Poster grounded refers to the group. Safety posters in electrical installations: their types and sizes. Standard character sizes

IN modern world a poster is something familiar that a person encounters several times a day and therefore has already learned not to react to it. However, just 100 years ago, this thing was a curiosity and made everyone who sees it freeze in admiration and believe everything that was written on it. How did the poster come about? What's this? What types of posters are there? Let's find out about it.

The meaning of the word "poster"

First of all, it is worth understanding the definition of the noun in question.

Sometimes they are called posters or posters.

Typically, such images are mounted on the walls and doors of buildings or in specially designated places. Some poster lovers paste them over their homes.

In a narrower sense, this word means a specific type of graphics.

Also, this noun was named one of the most famous propaganda publishing houses of the USSR, which existed from the mid-70s until 2006. Throughout this time, Plakat specialized not only in the production of products of the same name, but also in the printing of postcards, portraits, photographs, etc. . P.

Etymology of the term in question

Having learned the answer to the question: “What is this - a poster?”, It is worth considering the origin of this noun.

For the first time in Russian, this word was recorded in 1704. However, it began to be actively used only at the end of the 19th century.

It came to Russian from Latin, from French and German. During the decline of the Roman Empire, citizens often used the term placatum for announcements.

Several centuries later, French was formed from the verb placatum plaquer ("to stick something"). And he, in turn, contributed to the emergence of placard.

From the French, the term was borrowed by the Germans and slightly changed - das Plakat. It was in this form that this noun appeared in the Russian language and has survived to this day.

It is worth noting interesting fact: in France today the term placard is used extremely rarely, the word affich is actual instead. And in English-speaking countries it is called a poster.

Poster Features

An image of this kind has a number of special features that distinguish it from another.

First of all, this is the purpose for which it is created: to attract the attention of others and inform them about something. In this regard, posters and inscriptions on them are usually made large and bright. In addition, they use a minimum of text so as not to tire observers with long readings and enable them to quickly understand the meaning.

As a rule, the inscription on the poster is some catchy slogan (often with an element of humor or a play on words) and the name of the product or service that the image was made to publicize.

The history of the poster

Informative and propaganda posters were first used by mankind in ancient Egypt. True, at that time the posters served to capture runaway slaves.

The Greeks and Romans were more practical and cultured. They used leaflets with pictures and text to inform about trade offers, as well as posters for the theater.

The first poster (in its modern sense) was drawn by order of the British book dealer Battold in 1482. The businessman tried to advertise a new edition of Euclidean Geometry with his help.

After that, posters appeared quite rarely for several centuries. However, in the middle of the XIX century. the French lithographer Jules Cheret decided to develop Batdold's idea. In 1866, he opened his own workshop in Paris, specializing in Cheret's venture, which was a huge success. In a couple of years, he created more than a thousand bright posters inviting to visit performances or exhibitions. Each of his posters was a real work of art, and they were all made by hand. By the way, it was Shere who laid down the basic principles of the art of poster design, which have not lost their relevance today.

By the end of the XIX century. posters have become an integral part of any important event. At the same time, more and more often they began to be used not as posters, but for advertising some goods or services.

The inhabitants of the Russian Empire in those years knew quite well what a poster was. This was due to the fact that in the last decades of the XIX century. creating advertising images became very popular in the empire. This is evidenced by the fact that during this period it was in Russia that the World Exhibition of Posters and Posters was held.

The use of political posters especially intensified after the outbreak of the First World War. Thousands of posters were printed and drawn in all European countries in order to urge young men to volunteer for the front, as well as to agitate citizens to financially help the state.

After the revolution of 1917, only one type of propaganda images was created on the territory of the former empire for several years - a political poster. Its significance was well understood by all heads of state, so often such products were produced with the last money, instead of giving them to starving citizens.

When working with electricity for production personnel or a home master, there is always a risk of electric shock. So that during repair and other work with electrical equipment it is not erroneously energized, special posters and electrical safety signs are used. There are not so many of them, but their importance can hardly be overestimated (photo below).

A set of plates for working with electricity

Poster classification

According to the GOST rules, posters are divided into several groups:

Forbidding actions with switching devices (switching) in order to prevent voltage from entering the conductive devices near the workplace. The plates are placed on the controls of the switches. The purpose is to prevent the introduction of voltage from conductive elements in the work area.
Warning about the close placement of current-carrying electrical equipment that poses a danger to others.
prescriptive actions in compliance with electrical safety requirements.
Pointing to grounding a place in an electrical installation (location of portable grounding).

Posters are divided into portable and stationary. They are produced as plates of dielectric material ( different types plastic).

On electrical installations with open live parts, it is unacceptable to use portable temporary metal plates. At a distance from current-carrying elements, metal plates can be used in electrical installations.

Designations of signs can be applied with paints through a stencil. The image must be resistant to industrial conditions or atmospheric influences. At electrical installations, on poles of overhead lines (overhead power lines) made of concrete or metal, and other similar places, signs are applied with paints or glued from a film.

When visibility is poor, signs should be illuminated. At the same time, the colors need to maintain a natural look without distortion.

Types of signs (sizes, shape, inscriptions) are designed in accordance with GOST and TU, according to which they are made.

Forbidding

“Working under pressure. Do not turn on again"- to prohibit the connection of overhead lines manually when the protection is automatically triggered, until the action is agreed with the line repair managers. Posters should be hung directly from the control elements of switching devices when performing repairs. Dimensions 50x100 mm, edging with a red stripe 5 mm wide.
"Do not turn on. People are working"- means a ban on connecting voltage to the object where the repair is being carried out. The plate is hung on the control elements of the switching devices. Dimensions 100x200 and 50x100; the border is the same, but may be 10 mm wide.
"Do not turn on. Work on the line»– prohibition inscription is posted on the control elements of switching devices that provide connection to the line. The dimensions of the poster do not differ from the previous one, and also correspond to GOST.

Electrical safety prohibition posters

Graphically, the plates are drawn up as follows:

the background is white;
red letters and borders;
with white piping.

The image indicated in the last paragraph of the above list is distinguished by a red background without a border and white letters.

Warning

The plates inform about the presence of current conductors in electrical installations located nearby and representing a danger (fig. below):

Stop! Voltage"(Fig. a) - posters used for substations (PS) and power plants (ES), on fences to the conductive elements of ZRU (closed distribution installations). During work from below from the ground to the outdoor switchgear, the plates are hung or fixed on structures near the working area, placed in the direction of passage to current-carrying elements. The background with a piping is white, the border with an arrow is red, the letters are black. Dimensions - 300x150. The image of the arrow is made in accordance with GOST R 12.4.026.
"Don't get in! Will kill"(fig. b) - a warning about the location of electrical equipment under voltage at the top. The design of the plate is the same as in paragraph 1. Dimensions - 300x150.
"Trial! Life threatening"(fig. c) - the poster is made portable and warns that tests are being carried out, as well as that there is a danger of electric shock when you are inside the fenced area. Dimensions - 300x150. The layout is the same as before.
"Dangerously! Electric field! Passage without means of protection is prohibited.(Fig. d). The electric field created by a very high voltage (more than 330 kV) can also have a dangerous effect on a person when the intensity reaches 15 kV / m. The plate is permanent, located at a height of 180 cm on the fence of the site. Its dimensions are 200x100.
"Carefully! Electric voltage»(fig. e) - a sign made in accordance with GOST R 12.4.026 - a warning about the danger of getting under voltage in electrical installations of substations and electric power stations, on the doors of transformer chambers, assemblies and shields, on the fences of current-carrying elements. The image is a triangle with an arrow and a black border on a yellow background. Dimensions for doors - from 80 to 360 mm, and for containers with equipment - from 25 to 50 mm. On the supports of the overhead line and the fences of the outdoor switchgear, a border with an arrow of paint is applied, which should not be washed off. The background here is the base material.

Electrical Safety Warning Posters

prescriptive

The plates are used to indicate the approaches and places for repairs at electrical installations, where it is safe:

"Work here" - a sign to indicate a safe area.
"Climb here" - indicates the path of ascent to a height.

The poster is made as a white square with black letters and a blue edging (fig. below).

Mandatory posters are used to indicate safe approaches and places to work

Pointing

"Grounded" (fig. below) - designation of the grounding point, shows that voltage supply to it is unacceptable. Suspended on the switching elements of switching devices. The plate is made as a blue rectangle with a white inscription (GOST R 12.4.026).

Grounding plate

Video about electrical safety

You can learn more about the rules and regulations of electrical safety by watching this video.

Portable posters or signs are used most often. They are used during various works on electrical installations. Permanent posters are used less frequently. Electrical safety signs are installed only permanent.

According to the requirements of GOST, portable posters are installed from dielectric materials. Permanent posters and signs can be metal only if they are located away from current-carrying elements.

Posters surround us everywhere - we see them every day on the streets or in print media. This is mainly advertising and less often announcements of any events. A political poster appears in our field of vision immediately before the elections, when the campaigning begins, and therefore is quite rare. What should be a good poster? First of all, the poster should be informative. People need to instantly read the message - and the task of the designer is to present the idea of the poster in the most understandable way. And it doesn’t matter at all by what means this will be done - the main thing is that people immediately understand what they want to tell them.

As a rule, the design of a poster begins with the choice of its size. In this regard, there are no restrictions - a poster can be small, for example, A4 format, or vice versa, gigantic, the size of a house wall. Of course, there are certain size standards, but this is not a design issue, but a matter of the capabilities of typographic technology. Poster orientation can be either vertical or horizontal, but vertical orientation is most commonly used.

How do you tell a good poster from a bad one? This is, of course, a matter of taste, but a well-designed poster has some hallmarks. FreelanceToday brings you 10 signs of a good poster.

GOOD READABILITY

Let's say we have a poster that announces some upcoming event, such as a concert by a popular artist. The key information placed on the poster should be read from afar and attract people's attention. Accordingly, the text of the poster should have a visual hierarchy. If there is a lot of text, then there should be at least three hierarchical layers.

header. This is the most important and largest text design element. It should be contrasting with the background and typed in such a font that would be clearly distinguishable even from a long distance.

Details. What? Where? When? All such information is located at the second level of the hierarchy. The person who is interested in the poster will definitely want to see detailed information, so it must be presented in an understandable, but at the same time concise form. For the second level, a smaller font is used than in the heading, since this information does not need to be read from afar.

Small font. The third level houses Additional Information. Very often, small print is found on movie posters and advertising posters.

CONTRAST

Designers have only one opportunity to attract the attention of the viewer. Therefore, the poster should "cling". This can be achieved with the help of contrasting elements. On the web, you can make a pale illustration with a smooth gradient and fashionable thin fonts - this method is not suitable for a regular poster. The sharper the text or illustration contrasts with the background, the more noticeable the poster. When starting to design, you first need to decide on the contrast of the elements and constantly check it during work. If the designer is working on a color poster, you need to periodically check how it looks in grayscale - the contrast of the main elements should be clearly distinguishable in this mode as well.

SIZE AND LOCATION

Very often the designer knows in advance where his poster will be placed. Based on this information, he must correctly select the size of the poster. It is important that the message of the poster is not interfered with by various visual hindrances - it must occupy a dominant position. As for the color scheme, here you also need to proceed from the realities - if it is known that the poster will hang on a wall painted green, then it is better not to use shades close to green in the poster.

THE POSTER WORKS REGARDLESS OF SIZE

Very often, novice designers refuse tasks that require creating a large poster, say, 10 by 6 meters. For some reason, it seems to them that creating such a poster is much more difficult than some poster the size of an A4 sheet. This big delusion. If the poster is laid out correctly, it will look equally good regardless of size, and scaling does not affect it in any way. If a designer is commissioned to create a poster, which will then be used in advertising and will be released in a variety of sizes and formats (including digital), he should think first of all about the composition and the main idea and not worry about where it will be placed. his creation.

LARGE IMAGES

If an image is used in a poster, then it should take a dominant position, as well as in the case of text. The image should be clearly visible from afar, while it is very important to take care of the recognition of the image. It’s not worth complicating the visuals too much - you need to use as many elements as you need to convey the main idea. This principle applies to all types of posters, including movie posters, which can be overly detailed at times.

NEGATIVE SPACE

A poster is not a painting, so the designer just needs to work with free space. You should not strive to fill the entire poster - you need to "leave the air." There are several effective ways to increase the readability of a poster. For example, you can increase the spacing between letters. Tight kerning might look good on a postcard, but readability is still more important for a poster. If the letters are too close, then from afar the text becomes hard to distinguish, which is highly discouraged. You can also increase the distance between the lines - this will also benefit the poster.

CALL TO ACTION

The purpose of any poster is to get people to take some kind of action, such as attending a show, an exhibition, buying a product, or going to an election. The call to action is the most important, central element of the poster and the designer should give it the main attention. Unlike web design, graphics do not work interactively, so you cannot use its principles in a regular poster. At graphic designer other communication tools for people and he should make every effort to ensure that the call to action is clear at a glance.

UNUSUAL TYPOGRAPHY

A poster is exactly the genre where you can safely experiment with typography. Some of the most famous posters are made without the use of illustrations and graphic elements, and at the same time perfectly express the idea. Using high-quality typography will give the poster a personality - the main thing is that the designer does not overdo it. You should not use 10 fonts in one poster - the design will not improve from this. It is best to pay attention to the visual hierarchy and the use of negative space. The letters themselves carry a certain message and a proper understanding of the principles of typography will allow designers to create emotional and memorable posters.

HANDWORK

Appearance computer graphics clearly did not benefit the art of the poster. Previously, the designer worked with living materials and posters looked completely different than they do today. Today, the hallmark of a good poster is its execution technique. And it doesn't matter that the designer created it on a computer - if the poster has a soul and it looks like the designer drew it by hand - it's a good poster. Well, if the poster went to print as before, from a physical medium, this is generally wonderful.

Audacity

Any good poster is inherent in some outrageousness - this greatly enhances the emotional message. So do not be afraid to go beyond and use unusual elements in the poster. By breaking some established rules, the designer draws attention to the poster, and this is exactly what is needed.

OUTPUT A: The poster is a very interesting type of graphics that allows designers to let their imagination run wild. It's also a great way to learn new technology or improve your skills. Sometimes the creation of a poster is very difficult - after all, you need to convey the idea using a minimum of funds. But in any case, it's interesting - especially when the poster turned out to be successful and attract people's attention.

And we continue to get acquainted in more detail with, which are used when working in existing electrical installations.

And again I remind you that there are 13 posters and safety signs in total. Among them, one is an index poster "GROUNDED". That's what this article is about.

Its name speaks for itself. The index poster is intended to indicate that part of the electrical installation that is earthed.

The "GROUNDED" signboard looks like this:

There are certain size and color requirements for this poster.

Instead of a frame, it uses a white border about 1 (cm) thick. The inscription "EARTHED" is in black letters. The background of the poster is blue.

This poster has 2 standard sizes: 20x10 (cm) and 10x5 (cm).

The "GROUNDED" sign is used at all substations of any voltage class.

An example of using an index poster

Let's say that we want to produce on the electric motor of a ball mill for various reasons for this, by the way, an electric motor with a voltage of 3 (kV). To do this, we need where this electric motor is powered from. See the single line power supply diagram of the ball mill below:

To whom it is interesting … I will make a small digression.

It looks like an asynchronous ball mill. Its power is 380 (kW).

A drum is mounted on the shaft of this engine. It is the stage of grinding the solution.

The balls loaded into the drum look like this:

It was a slight digression from the topic.

In our case, it is necessary to turn off the high-voltage switch, line and busbar disconnectors of our connection (see the diagram above). After disconnecting these switching devices, we hang them on the handles of the disconnectors, the solenoid circuit breaker (switching on) and the key for prohibiting the switch on.

Next, with the help, we check the absence of voltage on the current-carrying parts of the electrical installation where we want to install. After installing the portable grounding, we hang out on the handles of the busbar and linear disconnectors, and on the switch prohibition key, the index poster "GROUNDED".

And that's all ... there is nothing complicated here. The main thing is to perform all actions when operating switching devices strictly according to the switching form, because above all.

P.S. Well, that's all I wanted to tell you about the index poster "GROUNDED". If you have any questions while reading this article, feel free to ask.

An electrical installation is a collective name for all electrical apparatus along with the structures in which they are located. They serve to produce electrical energy, its transmission and distribution, transformation into other types of energy.

An electrical installation is considered active when it is energized or current appears after the switches are turned on, if there is a power line that is close to or intersects with it. Electrical installations have permanent or alternating current, the voltage sometimes exceeds 1000 volts.

Used in such installations, they are a color and graphic image of a certain form, on which inscriptions are made to warn workers of the danger, carrying some useful information on safety measures for people.

The need to warn workers

Safety posters in electrical installations are needed to ensure the safety of personnel working at the enterprise. They warn people in advance of the dangers of working with electric current, in order to avoid injury and death in the workplace. Saving human life is always a priority for any production manager, especially when it comes to electrical installations.

Posters and safety signs in electrical installations are used to prohibit or permit the performance of some actions when the voltage is on, to alert employees about the connected devices, about the distance at which you can approach the switch, to indicate the direction and location of structures and units.

Types of designations of dangerous places

There are several safety in electrical installations:

Prohibition signs notify that it is impossible to perform some action or turn on electricity when work is being carried out, not to move around the territory without special protective equipment, in order to prevent an error when supplying current to the workplace.
Warning posters speak of the danger of being or approaching live parts, connected wires, high voltage devices.
Mandatory plates give permission to perform an operation using a given place or apparatus, approach elements that are already de-energized, recommend fulfilling some requirements.
Pointing posters show employees the placement of various devices in the production, the direction of movement to the objects of interest.

The difference between posters and signs according to the nature of their application

Safety posters in electrical installations can be of two types. Permanent, which are located in the same places, and portable, changing the location according to production needs, based on work tasks and intentions. Safety signs are only permanent.

The material from which these products are made is also different. It is recommended to use only non-conductive products. These are electrical insulating special materials such as fiberglass, polystyrene, PVC, textolite, getinaks. If the signs are made of metal, then they can only be installed far from current-carrying parts or materials.

signal colors

Posters and safety signs used in electrical installations have different signal colors. They are of the same type with all safety signs in production in all countries of the world.

Prohibition signs are red, with white added for contrast. Such bright colors are taken for better perception visual information by people in the enterprise. Red color against a gray wall is clearly visible from afar. For example, the sign “DO NOT TURN ON! PEOPLE WORK!” prohibits applying voltage to the line where the repair team is currently located, so as not to expose them to the danger of electric shock.

Yellow is given to warning signs that warn of imminent or imminent danger. A black rim serves as a contrasting color.

Blue and white are the colors of prescriptive signs providing useful information regarding safety when working on electrical installations, indicating elements of technical information.

Green signs allow you to perform safe actions, show the exit, the direction of movement to the first aid points, the location of first aid kits and warning lights.

Where are signs and posters used?

Posters and safety signs used in electrical installations are installed in places of the greatest possible danger to employees of the enterprise or on devices that pose a threat to human life. Contrasting signal colors make them stand out clearly from surrounding objects and equipment. They should be clearly visible to workers, but should not distract their attention. Also, the signs themselves cannot pose a danger to others.

Safety posters in electrical installations are recommended to be installed above the fencing area for hazardous equipment or current-carrying transmission lines. Signs prohibiting entry into the premises are placed at a height of 0.5 m above the entrance to the structure or the upper element of the fence. The distance is measured to the bottom of the sign.

Signs are also posted on the drives of disconnectors, load switches, switching equipment, on keys and remote control buttons, in automatic machines, above knife switches. Portable signs are hung out with a rope.

IN settlements signs, which are mounted on the supports of overhead power transmission lines, are placed at a height of 2.5-3 meters from ground level. If the spans of the supports are frequent, less than 100 meters, then the signs are hung out through one support, if the spans are large, then on each. The same is done if the power line is crossed by road overpasses.

The quality of paint materials

On concrete or metal surfaces of equipment, supports of overhead transmission lines, doors of switch rooms or chambers, it is recommended to apply posters and safety signs with paints using stencils. There are also easy-to-use products on a self-adhesive film.

Paintwork materials must be signal colors and be resistant to changes in climate and to various production conditions in which such products are used. graphic images. Over time, such safety equipment should not change color, should be clearly visible to the eye both in the daytime and in the dark. At night and in conditions, it is recommended to illuminate posters and safety signs with additional lamps.

Self-adhesive signs

Materials used for safety in electrical installations must not conduct electricity. The basis for such products is mainly PVC or polystyrene 3 mm. Several types of self-adhesive film are applied to these materials. This is a regular, reflective or light-accumulating series of products.

Sometimes a protective lamination of signs is used on top. Such products are fastened with adhesive tape or hardware.

Standard character sizes

According to the standard requirements of the instructions, the dimensions of the images depend on the types of safety posters in electrical installations. They can be large - 240x130 mm - or small - 80x50 mm.

Signs prohibiting, such as “TEST. DANGEROUS TO LIFE” or “DO NOT CLIMB. WILL KILL", are created with a size of 280x210 mm.

Yellow warning signs, according to the standard, have different side sizes, depending on their location on the territory of electrical installations. If the sign is placed on a building, then the side of the triangle is 360 mm. On the doors of working rooms - 160 mm, 100 mm or 80 mm. To place signs on small parts of equipment or containers, the dimensions are also reduced: 50 mm, 40 mm or 25 mm.

The use of posters and safety signs in electrical installations is of great importance to guarantee the preservation of human lives in the workplace. The head of a hazardous enterprise must constantly monitor compliance with all safety standards and rules, conduct familiarization and training sessions for all employees, monitor the work process on a daily basis and be personally responsible for the safety of employees.

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