is nuclear power?
Nuclear power is an actively developing industry. It is obvious that a great future is destined for it, since the reserves of oil, gas, coal are gradually running out, and uranium is a fairly common element on Earth. But it should be remembered that nuclear energy is associated with an increased danger to people, which, in particular, manifests itself in the extremely unfavorable consequences of accidents with the destruction of nuclear reactors.
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Energy: "against"
"against" nuclear power plants: a) The terrible consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. b) Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction. c) Damage to individuals in technological systems- during operation. d) Runoff of surface and ground waters containing chemical and radioactive components. e) Change in the nature of land use and exchange processes in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear power plant. f) Changes in the microclimatic characteristics of adjacent areas.
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Not only radiation
The operation of a nuclear power plant is accompanied not only by the danger of radiation pollution, but also by other types of environmental impact. The main effect is thermal. It is one and a half to two times higher than from thermal power plants. During the operation of nuclear power plants, it becomes necessary to cool the exhaust steam. by the most in a simple way is cooling with water from a river, lake, sea or specially constructed pools. Water heated by 5-15 ° C returns to the same source again. But this method carries with it the danger of deteriorating the environmental situation in the aquatic environment at the locations of nuclear power plants. The water supply system using cooling towers, in which water is cooled due to its partial evaporation and cooling, is more widely used. Small losses are replenished by constant feeding with fresh water. With such a cooling system, a huge amount of water vapor and condensed moisture is released into the atmosphere. This can lead to an increase in the amount of precipitation, the frequency of fog formation, and cloudiness. In recent years, an air-cooled water vapor system has been used. In this case, there is no loss of water, and it is most harmless to environment. However, such a system does not work at high average ambient temperatures. In addition, the cost of electricity increases significantly.
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invisible enemy
Three radioactive elements, uranium, thorium and actinium, are mainly responsible for natural terrestrial radiation. These chemical elements are unstable; decaying, they release energy or become sources of ionizing radiation. As a rule, during the decay, an invisible, tasteless and odorless heavy radon gas is formed. It exists as two isotopes: radon-222, a member of the radioactive series formed by the decay products of uranium-238, and radon-220 (also called thoron), a member of the radioactive series of thorium-232. Radon is constantly formed in the depths of the Earth, accumulates in rocks, and then gradually moves along the cracks to the surface of the Earth. Very often a person receives radiation from radon, being at home or at work and not suspecting the danger, in a closed, unventilated room, where its concentration of this gas, a source of radiation, is increased .Radon penetrates the house from the ground - through cracks in the foundation and through the floor - and accumulates mainly on the lower floors of residential and industrial buildings. But such cases are also known when residential buildings and industrial buildings are erected directly on the old dumps of mining enterprises, where radioactive elements are present in significant quantities. If materials such as granite, pumice, alumina, phosphogypsum, red brick, calcium silicate slag are used in construction production, the wall material becomes a source of radon radiation. Natural gas used in gas stoves (especially liquefied propane in cylinders) is also a potential source radon. And if water for domestic needs is pumped out of deep-lying water layers saturated with radon, then high concentration radon in the air even when washing clothes! By the way, it was found that the average concentration of radon in the bathroom is usually 40 times higher than in living rooms and several times higher than in the kitchen.
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Radioactive "garbage"
Even if a nuclear power plant works perfectly and without the slightest failure, its operation inevitably leads to the accumulation of radioactive substances. Therefore, people have to solve a very serious problem, the name of which is the safe storage of waste. Waste from any industry with a huge scale of production of energy, various products and materials creates a huge problem. Pollution of the environment and atmosphere in many parts of our planet inspires anxiety and fear. We are talking about the possibility of preserving the animal and plant world no longer in its original form, but at least within the minimum environmental standards. Radioactive waste is generated at almost all stages of the nuclear cycle. They accumulate in the form of liquid, solid and gaseous substances with different levels of activity and concentration. Most of the waste is low-level: water used to clean gases and surfaces of the reactor, gloves and shoes, contaminated tools and burnt out light bulbs from radioactive rooms, spent equipment, dust, gas filters, and much more.
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Fighting radioactive waste
Gases and polluted water are passed through special filters until they reach the purity of atmospheric air and drinking water. The filters that have become radioactive are recycled along with solid waste. They are mixed with cement and turned into blocks or poured into steel tanks together with hot bitumen. The most difficult thing to prepare for long-term storage is high-level waste. It is best to turn such "garbage" into glass and ceramics. To do this, the waste is calcined and fused with substances that form a glass-ceramic mass. It is calculated that it will take at least 100 years to dissolve 1 mm of the surface layer of such a mass in water. Unlike many chemical wastes, the danger of radioactive waste decreases over time. Most of the radioactive isotopes have a half-life of about 30 years, so after 300 years they will almost completely disappear. So, for the final disposal of radioactive waste, it is necessary to build such long-term storage facilities that would reliably isolate waste from their penetration into the environment until the complete decay of radionuclides. Such repositories are called cemeteries.
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Explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986.
On April 25, Unit 4 was shut down for a scheduled overhaul, during which several equipment tests were scheduled. In accordance with the program, the power of the reactor was reduced, and then problems began associated with the phenomenon of "xenon poisoning" (the accumulation of xenon isotope in a reactor operating at reduced power, further inhibiting the operation of the reactor). To compensate for the poisoning, absorbing rods were raised, and power began to increase. What happened next is not exactly clear. The report of the International Advisory Group on Nuclear Safety noted: "It is not known for certain what caused the power surge that led to the destruction of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant reactor." They tried to dampen this sudden surge by lowering the absorbing rods, however, due to their unsuccessful design, it was not possible to slow down the reaction, and an explosion occurred.
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Chernobyl
An analysis of the Chernobyl accident convincingly confirms that radioactive contamination of the environment is the most important environmental consequence of radiation accidents with releases of radionuclides, the main factor affecting the health and living conditions of people in areas exposed to radioactive contamination.
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Japanese Chernobyl
Recently there was an explosion at the Fukushima 1 nuclear power plant (Japan) due to a strong earthquake. The accident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant was the first disaster at a nuclear facility caused by the impact, albeit indirectly, of a natural disaster. Until now, the largest accidents have been "internal" in nature: they were caused by a combination of unsuccessful structural elements and human error.
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Explosion in Japan
At the Fukushima-1 station, located in the prefecture of the same name, on March 14 hydrogen exploded, which had accumulated under the roof of the third reactor. According to Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO), the nuclear power plant operator. Japan informed the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that as a result of the explosion at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, the radiation background in the area of the accident exceeded the permissible limit.
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Consequences of radiation:
Mutations Cancers (thyroid, leukemia, breast, lung, stomach, intestines) Hereditary disorders Ovarian sterility in women. Dementia
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Tissue sensitivity coefficient at equivalent radiation dose
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Radiation Results
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Conclusion
Factors "For" nuclear power plants: 1. Nuclear power is by far the best type of energy production. Economical, high power, environmentally friendly when used correctly. 2. Nuclear power plants, compared to traditional thermal power plants, have an advantage in fuel costs, which is especially pronounced in those regions where there are difficulties in providing fuel and energy resources, as well as a steady upward trend in fossil fuel production costs. 3. Nuclear power plants also do not tend to pollute the natural environment with ash, flue gases with CO2, NOx, SOx, waste water containing oil products. Factors "Against" nuclear power plants: 1. Terrible consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants. 2. Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction. 3. Damage to individuals in technological systems - during operation. 4. Runoff of surface and ground waters containing chemical and radioactive components. 5. Changing the nature of land use and exchange processes in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear power plant. 6. Changes in the microclimatic characteristics of the adjacent areas.
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The whole world, covering from earth to heaven, Awakening more than one generation, Scientific progress is striding across the planet. What is behind such a phenomenon? Man went into space and was on the moon. Nature has fewer secrets. But any discovery is an aid to war: The same atom and the same missiles... How to use knowledge is the concern of people. Not science - the scientist is the answer. Giving fire to people - was Prometheus right, How will progress turn into a planet?
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Antoine Becquerel's discovery February 1896 Paris Experiment: A cross was placed under a saucer with uranium salts, placed on a photographic plate wrapped in opaque paper. But the exhibition of salts had to be postponed due to cloudy weather. And in anticipation of the sun, he put the whole structure in a cupboard drawer. On Sunday, March 1, 1896, without waiting for clear weather, he decided, just in case, to develop a photographic plate and, to his surprise, found on it clear contours of a cross. Uranium salts emitted radiation that penetrated through layers of opaque paper and left a distinct mark on the photographic plate without "recharging" with light 1903 Nobel Prize for the discovery of natural radioactivity
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Discovery of radium Pierre Curie 1859 - 1906 Maria Sklodowska - Curie 1867 - 1934 The rays discovered by A. Becquerel interested Marie Curie It turned out that such rays come not only from uranium. The word "ray" is Latin for "radius". Therefore, Mary suggested that all substances emitting invisible rays be called radioactive. Maria's work interested her husband Pierre very much. Soon they discovered the rays that were sent to no one by an unknown element! They called this element polonium, and after some time they discovered it - radium. And not only to discover, but also to extract a tiny piece of radium They were awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of the phenomenon of radioactivity
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In 1961, N.S. Khrushchev loudly announced that the USSR had a bomb of 100 million tons of TNT. “But,” he remarked, “we will not detonate such a bomb, because if we detonate it even in the most remote places, then even then we can break our windows.” From the history
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Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov - the man who gave the country security 01/2/1903 - 02/07/1960 1932 Kurchatov was one of the first in Russia to study the physics of the atomic nucleus. In 1934, he studied artificial radioactivity, discovered nuclear isomerism - the decay of identical atoms at different rates. In 1940, Kurchatov, together with G.N. Flerov and K.A. Petrzhak, discovered that the atomic nuclei of uranium can undergo fission without the help of neutron irradiation - spontaneously (spontaneously). Since 1943, he began working on a project to create atomic weapons. 1946 - the first European reactor under the leadership of I.V. Kurchatov in Obninsk The creation of the domestic atomic bomb was completed by 1949, and in 1953 the hydrogen bomb appeared. The construction of the world's first nuclear power plant, which gave electricity in 1954, is also associated with the name of Kurchatov.
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1 g U - 75 MJ = 3 tons of coal 1 g of deuterium-tritium mixture - 300 MJ =? tons of coal. Energy yield of reactions
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Thermonuclear fusion is an inexhaustible and environmentally friendly source of energy. Conclusion:
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(Controlled thermonuclear fusion) Project Tokamak (current-chamber-magnet) At high temperatures (of the order of hundreds of millions of degrees), keep the plasma inside the facility for 0.1 - 1 s. TCB problem
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Diagram of a nuclear bomb 1-conventional explosive; 2-plutonium or uranium (the charge is divided into 6 parts, the mass of each of which is less than the critical one, but their total mass is greater than the critical one). If you connect these parts, then a chain reaction will begin, proceeding in millionths of a second, an atomic explosion will occur. To do this, parts of the charge are combined using a conventional explosive. The connection occurs either by "shooting" towards each other of two blocks of fissile material of subcritical mass. The second scheme involves obtaining a supercritical state by compressing a fissile material with a focused shock wave created by an explosion of a conventional chemical explosive, which is given a very complex shape for focusing and is detonated simultaneously at several points.
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Uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear weapon. Combat properties 1. Shock wave. It is formed as a result of a sharp and extremely strong increase in pressure in the nuclear reaction zone. It is a wave of highly compressed and heated air rapidly propagating about the center of the explosion (from 40 to 60% of energy) 2. Light radiation 30-50% of energy) air explosion is caused mainly by radioactivity that occurs in the soil as a result of exposure to neutrons. 4. Penetrating radiation. Penetrating radiation is the flow of gamma rays and neutrons emitted at the moment of an atomic explosion. The main source of penetrating radiation are the fission fragments of matter charge (5% of energy) 5. Electromagnetic pulse (2-3% of energy)
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Nuclear weapons tests were first carried out on July 16, 1945 in the USA (in the desert part of New Mexico.) A plutonium nuclear device mounted on a steel tower was successfully detonated. The explosion energy approximately corresponded to 20 kt of TNT. The explosion formed a mushroom cloud, the tower turned into steam, and the soil characteristic of the desert under it melted, turning into a highly radioactive glassy substance. (16 years after the explosion, the level of radioactivity in this place was still above normal.) In 1945, there were bombs were dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" A nuclear charge was first tested on August 29, 1949 at the Semipalatinsk test site. Charge power up to 20 kilotons of TNT equivalent.
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Nuclear bomb for use from supersonic aircraft The warhead of an intercontinental ballistic missile
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1. 1953 - in the USSR, 2. 1956 - in the USA, 3. 1957 - in England, 4. 1967 - in China, 5. 1968 - in France. Hydrogen Bomb Over 50,000 hydrogen bombs have been accumulated in the arsenals of various countries!
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The composition of the BZHRK includes: 1. Three minimum launch modules 2. A command module consisting of 7 cars 3. A tank car with reserves of fuels and lubricants 4. Three DM62 diesel locomotives. The minimum launch module includes three cars: 1. Launcher control point 2. Launcher 3. Support unit Combat railway missile system BZHRK 15P961 "Molodets" with an intercontinental nuclear missile.
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An explosion of a thermonuclear charge with a capacity of 20 Mt will destroy all life at a distance of up to 140 km from its epicenter.
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Was Prometheus right in giving people fire; The world rushed forward, the world fell off the springs, A dragon grew out of a beautiful swan, A genie was released from a forbidden bottle “Light appeared from the bowels of the Earth, the light not of this world, but of many Suns brought together. This huge fireball rose, changing color from purple to orange, increasing, natural silt came into action, freed from the fetters that had been bound for billions of years. ” W. Lawrence . One stood with outstretched hand, palm up. There were small pieces of paper in the palm of his hand. Caught up by the shock wave, the papers flew off the man's hand and fell at a distance of about a meter from him.
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Nuclear reactor - an installation in which a controlled chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei is carried out. The first nuclear reactor: USA, 1942, E. Fermi, fission of uranium nuclei. In Russia: December 25, 1946, I.V. Kurchatov The world's first nuclear power plant for pilot purposes with a capacity of 5 MW was launched in the USSR on June 27, 1954 in Obninsk. Abroad, the first nuclear power plant for industrial purposes with a capacity of 46 MW was put into operation in 1956 at Calder Hall (England).
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Chernobyl is a world synonym for an ecological disaster - April 26, 1986. The destroyed 4th power unit Sarcophagus On the first day of the accident, 31 people died, after 15 years from the moment of the disaster, 55 thousand liquidators died, another 150 thousand became disabled, 300 thousand people died from radiation diseases, in total, 3 million 200 thousand people received increased doses of radiation
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Nuclear power industry VVER – pressurized water power reactor RBMK – high power reactor BN – fast neutron nuclear reactor EGP – steam superheated nuclear power graphite reactor
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Sources of external exposure, cosmic rays (0.3 mSv/year), account for slightly less than half of all external exposure received by the population. Finding a person, the higher he rises above sea level, the stronger the exposure becomes, because. the thickness of the air layer and its density decreases as it rises, and consequently, the protective properties decrease. Earth radiation comes mainly from those rocks of minerals that contain potassium - 40, rubidium - 87, uranium - 238, thorium - 232.
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Internal exposure of the population Ingestion with food, water, air. The radioactive gas radon is an invisible, tasteless, odorless gas that is 7.5 times heavier than air. Alumina. Industrial waste used in construction, such as red clay bricks, blast furnace slag, fly ash. Also, we must not forget that when coal is burned, a significant part of its components is sintered into slag or ash, where radioactive substances are concentrated.
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Nuclear explosions Nuclear explosions also contribute to the increase in human radiation dose (what happened in Chernobyl). Fallout from atmospheric testing is carried around the planet, increasing the overall level of contamination. In total, nuclear tests in the atmosphere were carried out by: China - 193, the USSR - 142, France - 45, the USA - 22, Great Britain - 21. After 1980, explosions in the atmosphere practically ceased. Underground tests are still ongoing.
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Exposure to ionizing radiation Any type of ionizing radiation causes biological changes in the body both with external (the source is outside the body) and with internal radiation (radioactive substances, i.e. particles, enter the body with food, through the respiratory organs). A single irradiation causes biological disturbances that depend on the total absorbed dose. So at a dose of up to 0.25 Gy. there are no visible violations, but already at 4 - 5 Gy. deaths account for 50% of the total number of victims, and at 6 Gy. and more - 100% of the victims. (Here: Gr. - gray). The main mechanism of action is associated with the processes of ionization of atoms and molecules of living matter, in particular water molecules contained in cells. The degree of impact of ionizing radiation on a living organism depends on the dose rate of radiation, the duration of this exposure and the type of radiation and radionuclide that has entered the body. The value of the equivalent dose is introduced, measured in sieverts (1 Sv. = 1 J/kg). Sievert is a unit of absorbed dose multiplied by a factor that takes into account the unequal radioactive hazard to the body different types ionizing radiation.
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Equivalent dose of radiation: N=D*K K - quality factor D - absorbed dose of radiation Absorbed dose of radiation: D=E/m E - energy of the absorbed body m - body mass
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As for the genetic consequences of radiation, they manifest themselves in the form of chromosomal aberrations (including changes in the number or structure of chromosomes) and gene mutations. Gene mutations appear immediately in the first generation (dominant mutations) or only if the same gene is mutated in both parents (recessive mutations), which is unlikely. A dose of 1 Gy in males (for females, estimates are less certain) at low radiation levels causes between 1000 and 2000 mutations with serious consequences and between 30 and 1000 chromosomal aberrations for every million live births.
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Genetic consequences of radiation
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The presentation on the topic "Nuclear Energy" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Physics. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 24 slide(s).
Presentation slides
slide 1
Nuclear energy
School No. 625 N.M. Turlakova
slide 2
§66. Fission of uranium nuclei. §67. Chain reaction. §68. Nuclear reactor. §69. Nuclear power. §70. The biological effect of radiation. §71. Production and application of radioactive isotopes. §72. thermonuclear reaction. §73. Elementary particles. Antiparticles.
Nuclear power
slide 3
§66. Fission of uranium nuclei
Who and when discovered the fission of uranium nuclei? What is the mechanism of nuclear fission? What forces act in the nucleus? What happens during nuclear fission? What happens to energy when a uranium nucleus fissions? How does the ambient temperature change during the fission of uranium nuclei? How big is the released energy?
slide 4
In contrast to the radioactive decay of nuclei, accompanied by the emission of α- or β-particles, fission reactions are a process in which an unstable nucleus is divided into two large fragments of comparable masses. In 1939, the German scientists O. Hahn and F. Strassmann discovered the fission of uranium nuclei. Continuing the research begun by Fermi, they found that when uranium is bombarded with neutrons, elements of the middle part of the periodic system arise - radioactive isotopes of barium (Z = 56), krypton (Z = 36), etc. Uranium occurs in nature in the form of two isotopes: uranium- 238 and uranium-235 (99.3%) and (0.7%). When bombarded by neutrons, the nuclei of both isotopes can split into two fragments. In this case, the fission reaction of uranium-235 proceeds most intensively with slow (thermal) neutrons, while uranium-238 nuclei enter into a fission reaction only with fast neutrons with an energy of about 1 MeV.
Fission of heavy nuclei.
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The main interest for nuclear energy is the nuclear fission reaction of uranium-235. Currently, about 100 different isotopes with mass numbers from about 90 to 145 are known, arising from the fission of this nucleus. Two typical fission reactions of this nucleus are: Note that as a result of nuclear fission initiated by a neutron, new neutrons are produced that can cause fission reactions of other nuclei. The fission products of uranium-235 nuclei can also be other isotopes of barium, xenon, strontium, rubidium, etc.
Chain reaction
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The scheme for the development of a chain reaction of fission of uranium nuclei is shown in the figure
In the fission of a uranium-235 nucleus, which is caused by a collision with a neutron, 2 or 3 neutrons are released. Under favorable conditions, these neutrons can hit other uranium nuclei and cause them to fission. At this stage, from 4 to 9 neutrons will already appear, capable of causing new decays of uranium nuclei, etc. Such an avalanche-like process is called a chain reaction
Slide 7
For a chain reaction to occur, the so-called neutron multiplication factor must be greater than unity. In other words, there should be more neutrons in each subsequent generation than in the previous one. The multiplication factor is determined not only by the number of neutrons produced in each elementary event, but also by the conditions under which the reaction proceeds - some of the neutrons can be absorbed by other nuclei or leave the reaction zone. Neutrons released during the fission of uranium-235 nuclei can only cause fission of nuclei of the same uranium, which accounts for only 0.7% of natural uranium.
multiplication factor
Slide 8
The smallest mass of uranium at which a chain reaction is possible is called the critical mass. Ways to reduce neutron loss: Using a reflective shell (made of beryllium), Reducing the amount of impurities, Using a neutron moderator (graphite, heavy water), For uranium-235 - M cr = 50 kg (r = 9 cm).
Critical mass
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In the active zone of a nuclear reactor, a controlled nuclear reaction takes place with the release of a large amount of energy.
The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 in the USA under the leadership of E. Fermi. In our country, the first reactor was built in 1946 under the leadership of I. V. Kurchatov
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§66. Fission of uranium nuclei. §67. Chain reaction. §68. Nuclear reactor. Answer the questions. Draw a diagram of the reactor. What substances and how are used in a nuclear reactor? (in writing)
Homework
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Fusion reactions of light nuclei are called thermonuclear reactions, since they can only take place at very high temperatures.
thermonuclear reactions.
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The second way to release nuclear energy is associated with fusion reactions. During the fusion of light nuclei and the formation of a new nucleus, a large amount of energy should be released.
Of particular great practical importance is the fact that during a thermonuclear reaction, much more energy is released per nucleon than during a nuclear reaction, for example, during the synthesis of a helium nucleus from hydrogen nuclei, an energy equal to 6 MeV is released, and when a uranium nucleus is fissioned, one nucleon accounts for " 0.9 MeV.
Slide 14
In order for two nuclei to enter into a fusion reaction, they must approach at a distance of action of nuclear forces of the order of 2 10–15 m, overcoming the electrical repulsion of their positive charges. For this, the average kinetic energy of the thermal motion of molecules must exceed the potential energy of the Coulomb interaction. The calculation of the required temperature T for this leads to a value of the order of 108–109 K. This is an extremely high temperature. At this temperature, the substance is in a fully ionized state, which is called plasma.
Conditions for a thermonuclear reaction
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energetically favorable reaction. However, it can only occur at very high temperatures (on the order of several hundred million degrees). At high density substances, such a temperature can be achieved by creating powerful electron discharges in the plasma. In this case, a problem arises - it is difficult to keep the plasma.
Controlled thermonuclear reaction
Self-sustaining thermonuclear reactions occur in stars
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became real threat for humanity. In this regard, scientists have proposed extracting an isotope of heavy hydrogen - deuterium - from sea water and subjecting it to nuclear melt reactions at temperatures of about 100 million degrees Celsius. With a nuclear meltdown, deuterium obtained from one kilogram of sea water will be able to produce as much energy as is released by burning 300 liters of gasoline ___
energy crisis
TOKAMAK (toroidal magnetic chamber with current)
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this is an electrophysical device, the main purpose of which is the formation of plasma. The plasma is held not by the walls of the chamber, which are not able to withstand its temperature, but by a specially created magnetic field, which is possible at temperatures of about 100 million degrees, and its preservation for a sufficiently long time in a given volume. The possibility of obtaining plasma at ultrahigh temperatures makes it possible to carry out a thermonuclear fusion reaction of helium nuclei from the feedstock, hydrogen isotopes (ytritium deuterium
TOKAMAK (TOROIDAL CAMERA WITH MAGNETIC COILS)
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M.A. Leontovich near "Tokamak
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The foundations of the theory of controlled thermonuclear fusion were laid in 1950 by I. E. Tamm and A. D. Sakharov, who proposed to hold hot plasma formed as a result of reactions by a magnetic field. This idea led to the creation of thermonuclear reactors - tokamaks. With a high density of matter, the required high temperature of hundreds of millions of degrees can be achieved by creating powerful electron discharges in the plasma. Problem: Plasma is difficult to hold onto. Modern tokamak installations are not thermonuclear reactors, but research installations in which the existence and preservation of plasma is possible only for a while.
Controlled thermonuclear reactions
NUCLEAR power engineering (nuclear power engineering) is a power industry that uses nuclear energy for electrification and heating; a field of science and technology that develops methods and means for converting nuclear energy into electrical and thermal energy. The basis of nuclear energy is nuclear power plants. The first nuclear power plant (5 MW), which marked the beginning of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, was launched in the USSR in the early 1900s. 90s in 27 countries of the world St. 430 nuclear power reactors with a total capacity of approx. 340 GW. According to experts, the share of nuclear energy in overall structure electricity generation in the world will continuously increase, subject to the implementation of the basic principles of the concept of safety of nuclear power plants. The main principles of this concept are the significant modernization of modern nuclear reactors, the strengthening of measures to protect the population and the environment from harmful man-made impacts, the training of highly qualified personnel for nuclear power plants, the development of reliable radioactive waste storage facilities, etc.
Usually, a chain nuclear fission reaction of uranium-235 or plutonium nuclei is used to produce nuclear energy. Nuclei fission when a neutron hits them, and new neutrons and fission fragments are obtained. Fission neutrons and fission fragments have high kinetic energy. As a result of collisions of fragments with other atoms, this kinetic energy is quickly converted into heat. Although in any field of energy, the primary source is nuclear energy (for example, the energy of solar nuclear reactions in hydroelectric power plants and power plants operating on organic fuel, the energy of radioactive decay in geothermal power plants), nuclear power refers only to the use of controlled reactions in nuclear reactors.
The main purpose of power plants is the supply of electricity industrial enterprises, agricultural production, electrified transport and the population. The continuity of energy production and consumption makes very high demands on the reliability of the operation of power plants, since interruptions in the supply of electricity and heat affect not only economic indicators the station itself, but also on the indicators of the industrial enterprises and transport it serves. At present, nuclear power plants operate as condensing ones. Sometimes they are also called nuclear power plants. Nuclear power plants designed to supply not only electricity, but also heat, are called nuclear combined heat and power plants (ATES). So far, only their projects are being developed.
A) Single-circuit B) Double-circuit C) Partially double-circuit D) Three-circuit 1 - reactor; 2- steam turbine; 3 - electric generator; 4 - capacitor; 5 - feed pump; 6 - circulation pump: 7 - steam generator; 8 - volume compensator; 9 - separator drum; 10 - intermediate heat exchanger; 11 - liquid metal pump
The classification of nuclear power plants depends on the number of circuits on it. There are single-circuit, double-circuit, partially double-circuit and three-circuit nuclear power plants. If the contours of the coolant and the working fluid coincide, then such a nuclear power plant; called a single line. Steam generation occurs in the reactor, the steam is sent to the turbine, where, expanding, it produces work that is converted into electricity in the generator. After all the steam has condensed in the condenser, the condensate is pumped back into the reactor by a pump. Thus, the working fluid circuit is both a coolant circuit and sometimes a moderator circuit, and turns out to be closed. The reactor can operate both with natural and forced circulation of the coolant through an additional internal circuit of the reactor, on which an appropriate pump is installed.
NUCLEAR weapons - a set of nuclear weapons, means of their delivery to the target and controls. Refers to weapons of mass destruction; has tremendous destructive power. According to the power of the charges and the range of action, nuclear weapons are divided into tactical, operational-tactical and strategic. The use of nuclear weapons in war is disastrous for all mankind. Atomic bomb Hydrogen bomb
The first atomic bomb was used by the American army after World War II in Japan. The action of an atomic bomb Nuclear, or atomic, is a type of weapon in which an explosion occurs under the action of energy released during the fission of atomic nuclei. This is the most dangerous type of weapon on our planet. With the explosion of one atomic bomb in a densely populated area, the number of human victims will exceed several million. Except action shock wave, formed during the explosion, its main impact is the radioactive contamination of the area in the area of the explosion, which persists for many years. At present, the United States, Russia, Great Britain (since 1952), France (since 1960), China (since 1964), India (since 1974), Pakistan (since 1998) and North Korea (since 2006). A number of countries, such as Israel and Iran, have small stockpiles of nuclear weapons, but they are not yet officially considered nuclear powers.
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