Coal as fertilizer for wheat. Production and application of fertilizers from brown coal and sapropel. Meteorological conditions during the years of the experiments

Technological solution developed in 1998-2001. JSC "Sapropek" (Tallinn, Estonia), now the Sapropel Center (Astrakhan, Russia), is focused on the production of organic and mineral fertilizers for agriculture and recultivations for the restoration of depleted and technologically disturbed lands.

This type of fertilizer is made from brown coal crushed to a dusty fraction with a maximum particle size of 3-5 mm and organic, organo-clay, or organo-lime sapropel, purified from foreign impurities with a natural moisture content of 87-97%.

The optimal ratio of the components in the fertilizer is calculated according to their quality indicators and coal crushing fraction. The generally accepted proportion of brown coal crushed to a fraction of 0.01-2 mm to sapropel with a moisture content of 92% and an organic component of 54-65% is in the range of 10: 1 - 6: 1.

With a certain mechanical mixing of the two components on "fast" mixers, the brown coal particles are moistened with liquid sapropel, sorb humus from it, as well as micro- and macro-components.

The mixing process in time is calculated according to the rate of sorption of humates from sapropel on brown coal and inward, bringing its volume to 14-26% of the total content in sapropel, after which the two-component mass is allowed to stand, brought to the standard moisture content of the product and packaged in soft containers or bags.

For the first production implementation of the technological solution in order to provide the market of Central Asia, Iran and China with the fertilizers described above, brown coals of the Kushmurunskoye deposit in Kazakhstan and sapropel of natural moisture from the Kayvoly Kul deposit were taken as a component basis Chelyabinsk region Russia. It is advisable to locate the production shops of the enterprise at the place of receipt of the component with the greatest volume of use, i.e. next to warehouses or brown coal cut. It is advisable to extract sapropel, clean it and deliver it to the enterprise by railway transport in tanks.

The technological solution is aimed at creating a fertilizer that not only multiplies the yield, but which can also be produced in any quantity without changing the process regulations. The equipment itself is not high-tech, cheap to manufacture and operate, it can be serviced by personnel without special skills.

One of the features of production is the possibility of replacing the humus-containing liquid component: it can be sapropel, productive bottom sludge, sludge from fish breeding ponds, pasty waste of agricultural organisms, communal sediment, water from peat bogs, etc.

The resulting fertilizers were applied under different kinds agricultural crops. For two seasons, the fertilizer was tested by the laboratory of the Sapropel Center and at the Sakhaloo farm near Tallinn.

When lignite organo-mineral fertilizer was introduced into the soil while growing rye, it was possible to obtain an increase in yield of 28 c / ha. The fertilizer application rate was 30 c / ha.

When applying 30 centners / ha of fertilizers when growing: - wheat, an increase in yield of 33 centners per hectare was obtained, - corn, an increase of 90 centners / ha was obtained, - barley, an increase of 29 centners / ha was obtained. Special attention was given to the cultivation of potatoes using this type of fertilizer. Before sowing, 50 centners / ha of fertilizers were applied to the plow, after which potatoes were planted. The potato variety "Nevsky" gave a yield of 500 c / ha, an increase in the yield was 290 c / ha. For each centner of fertilizers applied to the soil, 5.5-5.7 centners of potatoes were obtained.

The potato variety "Lasunok" gave a yield of 850 c / ha, an increase in the yield was 590 c / ha. For each centner of fertilizers introduced into the soil, 11-12 centners of potatoes were obtained.

The Detskoselsky potato variety gave a yield of 489 c / ha, an increase in the yield was 354 c / ha. For each centner of fertilizers introduced into the soil, up to 7.3 centners of potatoes were obtained.

Organization of fertilizer production includes two stages: preparatory and assembly and construction.

The preparatory stage is the study of the properties and quantitative and qualitative indicators of component raw materials, the development of the technology for conducting work, the design feasibility study of the business, the preparation of the specification of equipment and materials, the manufacture or order of equipment for the future enterprise. In time, it takes from 3 to 6 months and can cost the customer 1.6-2.4 million rubles.

The assembly and construction stage is the arrangement of the enterprise's farm, the construction of production and packaging shops and a warehouse finished products... It takes from 8 to 10 months in time. The cost of equipment, its installation and commissioning is determined by the design productivity of the enterprise, the automation of processes, the type and range of products, the type of packaging and packaging of the finished product.

Plant for the production of lignite organo- mineral fertilizers one of the cheapest production facilities of this class, and the products are competitive in price with all types of fertilizers of known analogues.

It should be noted that the Kayvoly Kul sapropel deposit for this type of fertilizers is already ready for development, a mining license has been obtained and pioneer equipment has been installed, which has been operating for several years in the extraction and preparation of raw sapropel of natural moisture. The production facilities at the field can provide the release of the sapropel component and its shipment to the main production located in Kazakhstan, in a volume that allows for the production of bulk lignite organic-mineral fertilizers in 120-150 thousand tons / year.

The cost of production and preparation of the sapropel humic component during the creation of the production association will not exceed 250 rubles / 1000 l, brown coal - 850 rubles / ton. The finished product, packaged in open bags or soft containers, will not exceed 1200 rubles / m 3 at cost. Wholesale prices on the market for similar bulk and fine-grained organo-mineral fertilizers in the CIS countries - from 2800 rubles. up to RUB 7600 per 1 m 3, in the Middle East - from $ 120 to $ 218 per m 3. This puts given view production of agricultural products in a number of fast-buying and highly profitable businesses.

The Sapropel Center is engaged in the design of enterprises for the production of fertilizers from brown coal and sapropel, the supply of equipment according to the specification, and its commissioning. The design time does not exceed 4 months, and the cost is in the range of 620-1200 thousand rubles.

Capital investments in a plant with a capacity of 40 thousand tons of fertilizers per year (excluding buildings and structures) - within 45 million rubles.

Biologistsic sciences/ 2 Structural botany and plant biochemistry

Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Memeshov S.K., Ph.D. Durmekbaeva Sh.N.

Kokshetau state University named after Sh.Ualikhanov.

Influence of humic substances on yield and morpho-anatomical structurespring wheat

Spring wheat occupies one of the leading places in the grain balance of the country, therefore the growth of its yield is the most important national economic task. The size of the crop depends on a number of factors: weather conditions, cultivation techniques, the right choice predecessor and others.

In Kazakhstan, just as in other countries, zoned varieties are cultivated for commercial production, since with high quality, marketable zoned grain of the variety is sold more expensive than ordinary grain.

The studies were carried out at the experimental station of the Kokshetau branch of the Kaz NIIZKh im. A.I. Baraeva. The object of the study was early-ripening spring wheat of the Kazakhstanskaya variety.

The aim of the work was to experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of different ways the use of humic substances in the cultivation of spring wheat.

The influence of humic substances (sodium humate and brown coal) on morpho-anatomical features, on technological indicators of grain quality, on the amount of grain yield of spring wheat variety Kazakhstanskaya early ripening and the role of humic substances in obtaining environmentally friendly products were studied.

The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary chernozem, carbonate, medium-strong, low-humus. Experimental plot area 100.8 sq.... M., accounting 64 sq. m., repetition fourfold.

Agricultural technology of cultivationspring wheat varieties Kazakhstan early ripe corresponded to the recommendations adopted in the zone. Treatment of seeds with sodium humate at a concentration of 0.005% was carried out on the day of sowing, fertilizing of crops in the tillering phase, application to the soil at a dose of 60 kg / ha before sowing. The introduction of brown coal at a rate of 200, 400, 600 kg-ha was carried out under pre-sowing treatment. Humic substances were used without phosphorus background and against the background of P 60 and compared with the control variant.

In field experiments, phenological observations were carried out, the dynamics of the accumulation of dry matter, the development of leaf area and photosynthetic activity of plants, structural elementsharvest, the amount of plant residues on the soil surface was counted and the water consumption coefficient of wheat was calculated .

The content of wet gluten was determined according to GOST 13586.1-68, the quality using the IDK-1 device, the protein content using the Infromatic-8600 device. Heavy metal content (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) in accordance with GOST R 51301-99 on the AVA-1-03 device at the laboratory of the Akmola Agrarian Expertise branch of the republican state enterprise Kazagroex. Anatomical studies were carried out according to the generally accepted method. Counting of the harvest was carried out by the method of continuous harvesting of plots with a grain harvester. Yield data are given to baseline conditions. Dispersion and correlation analyzes were carried out according to B.A. Dospekhov (1982).

The positive influence of humic substances on the growth and development and on the features of the anatomical structure of spring wheat has been determined. On variants with the use of humic substances, the photosynthetic potential of the plant increases, the accumulation and average daily increase in dry matter increases. Humic substances contribute to a decrease in the coefficient of water consumption of spring wheat. On the option with seed treatment and fertilizing crops with sodium humate, the water consumption coefficient compared with the control option decreased by 25.9%, and on the option with the rate of brown coal application of 400 kg / ha - and by 17.5%.

When humic substances are applied, the height of plants and the amount of plant residues on the soil surface increase, which improves the conditions for harvesting and increases the resistance of the soil surface against wind erosion.

Under the influence of sodium humate and brown coal in the anatomical structure of the stem and leaf, the number and size of conductive bundles, the thickness of mechanical tissue, the size of parenchymal cells and the number of their layers increase. With an increase in the thickness of the mechanical tissue, the plant's resistance to lodging increases.

The relationship between morpho-anatomical characteristics of wheat and productivity was revealed. A particularly high correlation was found between grain yield and the number of conductive bundles in the anatomical structure of the stem (r \u003d 0.966).

The significant influence of humic substances on grain yield has been determined. The largest increase in the yield of spring wheat grain was provided by seed treatment before sowing and fertilizing crops in the tillering phase with sodium humate solution, where the increase in yield averaged over four years was 4.2 c / ha, with a yield under control of 11.5 c / ha. On the variant with the rate of application of brown coal 600 kg / ha with a yield under control of 11.7 c / ha, the yield increase was 3.1 c / ha.

The average annual conditional net income on the option with seed treatment before sowing and fertilizing crops in the tillering phase with sodium humate solution was 3742.2 tg / ha, and on the option with the rate of application of brown coal 400 kg / ha 1444.2 tg / ha. The best bioenergetic effect was obtained in the variant with seed treatment before sowing and fertilizing crops in the tillering phase with sodium humate solution, where the amount of energy in the additional product was 6984.61 MJ, bioenergetic efficiency was 9.83 units. On variant R 60 + s, seed treatment before sowing and fertilizing crops in the tillering phase with sodium humate solution, these indicators are 8980.20 MJ and 3.66 units, respectively. These methods of application have been introduced into production in the farms of Northern Kazakhstan.

The positive effect of sodium humate on reducing the content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, CU, Zn ) in wheat grain and the role in obtaining ecological clean products. ContentCd on all variants was not found, compared with the control variant on variants with the use of humates, a decrease in the content ofPb, Cu, Zn.

Literature:

1. Dospekhov B.A. Field experiment technique (with the basics of statistical processing of research results) .- 5th ed., Add. and revised - M .: Agropromizdat, 1985. - 351 p.

2. Yudin F.A. Methods of agrochemical research. - 2nd ed., Revised and supplemented - M .: Kolos, 1980.- 366 p.

3 .Cereals, legumes and oilseeds. M .: Publishing house of standards, 1990.- Part 2.-319 s.

4 ... A.A. Nichiporovich and others. Photosynthetic activity of plants in crops. - M .: Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1961.

5 . Methodical instructions to determine the economic efficiency of fertilizers and other chemical agents used in agriculture.- M .: Kolos, 1979.- 30 p.

UDC 631.417.2: 631.95

S. L. Bykova, D. A. Sokolov, T. V. Nechaeva, S. I. Zherebtsov, Z. R. Ismagilov

AGROECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF HUMATES IN RECLAMATION OF TECHNOGENICALLY DISTURBED LANDSCAPES

Since the middle of the 20th century, preparations based on humic substances have taken an increasing place in the development of innovative technologies. Humic preparations (GP) obtained from natural resources (coal, peat, bottom sediments, etc.) largely inherit the properties of humic substances of the initial raw material. Therefore, in terms of their functional activity, they act as ameliorants and preparations for detoxification, remidiation and reclamation of degraded and contaminated soils. GPs are widely used in agriculture as plant growth stimulators, since they enhance the enzymatic apparatus of the plant cell, as a result of which the growth processes of aboveground organs and the formation of the root system are activated, and also participate in the formation of the soil structure and affect the migration of nutrients.

The introduction of preparations of humic acids or humic fertilizers on their basis into the soil leads to an increase in the yield of agricultural crops up to 20-25%, reduces the rates of application of mineral fertilizers and increases their return on investment, contributes to the improvement of the agro-ecological situation. Such an increase is especially noticeable on soils with a low humus content.

In Russia, GPs are widely used in the form of sodium, potassium and ammonium humates. Thus, in experiments with various crops of higher plants, it was shown that the use of industrial humates of sodium, potassium and ammonium, regardless of the source of raw materials for their production, in optimal doses significantly stimulates seed germination, improves respiration and nutrition of plants, increases the length and biomass of seedlings, enhances enzymatic activity and reduces the intake of heavy metals and radionuclides into plants.

Among the various products stand out GPs obtained from brown coal, a wide range of biological effects of which makes it possible to use them as fertilizers and stimulants.

growth in the cultivation of crops.

In addition, the ability of humic substances to adsorb toxic compounds makes it possible to use these drugs in the reclamation of contaminated areas, which will help solve the environmental problem of reclamation of technologically disturbed landscapes.

The aim of the work is to study the efficiency of sodium and potassium humates in the cultivation of agricultural crops in the conditions of technogenically disturbed landscapes.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set.

1. Find out the impact different forms (ordinary, sooty) humates of sodium and potassium for the growth and development of agricultural crops (spring wheat, grass mixture) in conditions of technogenically disturbed landscapes;

2. To study the influence of different methods of application (seed soaking, watering) of GP on the growth and development of cultivated crops;

3. Assess the impact different types substrate (loess-like loam, technogenic eluvium), characterized by different physical properties, on the efficiency of GP.

The studies were carried out on the dumps of the List-vyansky coal mine and the Atamanovsky station of the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, located in the forest-steppe zone of the Kuznetsk Basin.

Initial embryozems, represented by technogenic eluvium of carboniferous rocks and loess-like loams of overburden, were chosen as substrates for setting up the experimental sites. The use of these substrates, due to the insignificant content of humic substances of a pedogenic nature (humus less than 1%), makes it possible to more reliably assess the effect of HP on plant growth and development.

Laying and conducting microfield experiments, as well as analytical work performed by conventional methods.

Table 1. Basic physical and agrochemical properties of substrates

Substrate Density Porosity Particle content,% pHwater. N-N03 P2O5 light and

g / cm3%<0,01 мм <1 мм мг/кг

I 1.82 36.4 4.8 15.3 7.3 3.8 0.3 127

II 1.21 43.3 56.8 96.7 8.3 2.9 0.1 254

*. I - technogenic eluvium, II - loess-like loam.

Analysis of the basic physical properties of the substrates showed that loess-like loam has a lower density and greater porosity (Table 1). It also contains significantly more particles less than 1 and 0.01 mm in size.

Consequently, loess-like loam has more favorable physical properties for plant growth and development in comparison with technogenic eluvium. According to the pH value of the aqueous suspension, technogenic eluvium has a neutral reaction of the medium, while loess-like loam is slightly alkaline.

According to the main agrochemical properties of the studied substrates, their supply with nitrogen (according to the content of N-NO ^ is very low; phosphorus (according to the content of readily mobile Р2О5) - low;

potassium (according to the content of exchangeable K2O) - medium in technogenic eluvium and high in loess-like loam (see Table 1).

Among the agricultural crops were selected spring wheat (Novosibirskaya 89) and a grass mixture including awnless rump (t-mus inermis Leyss.) And pink clover (Trifolium pratense L.).

The potassium and sodium humates used in the experiment were obtained from brown coal from the Kaychak deposit of the Kansk-Achinsk basin and its naturally oxidized form - soot coal, which is a waste of coal mining.

In the first variant of the experiment, plant seeds were soaked in solutions of sodium and potassium humates for a day, and then sown. In the second variant of the experiment, HP was introduced directly into the substrates with a

Fig. 1. Germination of wheat seeds on experimental sites when they are soaked in solutions

humates,%

Fig. 2. Wheat seed germination at experimental sites with the introduction of humates with irrigation,%

shower after sowing seeds. The concentration of HP solutions during watering and soaking of agricultural seeds was 0.02%.

The research results showed that the germination of wheat seeds after soaking in humate solutions on plots with loess-like loam, compared with the option without HF (control), increased on average by 13.0%, on plots with technogenic eluvium - by 13.4% (Fig. . 1).

When HF was applied with irrigation, the germination rate of wheat seeds on loess-like loam and technogenic eluvium exceeded the control variants by 12.4 and 14.2%, respectively (Fig. 2).

Consequently, the pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds with solutions of sodium and potassium humates helps to increase their germination as a result of more intensive water absorption and swelling of caryopses during germination.

The germination of seeds of perennial grasses after their treatment with HP on the studied substrates increased insignificantly.

With the introduction of humates with irrigation, the germination of grass seeds on loess-like loam and technogenic eluvium exceeded the control options by 4.8 and 3.7%, respectively. The comparatively low effect of using GP when cultivating a lot

So, HP is used both to stimulate plant growth and development, and as substances with bioprotective properties. They improve the assimilation of nutrients by plants, increase plant resistance to climatic and biotic stressors.

Studies on the influence of HF on wheat yield have shown that the greatest effect is achieved when using soot humates of sodium and potassium both on loess-like loam and on technogenic eluvium. Sooty forms of HP are on average 13-17% more effective than ordinary analogues. This, in our opinion, is due to the increased content of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the structural formula of the original brown coals (Table 3).

Thus, the use of sodium and potassium humates activates the growth and development of agricultural crops, increases the adaptogenic ability of plants to environmental conditions and improves the ecological situation of technogenic landscapes, especially when growing perennial grasses on them.

The pre-sowing treatment compared to irrigation and the sooty forms of HG in comparison with ordinary ones have a greater effect on seed germination and yield of spring wheat. At that

Table 2. The excess of the aboveground phytomass of perennial grasses in comparison with the control (2nd year),

Substrate Watering Seed soaking

^^ poison. A row. ^^ already. Kazh. ^ & row Row. ^^ already. Kazh.

I 11.3 51.9 -14.9 b 1.8 20.0 52.0 -10.4 17.4

II 159.3 98.1 147.1 75.8 74.1 143.5 72.2 93.8

*. I - loess-like loam, II - technogenic eluvium.

Table 3. Characteristics of initial coals and humic acids, daf *,% mass

Sample С Н О + N + S by difference

I b 4.3 4.7 31.0

II 55.1 2.7 42.2

*. I - brown coal, II - oxidized brown coal (sooty). * daf - dry ash free - dry ashless state of the fuel sample.

goblet grasses are due to the fact that their seeds have a lower supply of nutrients compared to wheat.

A single application of HP for sowing perennial grasses in the first year of research contributed to an increase in their germination; in the second year - an increase in their productivity. In general, the increase in the aboveground phytomass of grasses in the variants with HF, as compared to the control, was 24% on loess-like loam and 108% on technogenic eluvium (Table 2).

while the germination of seeds and the productivity of perennial grasses were higher when watering and using ordinary forms of HP.

The efficiency of GP on technogenic eluvium is higher than on loess-like loam, despite the fact that loess-like loam has more favorable physical properties. The research results must be taken into account when developing a concept for the reproduction of soil fertility in technogenic landscapes on an agroecological basis.

LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Agrochemical methods of soil research. - Moscow: Nauka, 1975 .-- b5b p.

2. Androkhanov, V.A. Soil-ecological state of technogenic landscapes: dynamics and assessment / V.A. Androkhanov, V.M. Kurachev. - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of the SB RAS, 2010 .-- 224 p.

3. Bezuglova, O.S. Fertilizers and growth stimulants. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2000 .-- 320 p.

4. Bezuglova, O.S. Application of humic preparations for potatoes and winter wheat / O.S. Bezuglova, E.A. Polienko // Problems of Agrochemistry and Ecology. - 2011. - No. 4. - S. 29-32.

5. Vadyunina, A.F. Methods of research of physical properties of soil and soil / A.F. Vadyunina, Z.A. Korchagin. - M .: Higher. shk., 1973 .-- 399 p.

6. Voronina, L. P. Assessment of biological activity of industrial humic preparations / L.P. Voronina, O.S. Yakimenko, V.A. Terekhova // Agrochemistry. - 2012. - No. 6. - S. 45-52.

7. Dospekhov, B.A. Field experiment technique. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1985 .-- 351 p.

8. Korsakov, K.V. Increasing the payback of mineral fertilizers when using preparations based on humic acids / K.V. Korsakov, V.V. Pronko // Fertility. - 2013. - No. 2. - S. 18-20.

9. Ovcharenko, M.M. Humates - activators of productivity of agricultural crops // Agrochemical Bulletin. - 2001. - No. 2. - S. 13-14.

10. Orlov, D.S. Properties and functions of humic substances // Humic substances in the biosphere. - M .: Nauka, 1993 .-- S. 16-27.

11. Smirnova, Yu.V. Mechanism of action and function of humic preparations / Yu.V. Smirnova, V.S. Vinogradov // Agrochemical Bulletin. - 2004. - No. 1. - S. 22-23.

12. Sokolov, D.A. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of humates Na and K as stimulators of the growth of agricultural crops in the conditions of technogenic landscapes / D. A. Sokolov, S. L. Bykova, T. V. Nechaeva, S.I. Zherebtsov, Z.R. Ismagilov // Bulletin of NSAU. - 2012. - No. 3 (24). - S. 25-30.

13. Use of sodium humate as a growth stimulator / L.А. Khristeva [et al.] // Humic fertilizers: theory and practice of their application. T.1U. - Dnepropetrovsk, 1973 .-- S. 308-309.

14. Sheujen, A.Kh. Fertilizers, soil and plant growth regulators / A.Kh. Sheujen, L.M. Onishchenko, V.V. Prokopenko. - Maikop: Adygea, 2005 .-- 120 p.

15. Yakimenko, O.S. Humic preparations and assessment of their biological activity for certification purposes / O.S. Yakimenko, V.A. Terekhova // Pochvovedenie. - 2011. - No. 11. - S. 1334-1343.

16. Clapp, C.E. Plant growth promoting activity of humic substances / C.E. Clapp, Y. Chen, M.H.B. Hayes, H.H. Chen // Understanding and Managing Organic in Soils, Sediments and Waters / Eds .: R.S. Swift and K.M. Sparks. - Madison: International Humic Science Society, 2001. - P. 243-255.

17. Malcolm, R.L. Effects of humic acid fractions on invertase activities in plant tissues / R.L. Malcolm, D. Vaughan // Soil Biology & Biochemistry. - 1978. - V. 11. - P. 65-72.

18. Yakimenko, O. Chemical and plant growth stimulatory properties in a variety of commercial humates // Humic substances - linking structure to functions / Eds .: F.H. Frimmel, G. Abbt-Braun. Proc. Of 13th Meeting of the Int. Humic Substances Society. - Karlsruhe, 2006. - V. 45-II. - P. 1017-1021.

Bykova Svetlana Leonidovna, Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Soil Reclamation, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of SO

E-mail: [email protected]

Zherebtsov Sergey Igorevich, Cand. chem. sciences, head. Laboratory of Brown Coal Chemistry, Institute of Coal Chemistry and Chemical Materials Science, Institute of Chemical Chemistry, SB RAS. E-shai: [email protected]

Sokolov Denis Aleksandrovich, Cand. biol. Sci., Chairman of the Council of Scientific Youth of Soils of the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry SB RAS, Researcher Lab. soil reclamation IPA SB RAS. E-mail: [email protected]

Ismagilov Zinfer Rishatovich, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Chem. Sci., Director of the Institute of Coal Chemistry and Chemical Materials Science SB RAS. E-mail: [email protected]

Taisiya Vladimirovna Nechaeva, Cand. biol. sciences, deputy. Chairman of the Council of Scientific Youth of the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a researcher at the Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry of Soils of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences E-mail: [email protected]

Gilmutdinov M.G.,
director of the Federal State Institution "Station of the Agrochemical Service" Ishimbayskaya ", Bashkortostan,
Ismagilov Z.I., experiment performer

Of the many minerals containing phosphorus, only igneous apatite and sedimentary phosphorites are raw materials for the production of phosphorus fertilizers. Phosphorites were formed during the mineralization of the skeletons of animals that inhabited the earth in distant geological epochs, as well as the precipitation of phosphoric acid with calcium from water. Deposits of phosphorites are common throughout the world, but in Western Europe they are small and unsuitable for development. There are almost no them in Asian countries, except for China. The richest deposits of phosphorites are found in a number of countries in North Africa. On the American continent, deposits of this rock have been found in Florida, Tennessee and other states.

Unfortunately, most of our phosphorites are low in phosphorus and rich in sesquioxides, which makes it difficult to convert them into superphosphate.

Despite the different origins of apatites and phosphorites, they have much in common in their chemical structure. They are trisubstituted calcium salts of orthophosphoric acid, which are accompanied by calcium fluoride, other compounds of this cation and various impurities. Phosphorites can be used in the form of phosphate rock. It is obtained by grinding phosphorite to a fine flour. Phosphate rock is often used in conjunction with organic fertilizers. So, manure-phosphorite, peat-phosphorite, peat-phosphorite composts are widely known. Therefore, the composting of phosphorites from the Surakai deposit with organic fertilizers such as brown coal and silt is of certain interest both from a scientific and industrial point of view, since they are local organic and mineral fertilizers.

Organo-mineral fertilizer, consisting of brown coal, phosphorite and the preparation "Baikal EM1", had acidity pH \u003d 7.0, ash content - 82%, contained 2.2% total nitrogen, 8.4% total phosphorus and total potassium - 6.6%.

Another organo-mineral fertilizer, consisting of Bose silt, phosphorite and the Tamir preparation, had acidity pH \u003d 7.2, ash content - 71.4%, contained 2.7% total nitrogen, 8.5% total phosphorus and total potassium - 8.7%.

Field tests of these samples were carried out at the Agidel agricultural enterprise in the Ishimbay region. The soil of the experimental plot is leached medium-thick chernozem of heavy texture, characterized by the following agrochemical parameters: humus content - 9.5%, mobile phosphorus - 110 mg / kg, exchangeable potassium - 111 mg / kg, sulfur - 7.4 mg / kg, pH - 5.9; microelements: boron - 2.5 mg / kg, molybdenum - 0.15 mg / kg, manganese - 9.0 mg / kg, zinc - 0.65 mg / kg, copper - 0.17 mg / kg, cobalt - 0 .5 mg / kg; heavy metals: lead - 4.7 mg / kg, zinc - 9.6 mg / kg, nickel - 29.2 mg / kg, copper - 10.2 mg / kg, cadmium - 0.26 mg / kg and mercury - 0 , 0289 mg / kg.

The size of the plots of the experimental plot is 100 m 2, the variants were repeated four times. Fertilizers were applied for presowing cultivation followed by incorporation on the same day. Fertilizers were applied in both variants of the experiment at the rate of one ton per hectare of arable land. Spring wheat of the "Saratovskaya-55" variety was sown on the experimental plot on May 8. During tillering of plants, chemical weeding of spring wheat was carried out. Before harvesting, a biometric analysis of spring wheat plants was carried out. According to its results, it turned out that the number of plants in the control and third (OMU based on silt and phosphorus raw materials) variants amounted to 400 pcs / m2, and in the second variant (WMD based on brown coal and phosphorus raw materials) of the experiment - 412 pcs / m 2. The length of the plants in the fertilized variants, that is, in the second and third, was higher than the control one by 4.9 and 10.2 cm, respectively.

The mass of 1000 grains in both fertilized variants was more than the control one by 2 - 3 g. The introduction of WMD increased the grain gluten content by 1.5 - 2.6%. Spring wheat was harvested on 10 August. In both fertilized variants, a significant increase in grain yield was obtained from 5.9 c / ha in the second and up to 7.4 c / ha in the third. At the same time, the yield of spring wheat in the control variant was 18.6 c / ha.

The introduction of WMD based on brown coal increased the humus content by 0.1%, while the use of OMU based on silt had practically no effect on the humus content in the soil.

In the fertilized variants, there was also a significant increase in the content of mobile phosphorus in the soil (94 and 103 mg / kg), while in the control variant it was only 79 mg / kg. The introduction of WMD did not change the content of exchangeable potassium in the soil. Of the trace elements, a slight increase in the content of copper and boron in the soil was noted. The use of WMD did not increase the content of heavy metals in the soil. Thus, presented for testing WMD based on brown coal, silt, phosphorites of the Surakai deposit and microbiological preparations "Baikal EM1" and "Tamir" can be recommended for use in agriculture as highly effective organo-mineral fertilizers.

Table 1
The effectiveness of organo - mineral fertilizers based on phosphorites of the Surakayskoye deposit 2004

No. of pp

Options

Productivity by replicates, c / ha

Average yield, c / ha

Yield increase, c / ha

Control

17,3

20,2

18,7

19,4

18,6

Phosphorite-based WMDphos. raw material + brown coal (in the ratio1: 1) + preparation "Baikal EM1" - 1.0 t / ha

25,4

25,3

24,5

22,9

24,5

Phosphorite-based WMDSurakayskoye field. Composition:phos. raw material + sludge biofeedback (in a ratio of 1: 1) + "Tamir" -1.0 t / ha

25,8

26,9

28,9

22,6

26,0

To revive the fertility of the soil, to raise a cow - you need care and time.
The land, like the cow, must be fed - otherwise there will be no bread or milk.

This is how we lived and live, not knowing about it. that caring for the land is. first of all, the creation of a food base for soil animals - the main reproducers of soil fertility, that is, for worms. Previously, intuitively (by guesswork) now such a logical connection in the technology of land cultivation is consciously recognized. Realization of this led to a new technology of reproduction and a sharp increase in soil fertility.

Sending my customers my "Biotechnology of worm cultivation, I ask them to inform me about achievements and failures, to share their experience in cultivating land plots, indicators of crop yields, especially on lands fertilized with biohumus Scher-vekompost). In response, hundreds of letters were received from them, in which a wide range of methods is presented. and examples of improving the soil, increasing its fertility, the use of varietal seeds and methods of their preparation, sowing dates, plant care technologies, etc., etc. And this is from all over the territory of the former USSR.

From the letters emerges the following technology for the rapid revival of soil fertility, which is practically acceptable for many regions.

In Russia, potatoes are the second bread. Therefore, peasants, farmers and summer residents pay a lot of attention to its cultivation. The success of the business is different for everyone and the work expended does not always pay off, for others. on the contrary, the results are encouraging. This is easy to understand - after all, the conditions (land, its quality and labor) are different for everyone.

After harvesting, many farmers cover the land plot with improvised organic matter, whoever has any; manure or compost, or straw, or hay, or sawdust, shavings, fallen leaves from the forest, or a mixture of these materials or other organic matter mixed with peat, sapropel, etc.). The success of the yield is directly related to the amount of such organic matter, it should be sent out on the ground for the first time in a layer of 5-10 cm. Many people embed it in the surface layer of the soil using pitchforks, hoes, hillers, cultivators. But this technique is not strictly required, but desirable. Under the layer of this mulch, the soil cools more slowly and the introduced organic matter continues to be processed by microbes and worms into humus fertilizer. This process continues in many regions, even in winter, until the soil is completely frozen. In the spring, after the snow cover melts, the soil quickly warms up and the process of decomposition of organic matter and its transformation into humus resumes. The earth remains loose, air and permeable, the life of the soil community of animals - the main reproducers of soil fertility - develops rapidly in it. As with other pets, you must provide them with food not only for the whole winter, but also for the spring, until it naturally reproduces. So for soil worms, feed must be applied to the soil so much that it will be enough until the next autumn. Only in this case will the soil be fertile, provided with the necessary amount of all plant nutrients.

Other farmers, instead of harvesting dry organic materials for their introduction into the soil, use the cultivation of green fertilizers - siderates. In the autumn after harvest, they sow rye with oats and vetch. If autumn is warm, then until November it is green, seedlings can be quite abundant, and in winter they contribute to snow retention. In the spring, the entire herbage is embedded in the soil and worms and microflora are thus provided with food for the whole summer, and the soil is enriched with humus.

And here is the advice of V. Alubin from the Ryazan region. Given the fact that potatoes are an irreplaceable crop, they are sometimes grown from year to year in the same place. After a few years, the yield of potatoes drops significantly, despite the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers.

To keep the potato yield at a high level, he sows half of the plot with cereals (rye, barley, wheat). In the second half he plants potatoes. Then he swaps them. It turns out something like a mini crop rotation. Cereals can be harvested for green fodder for livestock, they can be dug up. In this case, the potato yield practically does not decrease, but remains at the level of the whole plot, as if it were not sown with cereals. In addition, potatoes are disease-resistant and resistant to soil pests. This method of planting potatoes not only allows V. Alubin to preserve the harvest, but also to get potatoes of excellent quality.

Still others give preference to the production (harvesting) of a large amount of compost and vermicompost (worm compost). The technique is described in this book. But many have adapted it to their conditions and supplemented with their own characteristics and agrobiological methods in order to obtain high yields of potatoes.

For example, I will refer to Vladimir Polikarpov, a vegetable grower. His article "Potatoes under a" hood "was published in the" New Farmer "station since spring 1995) He learned to grow unprecedented yields of tasty and healthy potatoes using a large amount of worm compost.

To obtain compost, he chooses a site with good approaches to it. The diameter of the site is 3 m. He makes compost all year round. In winter, it mows marsh vegetation (cattails, reeds, reeds and everything above the ice), which, when lightweight, gives a large volume. In the spring he laid the foundation; 50 cm layer of marsh vegetation, then a layer of sod, black earth, dolomite or chalk, ash, and even peat - mixing everything. On top of this layer, he lays hay, grass, tree foliage, coniferous litter. moss, brushwood, sawdust, shavings and other organic materials. Then he pours a layer of sand up to 5 cm and, after watering, lets earthworms there. By the end of summer, the height of the heap reaches 2 m or more. The layers are repeated every 60 cm of height. The compost heap lasts a whole year, accessible to all winds, rain and sunshine. In his opinion, it is a fertilizer factory and a collection of all waste from the garden, kitchen, etc. The main producers of vermicompost in it are worms. They are plant growth stimulants.

Now about the main thing, about the potatoes. He recommends selecting tubers for planting in the fall; by weight. form, quality, taste, attitude to diseases and pests. He tested many varieties (from Russia, America, Israel, Holland, etc.). He does not give preferences to any sort, since each has its own characteristics.

In autumn, after digging, he rinses the selected tubers with ash infusion (1 kg of ash per bucket of water). I will notice; this alkaline solution is the best means of disinfecting potatoes from a viral infection. A.I.). After that, he rinses the potatoes with plain water and puts them in the sun for 7 days. Stores seeds in the basement at 2-3 ° C.

In spring, 30-40 days before planting, the tubers are laid out to warm up in the light.
He has been digging the site since the fall. After harrowing, in the spring, he makes a groove with a hoe, into which he lays the potatoes. The distance between tubers is 10-25 cm and between furrows 20-50 cm. Each tuber is covered with one bucket of compost.

With this method, he gets unprecedented harvests of potatoes (30-35 bags per one hundred square meters), unusually tasty, healthy, which does not lose its nutritional value until the next harvest. There is no need to fight the Colorado potato beetle - he is afraid of healthy plants like fire, his element is frail, unkempt plantings.

In Russia, there are basically two types of sites. The first, on which potatoes have been planted for many years in a row due to the impossibility of crop rotation, is a small area. The second type of site is recently obtained, not yet cultivated.

On the first, the potatoes have already pulled everything out, and the yield is low. On the second, the fate of the harvest is generally questionable. V. Polikarpov's method was tested by him and many others and is suitable in both cases and for many regions.

Among the letters there are also those in which it is reported about the revival of soil fertility of summer cottages using vermicompost in combination with mineral (chemical) fertilizers. At the same time, routine maintenance works in the following scheme. Since autumn, the soil is loosened with a rake and weeds are destroyed. On the land prepared in this way, it is necessary to sift 500 kg of humus from a greenhouse mixed with 10 kg of double superphosphate, 3 kg of potassium chloride and 2 kg of potassium magnesium by sieving for each hundred square meters of land. Then all this is plowed to a depth of 25 cm.

Repeat this operation in spring. The soil becomes loose. Potatoes are planted from May 1 to 10 in holes 22 cm deep, at the bottom of each hole it is advisable to give 1-1.5 glasses of a fertilizer mixture consisting of 10 liters of humus, 0.5 liters of ash. 1 tbsp. spoon of double superphosphate. 0.5 cups of nitroammophoska and 0.5 cups of potassium magnesium. Landing scheme; row spacing 50-55 cm, distance between tubers in a row 20-23 cm. After that, fill the holes with humus by 3-4 cm.

Many farmers begin planting care at a plant height of 10 cm. They spray them in the evening with a 0.2% solution of potassium permanganate, and at the beginning of budding - with a 0.3% solution of ammonium nitrate. in which one tablet of micronutrient fertilizers is added per 10 liters of water.

Potato growers of Transcarpathia use an aqueous solution of superphosphate and potassium magnesium for foliar feeding of plants in order to accelerate the formation and maturation of tubers. During the growing season, 2-3 such waterings are carried out from a hose with a sprinkler.

The results are excellent up to 1600 kg of selected potatoes per hundred square meters.
The scientist - potato grower Alexander Korshunov (f. New gardener and farmer. 1996. N 1) also recommends to add to the soil the necessary amount of macro- and microelements in the form of organic and mineral fertilizers and ash to obtain a good harvest of potatoes.

Directly under the potatoes in the spring, when digging, he applied compost at the rate of 500 kg per hundred square meters. Of the mineral fertilizers used: urea - 1.1 kg, double superphosphate -4.3 kg, potassium chloride - 4.0 kg per hundred square meters. He applied fertilizers randomly, followed by incorporation to a depth of 18-20 cm.
In his opinion, the gardener must firmly learn; only on cultivated soil is a generous return on every kilogram of mineral fertilizers achieved. On poorly cultivated soil (for example, with high acidity), chemical fertilizers can even have a negative effect.

He carries out planting of prepared (sprouted and greened) potatoes with row spacing of 85 cm with a distance between tubers in a row of 25-50 cm.

At the same time, the planting density is 470 pieces per hundred square meters. Plants in rows quickly close together and suppress weeds themselves. And in wide aisles the tops are closed later, the leaves work more productively for the harvest, and it is easier for the potato grower to carry out high hilling.

He harvested his crop at the end of the first decade of September. Using varieties of Soviet selection, in the conditions of the Moscow region, it was possible to collect 1575 kg of high-quality tubers from each hundred square meters of a summer cottage in 1995. The harvest was "itself - 35", marketability of potatoes 95%.

Gardeners - gardeners sometimes have a desire to make the land fertile in one or two seasons. Is this possible? It turned out - it is possible.

For example, for the formation of a winter wheat yield of 50 c / ha during the period of its intensive growth, the daily requirement is more than 200 kg / ha of CO2. About 70 "% of this amount is provided by CO2 entering the surface layer of air during humus mineralization, applied organic fertilizers and plant residues.

People's expert Petr Matveyevich Ponomarev (Tashkent) grew on his plot 250-500 centners of wheat and barley per hectare (of course, in terms of hectares). But in order to grow such an over-harvest, it is necessary that the soil contains a lot of humus and other nutrients for plants. P.M. Ponomarev had the idea to use brown coal as a carbon fertilizer. It contains a set of nutrients that are essential for plants. A ton of such coal contains carbon -720-760 kg. hydrogen - 40-60, oxygen - 190-200. nitrogen - 15-17. sulfur - 2-3 kg. a lot of humic acids and other trace elements.

The coal, ground into flour, is introduced into the soil, where it is successfully processed by bacteria and further turns into a nutrient medium for plants. It is better to introduce coal dust in the fall together with rotted manure or other organic matter in a total amount of at least 1 ton per 100 square meters.

Instead of coal, you can use shale in the ratio of 200 kg of coal (shale) to 800 kg of compost (40% moisture).

Such use of coal and shale allowed Ponomarev to accumulate up to 2% of humus in the soil layer, which ensured high yields of not only grain, but also vegetable crops, for example, he collected 20 bags of potatoes from one hundred square meters of land (Yuri Slashchinin: "20 bags of potatoes from each hundred parts ". SP 1995).

Vladimir Petrovich Ushakov is an agricultural engineer by training, an experienced worker who has devoted more than 40 years to agriculture. The results of his research from the Moscow region) he summarized in his brochures "Should agricultural technology be reasonable", Vladivostok, 1989? "The yield can and should be increased fivefold in one year." Moscow, 1991. They set out the basic rules of a new, intelligent (organic) farming technology, developed by him. The author, on the basis of experimental data, convinces readers - farmers that the rejection of the vicious, currently used technology and the transition to a reasonable (organic) one in the first year gives a fivefold increase in productivity for all crops without exception. In the future, with proper care of the land, perhaps, in his opinion, a tenfold or greater increase in yield. For example, the yield of potatoes on his plot has been 1400 centners / ha for many years.

On his plots, he did not add anything except manure and compost. He could not find the necessary mineral fertilizers (in particular, microelements and others), and for known reasons he did not consciously use pesticides. Therefore, the products turned out to be environmentally friendly, and the potatoes, during the most ordinary storage under the floor in ordinary bins made of boards, of course, did not rot at all and remained until the next harvest. The reason is that the annual increase in humus in the soil of its plots was 0.5%. This surprises many scientists - no one has ever observed such an increase in humus in a year, and there is only one reason for this; no one in our country has ever dealt with the living matter of the soil that creates humus. Meanwhile, it rapidly multiplies on its plots (and only on them) with intelligent (organic) technology. Here are just a few of the data he received from VIUA at the end of 1985: at the site where manure was introduced randomly and the work was carried out according to the old technology, there were 77,000 denitrifiers per gram of soil, nitrifiers - 16,000, fiber breakers - 23,000; in the same place where reasonable technology was applied and manure was introduced in heaps, after eight years these microorganisms became many times greater, namely, "denitrifiers 920,000, nitrifiers 260,000, and fiber destroyers 2,000,000. During the same time, the number of worms in the soil of these plots If before the start of work (in 1985) on each square meter of soil there were on average 5 individuals, but after the same 8 years there were already more than 200. Annually the number of worms increased by 24 individuals per square meter. the reason for the sharp increase in the amount of humus in the soil up to 5 percent in 8 years.

But it also happened that V.P. Ushakov did not have manure. Then he prepared and introduced compost, that is, a mixture of various organic waste (grass, leaves, tops, kitchen waste, etc.). I prepared the compost like this; he poured all the waste into a layer 20 centimeters thick, in the form of a bed 1.5-2 m wide, watered the bed with water from a watering can and covered it with a film. Every 2-3 days, having opened the film, he loosened and watered, and then again covered it with a film. I continued this work for about three weeks before starting soil preparation. During this time, a huge number of worms appeared in the compost. They processed organic matter into humus - food for plants.

The basis of the compost was the waste of the garden and experimental plots. For example, maize produced a maximum of 28 kg of silage per square meter (that is, in terms of 900 centners of fodder units per hectare, and not 50 that are currently obtained on collective farm fields); sunflower produced a maximum of 22 kg / m2. The stems of these crops, as well as corn cobs and sunflower baskets, after removing the grains from them, were placed in a compost heap, as well as potato tops, which reached a height of up to 1.5 meters with an average weight of 6.5 kg / m2 - straw was collected up to 4 kg / m2 "This, as it turned out, fully compensated for the missing organic matter in the soil and made it possible to increase the humus content of the soil from year to year.

V.P. Ushakov harvested grain when the grain had a waxy ripeness and was easily peeled from the ears, but did not crumble. Grain yields varied; The highest was given by winter rye at a maximum of 1.88 kg / m2, barley - 1.6, millet - 1.5 and oats - 1.4. From one plant - bush, from 10 to 25 ears were collected, each of which gave about 3 g of grains; according to the usual technology, no more than three spikelets with lean grains were collected, the weight of which in one spikelet did not exceed one gram. That is why the reasonable technology gave the yield from "CAM-450" to "CAM-700", and according to the generally used technology it was the maximum "CAM-16".

On each stalk of corn, the height of which reached three meters (annually), there were 1-2 ears. The average weight of the cob was about 400 g, and the grains in it were about 175 g, about 3.5 kg of grains were harvested per square meter.

The introduction of organic farming on their plots is now widely used by summer residents and farmers in almost all regions of Russia. Over the past four summer seasons, the yield of vegetables on their lands has increased by 8-10 times (potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, etc.). But they are especially pleased with the high quality of the vegetables grown (excellent preservation and high resistance to diseases in potatoes, beets, carrots, etc.), berries and fruits. They believed in the power of organic farming and considered it unnecessary to use large doses of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on their plots of land. The author wishes them further success in the revival and enhancement of the soil fertility of their lands and expresses confidence in the transition to organic farming of all farmers. Only this will make the soil and water healthier. feed and food, animals and people.
The author is very pleased with the reports from the northern regions of the Tyumen region (Surgut, Megion, Langepas. Nefteyugansk), Tomsk region (Strezhevoy, Kolpashevo), Yakutia (Yakutsk, Mirny. Churapcha, Neryungri, etc.). Magadan region (Magadan, Yagodnoe), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Elizovo). They say that the use of vermicompost (compost) allows local farmers to grow almost all the necessary vegetables: radishes, salats, carrots, beets, potatoes, and onions. many berries: blueberries, blueberries, cloudberries, strawberries, raspberries, etc.) and provide themselves with vitamin products until the new harvest.

It follows from this that agriculture with the help of organic fertilizers can and should be promoted to the northern regions of Russia and grow the necessary food and feed products there in sufficient quantities.

There is another interesting thought: granite (ground into flour) is probably the true polymineral fertilizer for plants. This assumption is based on the idea of \u200b\u200bV.I. Vernadsky about the granite shell as a region of former biospheres. According to Vernadsky's idea, biogenic rocks undergo metamorphism from the biosphere. "The granite shell of the earth is a region of former biospheres." (Vernadsky VI Problems of biogeochemistry. - Proceedings of BIOGEL. GEOCHI. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, issue 16, p. 215).
It remains unknown to what extent it will be effective. Another thing is known: on granite slabs, boulders, sometimes clear imprints of the root system of plants are visible, which means that the enzymes of the root system of plants are able to dissolve the structure of granite and use it as a source of mineral nutrition.

 

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