Computer science lesson "electronic document and file". Electronic document: concept, features, formats Presentation electronic document and file 2 cl

Electronic document Is documented information presented in electronic form, that is, in a form suitable for human perception using electronic computers, as well as for transmission over information and telecommunication networks or processing in information systems(Clause 11.1, Article 2 of the Federal Law dated July 27, 2006 No. 149-FZ "On Information, information technology and on the protection of information ").

According to the definition presented in clause 3.1 "GOST R 7.0.8-2013. National standard Russian Federation... System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Office work and archiving. Terms and definitions "(approved by the Order of Rosstandart dated 17.10.2013 No. 1185-st), an electronic document is a document, the information of which is presented in electronic form.

At the same time, an electronic document is characterized by:

authenticity - a property of an electronic document that guarantees that the electronic document is identical to the declared one;
authenticity - a property of an electronic document in which the content of an electronic document is a complete and accurate representation of the confirmed transactions, activities or facts and which can be trusted in subsequent transactions or in subsequent activities;
integrity - the state of an electronic document, in which no changes were made after its creation;
suitability for use is a property of an electronic document that allows it to be localized and reproduced at any time.

Based on this, we can conclude that an electronic document is any document that is presented in in electronic format, including this can be a scanned image of a document, a file typed in text editor, etc.

Moreover, electronic documents can be formalized, i.e. compiled in such a way that allows using software tools recognize their content, and non-formalized (for example, scanned copy).

Within the framework of the exchange of electronic documents, the parties can use both formalized documents and non-formalized ones. The exceptions are cases when legislation has approved a mandatory format for the exchange of a specific document (for example, the format of an invoice). But if the document is not formalized, its acceptance and recognition is possible only with the participation of a person.

In order to exchange documents in electronic form without human participation in the recognition of the text of these documents, it is necessary to draw up all documents in a formalized form, i.e. in a format that can be used by the software of all participants in the exchange.

Informatics lesson on the topic "Electronic document and file".

Lesson objectives:

form a primary understanding of the types of memory, show the distinctive features different types memory;

to develop an understanding of the organization of storage of electronic documents in the external memory of a computer;

instill basic skills in searching for files and folders;

expand the students' understanding of the creation and storage of electronic documents.

Pedagogical tasks of the lesson:

to acquaint students with the types of memory and the main characteristics of internal and external memory;
improve the methods of searching for files and folders and master the basic operations with files and folders;
pay attention to the correct use of terminology in student responses

Requirements for the level of mastering the educational material after the end of the lesson:

have an idea of the purpose of internal and external memory;
know the main differences between internal and external memory;
have an idea of the organization of information on external media;
be able to perform basic operations to create folders for storing documents;
be able to search for folders and documents by name and know how to display files in the folder window.

During the classes.

I. Minutes of entering the lesson.

Hello guys. Glad to see you. They say that the World is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge. I wish you today to acquire new knowledge. We will work with you in groups. Each group has its own commander who will take responsibility for the distribution of responsibilities.

II. Updating basic knowledge.

In the last lesson, we met you with different kinds documents. Each group has an envelope with the first assignment.

(Slide 1) You need to parse the contents of the envelope according to the following scheme: the name of the document - the purpose of the document. Execution time - 2 minutes. - Time is over. We check the correctness of execution.

Examination. The commander appoints a responsible person who will be responsible. For each correct answer - 1 point.

Groups take turns answering. The teacher records the results on the board in points.

Well done! You have mastered the topic of the last lesson well.

We have reviewed with you the documents that exist in the form of a "hard copy" on paper.

What documents are stored in the computer's memory?

(Electronic documents)

III. Determination of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Today you will enrich your knowledge of the electronic document.

(Slide 2) - The topic of our lesson is "Electronic document and file". You should get a basic understanding of the types of memory, their distinctive features;

to expand the initial knowledge about the creation and storage of electronic documents.

We will approach these goals by solving the following tasks:

(Slide 3) Let's study what the internal and external memory computer;

Let's get acquainted with the concept of a file - an electronic document;

Let's create computer folders, electronic documents, give them names.

IV. Learning new material.

(Slide 4) - In the last lesson, we learned that an electronic document is a set of data that is stored in the computer's memory.

(Slide 4) -What do you think can be an electronic document? Sl. 5 (Drawing, story, any personal document entered into the computer's memory).

(Slide 6) -Where are electronic documents stored? (In computer memory)

Teacher

Important! When we create an electronic document using a computer, we must store this document in its memory.

Slide 7

Read the material of the textbook of paragraph 23 (twenty-third) pages 137-138 on your own computer memory.

Examination.

What are the types of computer memory? (Internal and external computer memory). Slide 8

Read what is called internal memory. (read aloud).

And what does the textbook say about the external memory of a computer? (read aloud).

What modern devices for saving data and programs do you know? (hard magnetic disk, compact disks, flash media).

(slide 9)

The teacher makes a generalization.

Computer memory is essential for storing data and programs.

(slide 10)

Let's consider again the main differences between external and internal memory.

External memory is intended for long-term storage of information; executable programs and data are stored in internal memory only when the computer is operating.

(slide 11)

As soon as the computer is turned off or the program is closed, the internal memory is freed up for other programs and data.

That is why electronic documents that the user creates with the help of any programs must be saved in external memory.

Slide 12. How are electronic documents stored in the external memory of a computer?

Find the answer in the tutorial page 138.

They answer. (Electronic documents are stored as files.)

What is a file?

Find the definition in the tutorial, page 138

A file is a collection of data that has a name and is stored in the computer's external memory.

Let's repeat the definition for a lasting memorization. (Repeat aloud)

Teacher

Slide 13. - This means that when saving an electronic document in external memory, it must be given a name (name).

Slide 14. - Who comes up with the name of the file?

Find the answer to this question in the tutorial page 138.

(Programmers or users come up with the name for the file.)

How does a user differ from a programmer? (User uses computer programs, a programmer writes programs for a computer.)

Teacher shows folders with documents

What's in my hands? (Folders.)

What do you think is in them? (Various documents).

Please note that all folders are signed, that is, they have names (names).

Why do you think all the folders are signed? (To quickly find the required document).

Slide 15. - Programmers (the people who create programs) have come up with a file storage facility that allows you to organize electronic documents into groups. Such a tool is a computer folder, which performs the same role as a real folder for storing paper documents.

If you arrange documents in different computer folders and give these folders the appropriate names, then it will be easier for the user to find the desired picture or text that he created a long time ago.

Slide 16 (Consider a computer folder) You can see that the computer folder contains other folders called subfolders and different electronic documents, all folders and documents have names.

Physiotka Conducted by a student

V. Computer workshop.

Now we will take places at the computer, we will research work, upon completion of which we will draw conclusions

We took our places. We monitor the posture when performing work at the computer.

We will work according to the following algorithm,

(slide 17)

1. On the desktop, right-click - create a folder.

Let's give a name - Mathematics

The second student performs the same task.

On the desktop, right-click - create a folder.

Let's give a name - Russian language

2.Open a folder named Mathematician. Let's create a WORD document. Let's give a name -Lesson

Let's open a folder named Russian language. Let's create a WORD document. Let's give a name - Lesson

Output:

What have you noticed? (that we created files with the same names in different folders)

Let's open the folder with the name Mathematician again. Let's create another WORD document. Let's give a name - Lesson

What does the computer say?

If such a document already exists, a new name must be specified.

Let's make a conclusion

(slide 18) File names should be different in one folder. There may be files with the same names in different folders).

Let's go back to our workplace.

Physical culture break. Conducted by a student.

VI. Primary assimilation of the studied material.

Slide 19. Let's look at the objectives of the lesson. Have we studied all the questions. (Everything)

Let's check how you learned the new knowledge you learned in the lesson.

To do this, I suggest you complete practical task number 2. ... Time is limited. (Complete the task).

Mutual verification. Let's check the tasks.

The first group transfers their task to the second group, the second to the third, and the third to the first.

An electronic textbook will help us check how you coped with the task. Checking. We set points.

No mistakes - 5 points

1 error -4 points

2 mistakes - 3 points

3 or more mistakes - 2 points

We return tests by groups. We write the results on the board.

We will consolidate the knowledge gained by doing the work individually: I distribute students to work on the computer using cards, the rest of the guys do the work in workbooks.

Fizminutka: conducts a student.

VII Filling out the student achievement card in the lesson

Now I suggest that you give yourself grades for the lesson, for this you need to fill out the student achievement card in the lesson.

Student achievement map in the lesson

Surname, first name ______________________________________________________

	Number of points

Did I complete the task correctly on the computer (everything is correct - 1 point, with errors - 0 points)
Can I name the main differences between internal and external memory? (everything is correct - 1 point, with errors - 0 points)
Can I answer the question "What is a file?" (everything is correct - 1 point, with errors - 0 points)
Calculate the total number of points
Give yourself a grade for the lesson 4 points - score 5 3 points - score 4 2 points - score - 3

VIII. The teacher grades the lesson. Today they were active in the lesson, gave complete and accurate answers to the questions posed, and correctly completed the tasks on the computer …….

Asks the guys if my assessment coincided with yours. I will give grades to everyone else by checking the completed work on the computer and in workbooks.

Slide 20. IX. Homework

Slide 21.X. Summarizing.

Thank you for your work in the lesson. Let's say thank you to each other for your cooperation. Submit diaries for the registration of the marks received. The lesson is over.

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create yourself an account ( account) Google and log into it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Purpose of the document Name of the document

Lesson topic. Electronic document and file. Lesson objectives: to form a primary understanding of the types of memory, to show the distinctive features of different types of memory; Expand initial knowledge about creating and storing electronic documents;

An electronic document is a collection of data that is stored in the memory of a computer. What can be an electronic document?

Electronic documents

Where are electronic documents stored? Electronic documents are stored in the computer's memory. IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER! When we create an electronic document using a computer, we must store this document in its memory.

§ 23, pages 137-138 about computer memory

TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY COMPUTER MEMORY INTERNAL EXTERNAL

Modern "disk memory" Computer memory is essential for storing data and programs.

The difference between external memory and internal memory External memory is intended for long-term storage of information; in the internal memory, executable programs and data are stored only when the computer is running.

As soon as the computer is turned off or the program is closed, the internal memory is freed up for other programs and data. That is why electronic documents that the user creates with the help of any programs must be saved in external memory.

How are electronic documents stored in the external memory of a computer? Page 138 Electronic documents are stored as files What is a file? A file is a set of data stored in the external memory of a computer and having a name.

This means that when saving an electronic document in external memory, it must be given a name (name).

Who comes up with the name for the file? Page 138 File names are invented by programmers or users What is the difference between a user and a programmer? The user uses computer programs, the programmer writes programs for the computer

Programmers (the people who create programs) have come up with a file storage facility that allows you to organize electronic documents into groups. Such a tool is a computer folder, which performs the same role as a real folder for storing paper documents. If you put documents in different computer folders and give these folders the appropriate names, then it will be easier for the user to find the desired picture or text that he created a very long time ago.

Research work 1. On the desktop, right-click - create a folder. Let's give a name - Math On the desktop, right-click - create a folder. Let's give a name - Russian language 2. Open a folder named Mathematician. Let's create a WORD document. Let's give a name - Lesson Let's open a folder named Russian language. Let's create a WORD document. Let's give a name - Lesson Let's draw a conclusion: we have created files with the same names in different folders

Research work Let's open the folder with the name Mathematician again. Let's create another WORD document. Let's give a name - Lesson What does the computer say? Let's conclude: in the same folder, the file names should be different.

Lesson objectives. Let's study what the internal and external memory of a computer is; Let's get acquainted with the concept of a file - an electronic document; Let's create computer folders, electronic documents, give them names.

Homework §23, know p. 141, R.T. § 23 optional

Summing up Thank you for your work in the lesson. Let's say thank you to each other for your cooperation.

Name
document

Lesson topic. Electronic document and file.

Lesson objectives: to form a primary understanding of the types of memory, to show the distinctive features of different types of memory;
Expand initial knowledge about creating and storing electronic documents;

Lesson objectives. An electronic document is a collection of data that is stored in the memory of a computer.

What can be an electronic document?

Electronic documents Where are electronic documents stored?

Electronic documents are stored in the computer's memory.
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER!
When we create an electronic document using a computer, we must store this document in its memory.

§ 23, pages 137-138 about computer memory TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY

COMPUTER MEMORY

INTERNAL

EXTERNAL

Modern "disk memory"

Computer memory is essential for storing data and programs.

The difference between external and internal memory

External memory is designed for long-term storage of information,
internal memory stores executable programs and data only while the computer is running.

Electronic documents are stored as files
What is a file?
A file is a set of data stored in the external memory of a computer and having a name.

This means that when saving an electronic document in external memory, it must be given a name (name). Who comes up with the name for the file? Page 138

The file name comes up with programmers or users
How does a user differ from a programmer?
The user uses computer programs, the programmer writes programs for the computer

Programmers (the people who create programs) have come up with a file storage facility that allows you to organize electronic documents into groups. Such a tool is a computer folder, which performs the same role as a real folder for storing paper documents.
If you put documents in different computer folders and give these folders the appropriate names, then it will be easier for the user to find the desired picture or text that he created a very long time ago.

Research folder

1. On the desktop, right-click - create a folder. Let's give a name - Mathematics
On the desktop, right-click - create a folder. Let's give a name - Russian language
2.Open a folder named Mathematician. Let's create a WORD document. Let's give a name -Lesson
Let's open a folder named Russian language. Let's create a WORD document. Let's give a name - Lesson
Let's conclude: we have created files with the same names in different folders.

Research

Let's open the folder with the name Mathematician again. Let's create another WORD document. Let's give a name - Lesson
What does the computer say?
Let's conclude: in the same folder, the file names should be different.

Lesson objectives.

Let's study what the internal and external memory of a computer is;
Let's get acquainted with the concept of a file - an electronic document;
Let's create computer folders, electronic documents, give them names.

Homework

§23, know p. 141, R.T. § 23 optional

Summarizing

Thank you for your work in the lesson.
Let's say thank you to each other for your cooperation.

“First of all, we would like to note that the documents have physical and technical formats. The physical format means the form of existence of a document in nature: paper, electronic, etc. The technical format in the case of electronic documents means the file format of an electronic document. " ...

There are many different file formats. In general, they can be divided into "single-program", that is, controlled and supported by only one software developer, and "multi-program", which are supported by several developers and can be processed by different programs.

Let's list the main formats (see table 1):

1. Text formats. They are most often created using word processors. The most common text formats are: single program formats Microsoft Word and WordPerfect .; RTF (Rich Text Format), which is supported by various software applications and at the same time retains the specified text formatting; PDF (Portable Document Format), which contains a page image that includes text and graphics. PDF files can be read with a variety of read-only programs, but are created only with Adobe Acrobat.
2. Graphic formats. They store an image (e.g. a photograph, a drawing) and are divided into two main types:
- - vector formats that store an image as a collection of geometric shapes. Among them, the most common:
- - DXF (Drawing Interchange Format) format, widely used in programs computer design used by engineers, architects,
- - EPS (Encapsulated PostScropt) format, widely used in desktop publishing systems,
- - CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) format, widely used in many graphic editors (for example, in Photoshop).
- - bitmap formats that store an image as a set of dots - pixels. Raster graphics get distorted when the image is scaled. The most common raster formats are:
- - BMP format (Bitmap) - a relatively low quality format, most often used in word processors;
- - TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), widely used in many software applications;
- - GIF (Graphics interchange Format) format, widely used in programs intended for the Internet.
3. Database formats are created using special software - database management systems (DBMS). The DBMS allows you to establish links between elements of database information, perform various operations with database information (search, indexing, performing various mathematical operations, generating reports and references, etc.). Examples of DBMSs are Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, IBM DB2, Sybase, etc.

For example, a customer database might contain fields for customer names, addresses, and purchase information. These fields can be organized into separate tables (for example, one table for all customer name fields).

Databases can be converted to text format, but the links between fields and tables will be lost (for example, there may be ten pages of names, ten pages of addresses, and a thousand pages of purchase details, that is, incoherent information).

4. Formats spreadsheets... Spreadsheet files store numbers and the relationships between those numbers in cells.

For example, one cell might contain a formula that sums data from two other cells. Like database files, spreadsheet files are usually in the format of the program they were created with. Some programs can import and export data from other sources, including programs designed for such data exchange (for example, DIF (Data Interchange Format)). Spreadsheet files can be converted to text files, but the meaning and relationships between numbers will be lost.

5. Video and audio formats. These formats contain moving pictures (eg digital video, animation) and sound data, which are most often created and viewed with appropriate programs and stored in a single program format. The most used of these are QuickTime and MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group)
6. Markup languages, also called markup formats, contain built-in instructions for displaying and comprehensible file content. These include:
- SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), which is used in many countries around the world in government bodies and is an international standard;
- · HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), which is used to display almost all information on the WorldWideWeb network;
- · XML (Extensible Markup language) is a relatively simple language based on SGML that has gained popularity in the management and exchange of information.

Table 1. Most common file formats.

Format type	Basic formats	Sample files	Description
Text formats Vector graphics	PDF, RTF, TXT, single program formats (e.g. Microsoft Word, Word Perfect)	Correspondence, reports, notes, messages Email saved in text format. Architectural plans, complex illustrations	Created or saved as text (may contain graphics) Store the image in the form of geometric shapes
Raster graphics	TIFF, BMP, GIF, JPEG	Web page graphics, simple illustrations, photographs	The image is stored as a collection of pixels. The image is distorted when you zoom in
Database files	Single program formats		Created in database management systems
Spreadsheet formats Video and audio formats	Single program formats, DIF	Financial analysis, statistical calculations Short videos shown on the website, interviews	Store numeric values and calculations
Markup languages		Text and graphics posted on the website

“Each of the file formats has its own advantages and disadvantages when used in documentation support management. For example, text formats (World Perfect, Microsoft Word, RTF, etc.) are convenient for contextual search of documents in a database, and graphic formats (PDF, TIFF, etc.) allow you to get a scanned image of a document with all its external features, keep documents in the same form as on paper, with all signatures and visas.

The MS Word format, for example, is very convenient when editing a document and group work with it, but the MS Word file stores a lot of hidden information (first of all, about the changes made in the file) and, therefore, is very unsafe from the point of view of leaking service information. In some cases, such as, for example, offer or a draft contract, hidden information allows you to establish what the initial assumptions were, who had the greatest influence on the text. When preparing a document in a group, the analysis of the revision makes it possible to find out not only the names of the people who made it, but also who made what contribution to the final version. " ...

"In Russia federal bodies executive authorities independently establish formats for certain types of electronic documents used in interaction with other organizations and citizens. For example, as required by the Federal Market Commission valuable papers(now - Federal Service on financial markets), files of certain types of documents must be presented in RTF format. The Ministry of Finance of Russia, in turn, found that the documents statistical reporting are presented by insurance (medical insurance) organizations in the form of a set of text files in XML format ”.

“The Moscow government has established the main formats of electronic documents used in electronic document management». .

An electronic copy of a paper document, intended for detailed reproduction of a graphic image, is created using raster graphic formats (BMP, JPEG, GIF or PNG) or hybrid text-raster formats (PDF, DjVu).

An electronic original, made in a semi-automated or automated way, assuming the preservation of the graphic design of the document with the ability to format text and embed graphic elements, is created using the formats PDF, DOC, RTF, HTML.

If, when using an email message, you need to provide a search for the content by keywords, then digital copy paper document, containing information intended for text recognition and saving in text format, is created in a format with markup text (PDF, DjVu, DOC, RTF, HTML) or plain text format (TXT).

An electronic original, produced in a semi-automated or automated manner, requiring the automated integration of information, is created in the XML file format.

Why is XML so special? Extensible Markup Language contains not only data, but also carries information describing this data. It is applicable to any computer application, independent of hardware and operating systems and allows you to transfer large amounts of information without the need for time-consuming transformation of data structures.

The predecessors of XML are the standard general markup language SGML, which was approved as a standard by the International Organization for Standardization back in the 1980s, and its simplified version, the hypertext markup language HTML.

The XML format has been adopted by the standards bodies of the Internet community, represented by the World Wide Web Consortium and the UDDI.org organization. Currently, Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, as well as a number of small firms software companies quickly switched to using XML in their products and are practically implementing the idea of standardizing XML-based document formats.

The PDF format, created by Adobe Systems Inc., is very popular for document exchange and is widely used for documents on the Internet, because it allows you to preserve the original appearance documents and makes it difficult to make changes to the document. Adobe estimates that half a billion people have already downloaded it. free program PDF viewers, many businesses have adopted the format as their standard for transferring and storing documents, and many third-party vendors offer PDF-enabled products, some for free.

However, Adobe is under no obligation to continue to provide free access to its programs in the future. Moreover, in new versions Adobe programs files of previous versions are often presented incorrectly. This is why a modified version of the PDF format appeared, called PDF-Archive (PDF-A). It is considered abroad as one of the two main formats that can be used in the future for archival storage of electronic documents. The second format is the XML discussed above.

The PDF-A format, like XML, has its own advantages and disadvantages for archival storage of electronic documents. In particular, the PDF-A format is especially convenient for archival storage of electronic documents because it retains the appearance of the original paper document. Its convenience has been confirmed by the experience of litigation in two of the largest bankruptcies in the history of the United States - Enron Corporation and Global Crossing. They created a huge number of documents in PDF format, and the federal judicial authorities were faced with the task of ensuring the preservation and archival storage of these documents. This was largely the impetus for the development of a draft international standard for archiving PDF documents.

However, the possibilities of using the specified format in electronic archives limited: for example, PDF-A is not suitable for archival storage of audiovisual documents.

“It should be noted that none of the electronic document file formats can be considered universal for long-term archival storage, since equipment, technologies and software... Even today it is not easy to reproduce documents created in AmiPro and Word Perfect word processors on modern equipment. " Will it be easy, for example, to use an archived document in MS Word format 97 years from now in 10-15?

Most likely, the variety of formats will be preserved. Therefore, archival services are developing regulatory conditions for the archival storage of electronic documents of various formats, primarily the most common PDF.

Nevertheless, at present, great hopes are pinned on the use of the XML format as a standard for the exchange of electronic documents in various fields of activity, especially in the field of public administration.

From the foregoing, it follows that an electronic document has a variety of formats, but none of the electronic document file formats can be considered universal for long-term archival storage, since equipment, technologies and software are changing rather quickly. The format of the document depends on the field of application, the scope of activity of a particular organization, from legal status document.

workflow editing protection

Technological map of the lesson: Matveeva N.V. Informatics. Grade 2. FSES.

Lesson 24. Electronic document and file.

Lesson objectives:

- develop an initial understanding of computer literacy;

To form the ability to formulate the purpose of the lesson through research activities;

To consolidate the main concept of the lesson: "Electronic document, file";

Develop logical thinking;

Instill usage concepts digital technology;

Develop skills in managing computer objects and interactive whiteboard;

Educate through a group form of work.

Evaluate your activity in the lesson (active - 1 point; inactive -0 points)Did I complete the task correctly on the computer (everything is correct - 1 point, with errors - 0 points)Can I name the main differences between internal and external memory? (everything is correct - 1 point, with errors - 0 points)Can I answer the question "What is a file?" (everything is correct - 1 point, with errors - 0 points)Calculate the total number of pointsGive yourself a grade for the lesson4 points - score 53 points - score 4

2 points - score - 3

It might be useful to read: