Submarine project 677 weapons and performance characteristics. Diesel-electric submarine LADA. The body and its layout

Despite the fact that the fleets different countries There are many submarines with a nuclear reactor on board in the world; sailors are in no hurry to abandon diesel-electric submarines. For many years, the USSR and the FRG were the leaders in the creation of such ships. Unfortunately, Russia has largely lost its former positions, as evidenced, in particular, by the long and painful history of the development of Project 677 Lada submarines. Their design began back in the Soviet years, but only now it has come to mass production. In the near future, "Lada" can strengthen the Navy, but they have not been able to endow them with the qualities that designers were once striving to achieve.

History of creation

A little more than thirty years ago, in 1988, a submarine was introduced into the Swedish Navy, equipped, along with traditional diesels, with a special auxiliary engine. This was the so-called anaerobic propulsion system. Its main difference is the ability to work without using atmospheric air. This feature allows submarines that do not have a nuclear reactor on board to spend up to twenty days underwater, which radically increases stealth.

In the USSR, submarines with power plants of this type, "Stirling engines", were created back in the 50s of the last century, but their practical use turned out to be extremely dangerous due to technical difficulties associated with the need to store liquid oxygen on board. Nevertheless, after the appearance of new Swedish submarines, it became clear that the old idea needed to be pondered at a new level.

In subsequent years, the presence of VNEU (air-independent power plant) became a key feature of fourth-generation non-nuclear submarines. Meanwhile, submarines with conventional diesel generators and electric engines continued to be in service with the Soviet, and then the Russian fleet.

To eliminate the emerging backlog, it was decided to create a domestic VNEU. It was planned to install it on large Project 677 submarines (code "Lada"), the development of which began in 1987. At the same time, the Soviet anaerobic power plant was not supposed to become a Stirling engine - it was about the creation of a so-called electrochemical generator (ECH). Subsequently, German submarine designers followed this path, who eventually created at the end of the twentieth century quite successful non-nuclear submarines of the fourth generation of project 212A.

Earlier in the USSR, ECHs were already produced for spaceships so there was every reason to expect success. The level of optimism was so high that the development of Project 677 non-nuclear submarines began even before the creation of VNEU. This turned out to be the wrong decision.

The first blow was struck in 1991, when it disintegrated Soviet Union... A sharp reduction in all funding programs led to a real degradation of Project 677 and an almost complete curtailment of work on the creation of an anaerobic engine. True, the first ship new series, which received the name "St. Petersburg", was nevertheless laid down in 1997, but its subsequent construction was significantly delayed.

The difficulties were largely due to the fact that the management of the Rubin design bureau, which was designing the new submarine, decided to take the most ambitious path - to create a closed-cycle engine without any emissions during external environment and at the same time do not store on board the hydrogen necessary for the electrochemical reaction, but generate it directly from diesel fuel... The corresponding process is called reforming.

The boat "Saint Petersburg" was launched back in 2004. It was equipped with conventional diesel generators with the prospect of further re-equipment at VNEU. It was assumed that in the future the submarines of Project 677 will gradually oust from the fleet "Halibuts" and "Varshavyanka" - submarines of the third generation of projects 877 and 636.

Factory tests of "St. Petersburg" took place from 2009 to 2010, after which the ship was transferred for trial operation in the Russian Navy without being put into service. It immediately turned out that the practical use of this submarine was out of the question. In particular, the power plant could only operate safely at 50% of the capacity declared in the documentation. For a short time, the thrust could be increased to 70% of the nominal, but this often became the cause of breakdowns of a number of parts, which then required long-term repairs. In addition, the characteristics of the submarine's combat information and control system and its hydroacoustic complex turned out to be unsatisfactory.

Commenting on the results obtained, Vysotsky, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, categorically stated that the fleet did not need such submarines. However, then he explained that the Lada project itself remains promising - only St. Petersburg will remain a prototype for developing technologies.

Subsequently, after the change of command of the Navy, financing of the program for the creation of Project 677 submarines was resumed. In 2013, in particular, the construction of the second submarine of this series, called "Kronstadt", was resumed.

Meanwhile, the developers of the anaerobic power plant continued to be plagued by setbacks. Representatives of the Rubin Central Design Bureau, in different years, gave rather contradictory comments about the progress of their project, either promising to demonstrate a ready engine of the proper power in the very near future, or complaining about the complete cessation of funding.

The situation with VNEU remains uncertain today. Apparently, the 677 series submarines will never receive this fundamentally new power plant. In any case, the already launched Kronstadt does not have it, nor does it appear on the Velikiye Luki submarine under construction. In accordance with the announced plans of the Rubin Design Bureau, submarines of the Kalina project will be equipped with air-independent engines, but if this happens, it will be in a rather distant future.

We have to admit that the program for the creation of Project 677 submarines was clearly unsuccessful. In their current form, both "St. Petersburg", and "Kronstadt", and "Velikie Luki" are submarines not of the fourth, but of the third generation, which do not have tangible advantages over the old "Varshavyanka".

The lag behind foreign designers was already in the "zero" years to such an extent obvious that the question arose of purchasing German Project 212A submarines for the needs of the Navy.

Today there are no such plans, but the situation remains uncertain. If the fine-tuning of VNEU is not completed in the near future, Russian creators of non-nuclear submarines risk falling behind their foreign competitors not by several years, but forever.

The role of diesel-electric submarines in the Russian Navy

The appearance of nuclear submarines was at one time considered by many experts as the end of the era of the former diesel-electric boats. In the United States, their construction stopped at the end of the 50s. This is quite understandable - after all, the American fleet is mainly oceanic, not sea. Nuclear submarines are the best suited for long underwater crossings - they do not need to "surface" and reveal themselves.

Meanwhile, for the Soviet, and then for the Russian fleet, actions on near and coastal communications, especially in the Baltic and Black Seas, are of great importance. For these conditions, diesel-electric multipurpose submarines of Russia are more suitable. They are less noisy than atomic ones, much smaller in size and much cheaper.

In addition, the development electronic equipment and missile weapons makes it possible to successfully use modern diesel-electric submarines to destroy ground targets. In particular, both the Project 677 submarines and the Varshavyanka submarines developed back in the USSR can launch the Caliber long-range cruise missiles, which significantly increases their strike potential.

New submarines with air-independent engines can significantly surpass their atomic rivals, even in ocean communications, since they no longer need to "surface". The prospect of this direction has been repeatedly proven in naval exercises, when diesel-electric submarines successfully "sank" larger and noisier boats with nuclear reactors on board.

Design features

One of the main differences between Project 677 and the submarines "Halibut" and "Varshavyanka" was the one-and-a-half-hull design. At the same time, the light body is so small that sometimes the "Lada" is also called a single-hull. This decision led to a decrease in the size of the submarine and its displacement. At the same time, it was possible to further reduce the noise level generated by the movement of the submarine, and it became much more difficult to detect.

The body and its layout

The robust hull of Project 677 submarines is made of special AB-2 steel. Its shape is close to cylindrical, and its diameter almost does not change along its entire length. There are hemispherical endings on the bow and stern. Front depth rudders are installed on the wheelhouse, and rear rudders are installed at the stern, forming a kind of "cross" together with the rudder. In general, the control surfaces are placed so as not to interfere with the operation of the hydroacoustic complex.

The hull is divided into separate rooms by transverse bulkheads and longitudinal platforms.

The list of compartments is as follows:

Bow (torpedo compartment). It contains torpedo tubes, spare ammunition and a silent reloading system;
Second compartment. The main room is the central post from which the submarine is controlled. On the lower tiers there is a part of the accumulators and auxiliary mechanisms;
Third (residential) compartment. There is a wardroom, a galley, a medical block, as well as cabins for all crew members;
Fourth compartment. Designed to accommodate diesel generators;
Fifth compartment. There is an electric motor that drives the propellers of the submarine.

Thanks to a rather large wardroom and the presence of berths for each of the crew members, Project 677 Lada submarines have become the most comfortable of all built for the Soviet and Russian navies.

An anti-hydroacoustic coating is installed on the hull of the submarine, the layer of which reaches forty millimeters in thickness. Thanks to this, its own noise is reduced, and signals from active sonar stations of the enemy are absorbed.

Power point

The submarine is propelled by the main electric propulsion system SED-1. Its power is 4100 horsepower. Rechargeable batteries (in a submerged position), or 28DG generators, generating direct current with a total capacity of 2000 kilowatts and connected to diesel engines D-49 (V-shaped engines with eight cylinders), can be used as a power source.

In addition, there are two auxiliary PG-102M electric motors on board. Each of them develops 140 horsepower. These motors are intended for outboard screw speakers, with the help of which steering is carried out.

Unfortunately, the air-independent power plant on Project 677 submarines is currently not used. Its parameters are unknown, although earlier representatives of the Rubin Design Bureau claimed that the anaerobic engine they created would allow a submerged submarine to move at a speed of up to 10 knots.

Target equipment

The main instrument for finding targets on Project 677 submarines is the Lira hydroacoustic complex. It includes the following elements:

Noise finding antennas. The main one, L-01, is located on the bow of the submarine. The other two are also in the front of the boat, but along the sides;
Hydroacoustic station with towed antenna;
Active GAS for communication under water, measuring distance and searching for mines.

Data processing is carried out by the "Lithium" combat information and control system. On the surface, the KRM-66 radar system can be used.

Armament of submarines of project 677

In the forward compartment of the diesel-electric submarine "Lada" there are six torpedo tubes of caliber 533. With their help, the following means of destruction are used:

USET-80K torpedoes. Range - up to 18 km, speed - 45 knots;
Torpedoes (underwater missiles) "Shkval". Range - up to 13 km, speed - 300 km / h;
Cruise missiles P-800 "Onyx". Designed to destroy surface ships of all classes. Launch range - up to 600 km, speed - 2M when flying over the sea;
Caliber cruise missiles.

Initially, it was supposed to arm the submarine with TE-2 torpedoes, but they were not ready for operation at the time of the launch of the lead "St. Petersburg". If you believe the latest reports, it is possible to use both anti-ship "Calibers" and another version of this missile, designed to destroy ground targets at a distance of one and a half thousand kilometers or more.

The submarine's ammunition load includes up to 18 torpedoes or missiles. Instead, you can also load 44 naval mines to perform covert missions.

Some publications claimed that the Lada submarines were equipped with special vertical silos for launching missiles. Such a project really exists. It was developed as a special, export, modification and received a special name "Amur-950". One of its features, along with missile silos, was the reduction in the number of torpedo tubes to four.

The matter has not gone further than the project, since foreign customers have shown practically no interest in the Amur-950. This is most likely due to the same thing as in the "Lad", the absence of an air-independent power plant, without which the submarine is uncompetitive.

In addition, it was reported several times that Project 677 submarines would be equipped with Zircon hypersonic anti-ship missiles, however, according to the most recent information, this promising weapon will not be installed on the Lada.

Specifications

Displacement	1765 tons surface, 2650 tons underwater
Submarine length	66.8 m
Width	7.1 m
Draft	6.7 m
Surface speed	10 knots
Underwater speed	Up to 21 knots
Power reserve when surfaced by economic speed	Up to 16,000 miles
Power reserve when driving with a snorkel (RDP)	Up to 6500 miles
Power reserve in submerged position	650 miles
Working depth	240-260 m
Limiting depth	300 m
Autonomy	45 days
Crew size	35 people

Air independent engines, if they do appear on the Ladakh, will greatly improve the performance of these submarines.

Combat and training use

Until now, the fleet included only one submarine of Project 677 - "St. Petersburg". Its use was extremely experienced - various on-board systems and equipment were tested. At the same time, a huge number of various flaws were discovered. Suffice it to say that after the submarine was handed over to the customer, it turned out that the sonar complex was completely absent on board - only external antennas were installed.

The seaworthiness of the ship, due to a poorly working power plant, did not allow exits from the port in conditions of storm and significant waves. Many other components and assemblies also caused complaints. Over the next years, most of the detected defects were eliminated, but even today the reputation of St. Petersburg is not brilliant.

In April, this submarine performed a test launch of a cruise missile - for some reason, directly from the base. Despite the successful defeat of the target, the state of the submarine and the degree of its combat readiness are still in question.

The next ship in this series, Kronstadt, has been launched and is undergoing a test cycle. In July 2019, this submarine took part in the naval parade in St. Petersburg.

Advantages and disadvantages

Unfortunately, the submarines of Project 677 are still difficult to recognize as successful. Despite the fact that in publications they are called fourth-generation submarines, in fact, they belong to the third. Their most significant advantages are:

Acoustic stealth. According to the designers, they managed to achieve a reduction in the noise level by 50% in comparison with the "Varshavyanka";
Improved characteristics of the sonar complex. The exact values are not named here;
Ability to use the most advanced weapon systems;
Excellent conditions for the crew on board.

The main drawback of the boat is obvious - it did not receive the power plant planned in accordance with the project. Due to this, the submarines of Project 677 are the same "diving" as their predecessors, no development in this direction has occurred. In addition, there is still no detailed information about whether it was possible to achieve full-fledged operation of the hydroacoustic complex.

The manufacturer's declared ability to launch a salvo has not yet been evaluated. Most likely, the Amur-950 submarines should have had this characteristic, but they have not yet been built.

In general, it can be assumed that the submarines of Project 677 will not displace, but rather complement diesel submarines"Halibut" and "Varshavyanka", which are already in the Russian Navy. The reduced displacement will allow the new boats to be used primarily near the sea coast.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them.

MOSCOW, June 28 - RIA Novosti, Mikhail Sevastyanov. By building a large series of Lada-class diesel-electric submarines with an air-independent (anaerobic) power plant, Russia will actively develop non-nuclear submarines. This conclusion can be drawn from the statements of representatives of the main command of the Navy and the shipbuilding industry of the defense industry complex, made on Wednesday in St. Petersburg.

Very large series

On the first day of the work of the Eighth International Maritime Defense Show IMDS-2017, held in St. Lada-class submarines will become the main project for the Russian non-nuclear submarine forces; the series of these submarines "will be very large"; modernization of project 677 involves equipping submarines with anaerobic (air-independent) power plants.

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The general director of the St. Petersburg Admiralty Shipyards, which are building Lada-class submarines, Alexander Buzakov, specified that the fourth and fifth submarines of this project will be built within the next five years.

The non-nuclear answer to America

“By building a large series of diesel-electric submarines of Project 677 of the Lada class with an air-independent power plant, Russia will actively develop non-nuclear submarine forces,” said Mikhail Nenashev, chairman of the All-Russian Fleet Support Movement (DPF), Ph.D. ...

In his opinion, this will be the Russian response to the US message about the development of the direction associated with American conventional weapons. "If we consider underwater air independence from a geopolitical point of view, our diesel-electric missile-torpedo boats are also one of the vectors for the development of non-nuclear weapons," the DPF chairman believes.

He noted that now in the Russian Navy, sea and ocean tasks are being successfully solved by diesel submarines of the Varshavyanka class of projects 636.3 and 877. "They have proven their effectiveness, in particular, by the strikes of the Kalibr-PL missile systems against the targets of international terrorists on the territory of Syria. . And for a long time they will serve the cause of the defense of our country and carry out the tasks of maintaining international security", - said Nenashev.

"There were a lot of problems with the boats of Project 677, in particular with the St. Petersburg. But Russian submarine building is developing despite difficult times. A lot of developments that are now being tested are used on Project 677, known as Lada, - the only boat "Saint Petersburg" so far, which is undergoing final tests in the Northern Fleet. electronic warfare, cyber security, "- said the military expert.

The Russian Navy will continue the construction of non-nuclear submarines "Lada"Earlier it was reported that the diesel-electric submarine "Kronstadt" will be launched in 2018. The lead submarine of Project 677 "Lada" - "St. Petersburg" - has been in trial operation in the Northern Fleet since 2010.

According to him, due to the trial operation of "St. Petersburg", the project has been significantly changed.

"Already the submarines of project 677" Kronstadt "and" Velikie Luki "will become the carriers of many new complexes associated with lower noise levels, increased stealth, more accurate navigation support, improved living conditions. performance characteristics rocket and torpedo weapons on board. And, most likely, they will indeed be equipped with an air-independent power plant, "Nenashev said.

He clarified that if the anaerobic power plant, which has been developed in Russia for quite a long time, can be installed on the Project 677 submarines, the Lada may not float much longer than the Varshavyanka, which fill the batteries every day. "By the way, new developments in this area are on the way - power plants operating almost on the principle of a reactor ", - added the chairman of the DPF.

Promising "Lada"

Russian diesel-electric submarines (diesel-electric submarines) of project 677 of the "Lada" type belong to the fourth generation of non-nuclear submarines. They are designed to combat submarines, surface ships, defeat the coastal targets of a potential enemy, lay minefields, transport subunits and special-purpose cargo.

Project 677 submarines are highly automated and have a low noise level. They can be armed with Kalibr-PL complex cruise missiles, torpedoes, missile torpedoes, Igla anti-aircraft missiles.

The surface displacement of the ship is about 1.8 thousand tons. The immersion depth is up to 350 meters. Maximum speed underwater course - more than 20 knots (one knot - 1852 meters per hour). The number of the submarine's crew is just over 30 people.

The lead submarine of the series - "St. Petersburg" - was laid down at the "Admiralty Shipyards" of the Northern Capital in 1997; after the transfer to the Navy in 2010, it is in trial operation in the Northern Fleet. The second ship of Project 677 - "Kronstadt" - was laid down in 2005, the third - "Velikie Luki" - in 2006. Then the construction of these submarines in St. Petersburg was frozen and resumed in 2013. The contract for the construction of the fourth and fifth submarines of the series for the Russian Navy until 2025 is planned to be concluded in the near future.

Up to two weeks without surfacing

Submarines of the "Lada" type are planned to be the first of the Russian non-nuclear submarines to be equipped with air-independent power plants (VNEU), the main advantage of which is to increase the stealth of the submarine. The submarine is able to stay under water for up to two weeks without surfacing to charge the batteries, while diesel-electric submarines of projects 636 and 877 of the Varshavyanka class are forced to surface every day.

VNEU developed in Russia is fundamentally different from foreign ones by the method of producing hydrogen: the plant itself provides for its "withdrawal" in the volume of consumption by reforming diesel fuel. Foreign submarines are loading transported supplies of hydrogen on board.

In Russia, the Rubin Central Design Bureau of Marine Engineering is most productively engaged in the development of an anaerobic installation and a lithium-ion storage battery, which significantly increase the duration of non-ascent submarine sailing of non-nuclear submarines, where they create a full-scale operating model - a modernized version of the Lada-type submarine.

VNEU will also be installed on Project 677 submarines of the "Amur" type intended for foreign customers. This should significantly increase the export potential of Russian-made combat submarines.

The fourth generation of non-nuclear submarines of Project 677 "Lada" surpassed in their characteristics the submarine 636 of the project, which is unofficially called a "black hole" for stealth and noiselessness.

This was stated in an interview with a TASS correspondent by the general director of JSC "Admiralty shipyards" Alexander Buzakov. “Based on the results of the trial operation of the Saint Petersburg submarine, it can be said that Lada surpasses its predecessor, Project 636, in stealth, which is called the“ black hole ”all over the world,” he said.

The fourth generation submarines of the Lada project are a further development of the Project 636 submarines, Buzakov recalled. They are distinguished by a low noise level due to a new anti-hydrolocation coating, an improved sonar system, as well as new technologies and materials.

“In addition, within the framework of project 677, a significant amount of research and development work (R&D) was carried out. By introducing new developments on submarines of Project 677, we are "pulling" the submarines of Project 636 to a new level. A vivid example is non-penetrating lifting and mast devices, which were first installed on the first Lada (St. Petersburg), and today have been successfully implemented on all 636 series of the project, "the agency's source added.

The head of the Admiralty Shipyards noted that today the boats of projects 636 and 677 are “one of the most serious representatives of their class thanks to their powerful missile armament”.

Speaking about the possible continuation of the Lada series, Buzakov stressed that such issues are within the competence of the Ministry of Defense. “Yes, there are such plans, but without a government decree on the state defense order, it’s premature to talk about a specific time frame for signing a contract,” the agency’s interlocutor explained.

Admiralty Shipyards are one of the oldest shipbuilding companies in the country. In 2014, they celebrated 310 years since their founding. Almost 3 thousand ships for various purposes left the shipyard's slipways, including the world's first seagoing destroyer, the so-called "hidden ship" - the prototype of the first submarine, the legendary cruiser "Aurora", the first nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin".

Today this St. Petersburg enterprise is the center of non-nuclear submarine shipbuilding in Russia. Submarines of projects 636 and 677 are being built on the stocks of the Admiralty Shipyards.

Well, then I bring to your attention detailed information about these submarines. Taken from here - http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-217.html:

Large diesel-electric submarine (“B”). Developed by CDB MT "Rubin", chief designer- Yu.N. Kormilitsyn. R&D started in 1987 and initially it was planned to build a large series of submarines at the plants Leningrad Admiralty Association (Leningrad), Sevmash (Severodvinsk), Krasnoe Sormovo (Nizhny Novgorod) and Im. Lenin Komsomol "(Komsomolsk-on-Amur).

The technical design of the submarine pr. 677 was approved in 1993, but was sent for processing. The second version of the technical design was approved in 1997. During the creation of the submarine, 180 R&D projects were worked out. Development of SJSC on initial stage entrusted to the Research Institute “Okeanpribor”, but the proposed SJSC project in terms of mass and dimensional characteristics could not be placed on the submarine of pr. 677. Director General of CDB MT “Rubin” ID Spassky achieved the decision of the Ministry of the Industry to transfer the development of SJSC to the radio-electronic software “Volna” (Moscow city). In the summer of 2005, FSUE NPO Elektropribor (Saint Petersburg, contract dated April 2006) joined the finalization of the SJSC as the main contractor.

The lead boats of the series - project 677 “Lada” - B-585 (sometimes the names B-100 and S-100, serial number 01570) and the head project 677E “Amur” (“Amur-1650”) were laid down at the plant FSUE “ Admiralty Shipyards "(St. Petersburg) December 26, 1997 In 1997, the submarine B-585 was named" St. Petersburg ". During 1998-2001 (as of April 1, 2002), the Admiralty Shipyards spent 335.1 million rubles for the construction of the head submarine pr. 677, including 263.1 million rubles from the federal budget (including 175.5 million rubles in 2001). In the first quarter of 2002, federal funding for the construction of the order was not carried out ().

The lead boat was launched on October 28, 2004. The submarine was planned to be commissioned in 2006 (it was not completed on time). On December 14-21, 2005, the submarine “Saint Petersburg” made the first trip to sea for testing, the first dive was made. According to media reports, in 2006 the boat was supposed to start state tests, but until the first half of 2008 (at least) it underwent factory sea trials with fine-tuning of submarine components and complexes. As of 2009, the acceptance of the Navy submarine is planned for 2009-2010. In February 2010, it was announced that the lead boat "Saint Petersburg" would be accepted into trial operation by the Navy until the summer, and on April 22, 2010, the Navy signed an acceptance act of the lead boat B-585 “St. Petersburg”, the boat was accepted for trial operation. On May 8, 2010, the Russian Navy flag was raised on the B-585 "Saint Petersburg" submarine.

Submarine B-585 "St. Petersburg" pr. 677 on the Neva in St. Petersburg on Navy Day, 25.07.2010 (photo - Dmitry Shipulya, http://militaryrussia.ru/forum). The series of submarines pr. 677 is located in production - in total, according to plans for 2009, it is planned to build 8 submarines of this type for the Russian Navy. According to the State Armaments Program for 2007-2015, it is planned to build 6 submarines pr. 677. In early November 2011, there was information that the construction of submarines pr. 677 was frozen. November 24, 2011 general manager CDB MT "Rubin" A. Dyachkov said that the boats of the project will be modernized according to the finalized technical design (code name Project 677D). The new technical design will be ready in 2013, after which the second and third boats of Project 677 will be completed according to the new project.

On June 27, 2012, the media reported that the Russian Navy decided to resume the construction of the submarine pr. 677 according to the adjusted project. On February 13, 2012, the general director of Rosoboronexport, Anatoly Isaikin, told the media: “To date, the decision on the serial construction of these submarines has been made by the Russian Ministry of Defense. in progress. "On May 18, 2013, the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy said in the media that the first three submarines of pr. 677 will be received by the Fleet with conventional power plants (). The contract for the construction of" Krognshtadt "and" Sevastopol "entered into force on July 9, 2013 ().

Submarine B-585 "St. Petersburg" pr. 677 in Kronstadt, November 2010 (photo from the archive of Vladimir Vladimirovich, http://military.tomsk.ru/forum).

The submarine design is one-and-a-half-hull, the hull design uses AB-2 steel developed by TsNI KM “Prometey”. Through the use of the most modern means acoustic protection it is assumed that the noise level of the submarine will be several times lower than the noise level of the submarine pr.877. On the submarine of this project, the horizontal cutting rudders are installed. The anti-hydroacoustic coating of the boat was developed by the Central Research Institute. Academician Krylova is made of 7-8-layer and 40 mm thick.

1 compartment - GAK and TA antennas 2 compartment - command post 3 compartment - residential 4 and 5 compartments - power plant

Motors: full electric propulsion with a single all-mode electric motor

2 х 28DG direct current diesel generators of the Kolomna plant and Electrosila JSC with a capacity of 1000 kW, the generator uses an 8-cylinder V-shaped diesel D-49 with a piston diameter of 260 mm, a piston stroke of 260 mm and a rotational speed of up to 1000 rpm min. Diesel generators are controlled remotely from a central station using a digital control system. During the repair, which was carried out on March 27, 2012 on the lead boat "Saint Petersburg" at the Admiralty Shipyards, the generators were replaced (). 1 х main propeller motor SED-1 (brushless low-speed all-mode electric motor with permanent magnet excitation) with a power of 4100 hp (4100 kW according to other data), developed by TsKB MT "Rubin" together with FSUE NIIEFA im. D.V. Efremova. Production of OJSC "New Era" (assembly), OJSC "Electrosila", FGUP TsNII "Elektropribor". Management - digital control system developed by the Central Research Institute "Electropribor". A small prototype of the engine was successfully tested, the first full-size prototype was installed on the head submarine of project 677. According to the results of tests in 2006, a significant revision of the system was required at a speed of 125 rpm or more, carried out in 2007. Power developed by the engine during tests according to Lukin's data (see sources) did not exceed 50%. As of May 2010, the B-585 submarine was put into trial operation by the Navy with a hydroelectric engine operating at 60% capacity. As of November 2011, according to unofficial data and according to the media, problems with the lack of knowledge of the electric motor remain. 2 x external screw propellers RDK-35 with PG-102M (?) Electric motors 140 hp each development of NPP "Marine Engineering".

Mechanics - 1 shaft and 1 7-blade fixed-pitch propeller with saber blades and two external screw columns RDK-35.

External screw column RDK-35, submarine B-585 “Saint Petersburg”, 2009 (photo from the archive of Ispytatel_10, http://forums.airbase.ru).

Power engineering - accumulators, 2 groups of 126 pcs - product 476, total capacity - 10580 kW / h. Power supply system of the submarine - for withdrawable devices - direct current with a voltage of not less than 175 and not more than 320 volts.

According to an interview with Alexander Buzakov, director of the Admiralty Shipyards, the completion of the boats according to the modernized project will begin in 2013 if they are included in the State Defense Order for a year. Also, when the standard lithium storage batteries are ready, they will be installed on the Kronstadt submarine. As of September 2012, funding for work on lithium batteries has been allocated, experimental work has been carried out.

The rescue system is a universal rescue complex of the KSU-600 type for remote automatic release of PSNL-20 life rafts (2 pcs, in the superstructure in front of the retractable devices fence, the system was developed by the Lazurit Central Design Bureau, is also used on the K-335 Gepard submarine).

Performance characteristics of the submarine: Crew - 35 people

Length - 66.8 m Width - 7.1 m Draft - 6.7 m Surface displacement - 1765 tons (1950 tons according to other data) Submerged displacement - 2650 tons Surface speed - 10 knot Maximum submerged speed - 21 knots Maximum submerged travel range with alternating RPM mode (speed 7 knots) and quiet running (3.5 knots) - 16000 miles (taking into account fuel consumption for charging batteries) Range underwater in RDP mode (speed 7 knots): - 6500 miles (excluding fuel consumption for charging batteries) - 6000 miles () Operating range underwater (speed 3 knots) - 650 miles Operating immersion depth - 240-250 m (according to various sources) Maximum immersion depth - 300 m Autonomy - 45 days Guaranteed service life - 25 years Guaranteed service life before the first repair - 10 years Submarine noise - by to statements in the media, the noise level of pr. 677 should be 50% of the noise level of the submarine of pr. 877, which means a noise level of about 30 dB in calm weather. Armament: 6 x 533-mm bow torpedo tubes with an air firing system and an automatic fast silent reloading device "Murena" (2 upper tier torpedo tubes are adapted for firing remote-controlled torpedoes). According to the TTZ for the creation of submarines, it was supposed to install 4 torpedo tubes with ammunition of 12 torpedoes. Ammunition - mines, 18 torpedoes (types SAET-60M, UGST and USET-80K), torpedo missiles "Shkval" and anti-ship missiles "Turquoise" (Club-S), launched from torpedo tubes or 22 mines of the type DM-1. According to the data of 2009, in the 1990s, the TE-2 "Toy" torpedo was developed for the submarine of pr. 677 - fate is unknown. 6 x Igla-1M MANPADS

The system of torpedo tubes submarine pr. 677 (picture Tomasz Grotnik, from Grotnik Tomasz, Pierwsza Lada przed wejsciem do sluzby. // Nova Technika Wojskowa. No. 3/2007, Poland).

View of the covers of the bow torpedo tubes of the submarine "Saint Petersburg" pr. 677 LADA (October 28, 2004, http://www.elforo.de)

The bow of the submarine "St. Petersburg" pr.677 - in the center you can clearly see the hatch for loading torpedoes (http://forums.airbase.ru).

Equipment:

	Project 677	Project 677D
BIUS (combat information management system)	Complex system automated control ship "Lithium" developed by NPO "Aurora" with the participation of CDB MT "Rubin" and several research institutes of the Navy (the prototype of the "Lithium" system is the "Bulat" system developed in the 1980s). Automated traffic control system "Liana". As of November 2011, according to some media, there are still problems with the lack of knowledge of BIUS "Lithium" (not confirmed).	BIUS "Lithium"
General ship systems management		Upgraded control system for ship technical equipment ()
GAK	SJSC "Lira" (according to the results of tests in 2006, a significant revision of the system was required - probably in terms of interfacing SJSC with BIUS "Lithium" and in terms of software) - SJSC R&D since the beginning of the 1980s. Lead developer - software "Volna" (Moscow), the main developer - TsNII "Electropribor" (officially since April 2005, actually since summer 2005). Production of SJSC - Taganrog plant "Priboy". As of 2008, design tests of the SAC and tests were carried out software at the stand. The composition of the SJSC: - Device No. 1 of SJSC Lira - bow quasi-conformal noise direction-finding antenna of a large area L-01 - Onboard quasi-conformal noise direction-finding antennas GAS in the bow of the hull- GAS active mine detection, measuring distances and sound underwater communication - GAS with a towed acoustic antenna (pr. 677 - exactly, Project 677E -?) - Navigation safety equipment "GAS-BP" (third final stage of testing since January 2007)	SJSC "Lira"
Radar complex	Radar KRM-66 "Kodak", the export version of the KRM-66E - developed and manufactured by the concern "Granit-Electron" (St. Petersburg). Includes active and passive radar channels, combined antenna post of channels, a set of spare parts. Power supply - from a direct current network of 175-320 volts. Power consumption - 3.5 kW
Radio technical equipment
Radio communication	Digital complex of radio communications "Distance" (including the exhaust towed antenna K-697 for underwater communications - from the upper aft end of the wheelhouse fence, antenna length 20 m, is used at a depth of up to 100 m according to unverified western data)
Navigation complex	Navigation complex "Apassionata" (tested in 2007) with an inertial navigation system and a satellite navigation system GPS / GLONASS - for the first time on a submarine in the Navy of the USSR and Russia, small-sized, with reduced power consumption. By 2008, passed state tests, developed by the Central Research Institute "Electropribor". Navigation accuracy - deviation of the coordinates of a place in 2 days - 5 km when changing courses up to 6 deg / min. The completion of the development of the Central Research Institute "Electropribor" was announced on 03.12.2003 (http://www.rbc.ru/spb/), the cost of the CPC is reported - 8 million USD. Both periscopes with gyroscopic line of sight stabilization. The operation of periscopes is provided at a submarine speed of up to 10 knots. In 2004, the Parus-98 UPK was shipped to the FSUE Admiralteyskie Verfi for installation on the lead submarine pr. 677 Saint Petersburg.	Modernized navigation complex ()
Periscopes	Unified periscope complex UPK "Parus-98" ("Parus-98E" - export version). Developer - CDB MT "Rubin", lead contractor and co-developer - Central Research Institute "Electropribor". Complex composition: - non-penetrating commander periscope "Parus-98KP" (commander periscope) with optical and TV channels with variable magnification from 1.5 to 12X - daytime and low-level, with video recording - developed by FGUP TsKB "Foton"; - optocoupler mast of non-penetrating type "Parus-98UP" (universal periscope) with TV channels with variable magnification from 1.5 to 12X - daytime and low-level, thermal imaging channel, laser rangefinder channel - developed by FSUE Central Design Bureau "Foton";	UPK "Parus-98"
Other

At the stage of the first sea trials (December 2005), a non-standard navigation radar Gals produced by NPO Gorizont was installed on the Saint Petersburg submarine. Since 2007, equipment has been tested at the submarine "Saint Petersburg": PMU (retractable cabin fencing) "Zhikler", PMU "Kodak", PMU "Pineapple", RDP, UPK "Parus-98" (with outboard cables) , blocks BDA complex "Blade", SEV "Gnom-2M". ROC "Lira" (SJSC) did not pass the test due to the unavailability of the software (revision plan - 2008). The submarine uses the COSPAS-SARSAT V-603 emergency transmitter. At the submarine "St. Petersburg" pr. 677, as of the summer of 2009, the SAC is still being finalized. Submarine pr. 677E as of 2007 does not yet have a SJSC (not ready, the amount of expenditures for the development of SJSC already amounts to 1 billion 300 million rubles).

As of November 2011, according to unofficial data, the problems with the lack of knowledge of the SJSC have been resolved.

General view and a fragment of quasi-conformal noise direction-finding antennas of the GAS (bow and side) of the Lira SJSC (photo probably of the Kronstadt submarine, 2009, from the Deep Blue Sea archive, 15.11.2014 ,

The news is seemingly insignificant, but in fact, very important.

If on nuclear-powered submarines our continued presence at the forefront with the adoption of the Boreyev and Yasen is no longer in doubt, then the situation with non-nuclear submarines is a little more complicated. I will try to clarify it with an excellent example, which is the project 677 non-nuclear submarine Lada.

"St. Petersburg", project 677

Why don't we focus on nuclear powered ships?

... how are the Americans? Because:

For many tasks, the nuclear-powered ship is redundant.
Because of the reactor, nuclear-powered ships have to implement costly and technically complex solutions to achieve an acceptable noise level. And for submarines, the one who makes less noise won. Modern diesel boats run on electric motors underwater and do not make more noise than environment, for which, for example, "Varshavyanka" was nicknamed "black hole".
The price is radically lower for non-nuclear submarines.
The nuclear vessel requires an appropriate service infrastructure, which not every country can pull.
NATO countries that produce diesel boats allow the Americans not to bother themselves, but to buy or rent them as needed. We do not have such an opportunity.
Non-nuclear submarines have an export potential incomparable with nuclear-powered submarines.

Why not stay at Varshavyanka?

Varshavyanka is very successful project diesel-electric submarines, the third modernization of which is now being carried out for the Black Sea Fleet, and the export version is being sold abroad. For example, the third of the six ordered boats should get to before the beginning of 2015.

"Varshavyanka", project 636

But ordinary diesel boats, which include "Varshavyanka", with all the undoubted advantages (the main of which is low noise) there are several fundamental disadvantages:

Time spent under water- just a few days. And the cruising range under water is 400 miles. Then the batteries are discharged and it is necessary to float up in order to charge them with the help of diesel engines. Therefore, classic diesel boats are called not underwater, but diving.
Due to the need to save energy, the speed under water is low, usually around 3 knots (~ 5.5 km / h). Critical when chasing.
The lack of energy also causes restrictions on equipment and weapons.

Lada (project 677) - a long-awaited breakthrough?

The boats of this project should replace the well-proven and hit sales of the eighties and nineties, largely due to the export of which our maritime military-industrial complex survived the nineties.

Project 677 has been developed since the early 90s, but for obvious reasons, it is only now being brought to the point where it becomes a submarine capable of influencing the balance of power at sea.

Submarine "Saint Petersburg", project 677

So let's look at what is so good about "Lada".

Armament

In addition to the traditional mine-torpedo armament (6 torpedo tubes 533 mm, 18 torpedoes or mines), it shoots from all 6 torpedo tubes missiles("Varshavyanka" is only of the top two).

In addition, the 677th project is the world's first non-nuclear submarine equipped with specialized launchers for cruise missiles (10 vertical launchers in the middle of the hull).

Export version of project 677 - "Amur-1650"

These missiles can be:

operational and tactical,
anti-ship,
long-range cruise missiles designed to defeat strategic targets deep in enemy territory (generally a new application for non-nuclear submarines).

Moreover, all this variety can be released in one gulp, which increases the likelihood of hitting a target and which other non-nuclear submarines cannot.

Straightaway the scope of application is significantly expanded.

Other innovations

To reduce the noise of the boat, vibration isolators and an all-mode propeller motor with permanent magnets are used.
Reducing the displacement from 2350 (the figure for the project is 636.3) to 1765 tons, as well as the number of the crew from 52 to 35 people. This made the boat more compact and less visible.
Significant, at times, lowering the level of the acoustic field (despite the fact that even the "Varshavyanka" continue to be one of the quietest submarines in its class.
Decrease in non-acoustic fields.
The service life of the equipment is doubled on average.
Lada is equipped with a new generation of radio electronics. The control of the ship, its weapons and mechanisms is summarized in united automated system and is carried out from the consoles at the command post.
The hull of the boat is covered with "Lightning" material, which absorbs sonar signals.
The "Lada" has a modern hydroacoustic complex"Lyra" with antenna systems, which in their area are equal to those used on nuclear submarines and are superior to those on diesel-electric submarines of Project 636. That allows you to detect the enemy earlier, and this is equivalent to victory in the confrontation with him.
"St. Petersburg", the lead boat of Project 677 has been in service since 2010 and most of the innovations have been tested and debugged.
Lithium-ion batteries... They can be easily installed in place of a standard lead-acid one, while the boat will receive a longer duration of diving. “Experimental work has been carried out, funding has been allocated and the manufacturer is working on the production of a standard unit. If it is ready on time, it will find its place on the serial hulls of the fourth generation submarines. "

As a result we have a boat capable of submerging to 300 meters, having a full underwater speed of up to 21 knots and an autonomy of 45 days, which is an excellent successor to the Varshavyanka. But one innovation can make this boat an absolute leader in its class in the world. Namely, an air-independent power plant (VNEU).

Air-independent power plant (VNEU)

From the name it follows that this installation does not need air to generate electricity, like diesel engines. Consequently, the boat does not need to float to recharge the batteries. More precisely, it is necessary, but much less often.

Time spent under water increases 10 times, up to 25 days.

In fact, the Swedes began to use similar power plants, whose boats are now being produced with similar power plants.

And also the Germans with the project 212/214. That is, here we are in line with new developments.

Just like the Germans, it is based on an electrochemical generator. Electricity will be generated by converting chemical energy into electrical energy without movement and combustion... When oxygen and hydrogen combine, electricity is generated silently, and the only by-product of the process is distilled water. The efficiency of such an installation reaches 70 percent, and the noise level of an anaerobic submarine is lower than natural sea noise. But in addition to this, we use additional improvements.

In order not to carry high-purity hydrogen on board the submarine, the installation provides for hydrogen in the volume of consumption through the reforming of diesel fuel. Therefore, the Russian VNEU will be much more economical than its German counterpart.
Fuel cells are also used to enrich the diesel power plant with oxygen.

There are two ways to develop mechanisms for recharging batteries in a submerged position. Electrochemical generator (ECH) or Stirling engine. The Stirling engine used by the Swedes is considered more promising. We apparently use ECH, like the Germans, but with the exception of the expensive structure for storing and charging fuel cells on board with hydrogen. The choice of technology obviously took into account a large number of factors, some of which are not obvious to outside observers.

In combination with the other above-mentioned advantages, Lada becomes out of competition.

In addition, during its production, it will be possible to vary the configuration depending on the wishes and capabilities of the customer.

Competitors

There are enough competitors:

Germany, project 212/214

Sweden, Gotland

France, Scorpene

Are non-nuclear boats really that effective?

Examples of the effectiveness of non-nuclear submarines:

In its first exit from the base in Kamchatka, the first Pacific Ocean "Varshavyanka" (Project 877 submarine), just accepted by the fleet, discovered an American Los Angeles-class nuclear submarine.
In October 2006, a Chinese Song-class submarine surfaced in close proximity (five miles) to the aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk (CV-63) as the strike team maneuvered off the Okinawa Islands. The boat was discovered visually by the pilot of one of the flying aircraft, fulfilling a training mission. This case was another evidence of the insufficient effectiveness of the anti-submarine defense of the aircraft carrier formation, even in relation to Song-class submarines, which ONI considers less dangerous opponents in comparison with projects 636 and 677
During an exercise in the Caribbean, the crew of the German Type 212A submarine was able to unnoticed the defense system of the American aircraft carrier "Enterprise" and simulated the launch of a torpedo fan. In another case, the reputation of an American underwater predator suffered - a multipurpose Los Angeles-class submarine, around which the Germans made several circles, but the Americans did not notice anything.
During exercises in the Mediterranean Sea, Israeli submarines of the Dolphin type (modification Type 212) conditionally "sunk" half of the US Sixth Fleet.
in 2003, the Gotland demonstrated unique capabilities in the fight against its most dangerous enemy - enemy submarines. A Swedish submarine tracked down and sank a French nuclear submarine and an American SSN-713 Houston submarine during an exercise in the Mediterranean.
During the Joint Task Force Exercise 06-2 naval exercise, the Gotland "melted" the entire seventh carrier strike group, led by the aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan.

Asymmetric response

The boat has been under development for a very long time. The first copy was adopted for service with a conventional diesel engine. When designing the boat, many problems arose, both financial and technical in nature. In addition, due to a lack of funds, it was necessary to link the fate of the lead boats with the problems of trial operation, fine-tuning, and elimination of problems that have arisen.

But the news indicated in the epigraph suggests that soon Russian navy will get this boat with all of her the latest technology(including VNEU).

We need such boats. And we can get them guaranteed, as the epic with "Mistrals" shows, only by doing it ourselves. Our military-industrial complex has coped with this task by creating a non-nuclear submarine that is truly competitive at the world level. And what is no less important - by creating a cooperation of enterprises for its production.

Project 677 - LADA

now, according to project 677, in addition to "St. Petersburg", "Kronstadt" is being built, and a state contract for "Sevastopol" is to be signed. These boats are built without VNEU.
VNEU will most likely be starting from the fourth boat. According to the plan in 2016 in the form of an additional compartment.

Project 677 submarines (code Lada) are a series of Russian diesel-electric submarines developed at the end of the 20th century at the Rubin Central Design Bureau. They are intended to carry out reconnaissance and sabotage measures against enemy surface ships and submarines, to protect coastal areas from enemy assault forces, as well as to lay minefields and other similar tasks.

Submarines of project 677 "Lada" - video

Thus, the submarine "Lada" is optimally suited for the tasks of modern warfare, which requires maximum mobility and stealth. A feature of this series of submarines is the scheme of their construction, called "one and a half". The fact is that the case (made of AB-2 steel) has the same diameter along its entire length. Unlike large nuclear boats, the bow and stern have a well-pronounced spherical shape. Thanks to the bulkheads, the hull is divided into five independent compartments. There are three decks on the ship.

Impressive hydrodynamic performance is assured by a specially designed, particularly streamlined hull. The retractable devices have exactly the same obstacle that characterizes the ships of the project 877, but the stern tail is made cruciform, and the front rudders are mounted on the fence. This is done so that they create as little interference as possible during the operation of the sonar equipment with which the submarine is equipped. In this sense, the Lada project is a real benchmark: it is extremely quiet, it is extremely difficult to detect it by means of sonar and hydroacoustics.

Armament of the submarine project 677 "Lada"

The main means of defense and attack are six devices for launching torpedoes of 533 mm caliber, and two shafts on the upper deck are intended for firing guided munitions. The standard ammunition includes 18 torpedoes. Most often the submarine "Lada 677" uses ammunition of the universal type (SAET-60M, UGST), special torpedoes to destroy enemy submarines. On board may be cruise missiles, as well as 22 mines of the DM-1 model.

There is a possibility of combat use of anti-submarine missiles of the Shkval type. The firing system allows both single shots and salvo firing from six mines simultaneously. The Murena complex is responsible for reloading the torpedo tubes, which allows the entire operation to be carried out in full automatic mode... The whole process is completely controlled from the command post, which is equipped with the submarine. The Lada project was the first in the Soviet Union to develop a non-nuclear submarine that would use so many sophisticated and highly efficient automation.

To protect the boat from enemy combat aircraft, the crew can use six Igla-1M MANPADS. Coordination of the work of all combat systems is ensured through the use of the "Lithium" system. Thus, the submarine "Lada", the armament of which we have painted, with its small dimensions, the way to deliver big problems any enemy.

Sonar complex

The Lira complex, which includes powerful sensitive antennas, is responsible for sonar reconnaissance. The installation includes three antennas at once, one of which is located on the bow of the submarine, and two are mounted on its sides. Engineers have maximized their diameter for the sake of accurate measurements of underwater noise. So, the front antenna takes up almost the entire space on the bow of the submarine. In case of damage to the onboard equipment, there is a manufactured sonar equipment that the submarine "Lada" (project 677) can tow behind itself on the march.

Navigation system

The navigation system is of the inertial type. Responsible for providing data on the exact location of the ship, as well as for determining the optimal speed at which the weapons on board can be used with maximum efficiency.

The system includes periscope equipment of the UPK Parus-98 type, which includes the following elements:

Non-penetrating commander's periscope, "Parus-98KP". Has daytime and low-level channels (optical and TV). The magnification varies from 1.5 to 12X, there is a possibility of video recording of the observed data.
Optocoupler mast, non-penetrating type "Parus-98UP". In fact, it is a multifunctional universal periscope. The structure includes two channels (day and low-level), the degree of magnification is the same as that of the commander's telescope, and there is a highly efficient laser rangefinder.

Thus, the submarine "Lada", the performance characteristics of which we have briefly described, can be used with equal success in day and night conditions. She always remains invisible to the enemy.

Other elements of the navigation system

The most important element is the radar system of the KRM-66 "Kodak" radar model. Includes active and passive radio channels, can work in a combined mode. With active use, a specially protected, covert communication channel can be activated. It gives a complete picture of the environment surrounding the submarine (including the surface), but at the same time does not unmask the ship. In this sense, the submarine "Lada" (Project 677) is in many ways a unique object, which has no analogues in the world, no matter how hackneyed this expression may sound.

Digital communication system of the "Distance" model. Allows you to exchange information via a bi-directional secure channel for transmitting information with coastal command posts, ships and aircraft (provided that they are at periscope depth). When it becomes necessary to send an emergency message from deep depths, an exhaust towed antenna is used. This equipment is housed in a particularly robust housing that can protect it even in the event of hostilities. Simply put, "Lada" is a very tenacious boat.

Finally, the Appassionata navigation equipment complex. Contains an inertial navigation system, as well as a GPS / GLONASS satellite navigation module. The positioning accuracy when using it is extremely high, but depends on the proximity of the location base station adjustments for this or that "provider".

Power point

The "heart" of the submarine is a diesel-electric power plant, made according to a scheme that provides for the movement exclusively on electric propulsion. This is what makes the Lada submarine different from its foreign counterparts. TTS (transport and technical systems) of foreign ships of this class can provide propulsion only on a diesel engine.

The diesel engine is located in the fourth compartment. To generate electricity, two 28DG brand generators are used, coupled with rectifiers with a capacity of 1000 kW each. Energy is stored in two groups of storage batteries. Each of them contains 126 elements (they are located in the first and third compartments). The total aggregate power of the entire plant in peak condition is 10580 kW / h. The working motor is electric and is excited by permanent magnets. SED-1 brand, specific power is 4100 kW.

The selected engine power and battery capacity are not accidental. The fact is that it is with this ratio that accelerated loading of batteries becomes possible, which practically halves the presence of the submarine at periscope depth. Since the generator does not include a brush collector, the maintenance and operation of the entire installation is greatly simplified and becomes much safer. In this respect, "Lada" is a boat ahead of its time in many ways.

The main scheme of the engine

The all-mode electric propulsion system plays the role of the main propulsion device in all stowed states of the ship. In principle, we have already said that the movement on only one diesel course is not provided in principle. The propeller has seven blades, made according to a special, low-noise technology. This state of affairs was largely achieved due to the saber-shaped blades, which produce a minimum level of noise when driving. In addition, the submarine has two external steering columns of the RDK-35 brand.

The maximum attainable surface speed reaches 21 knots. In a submerged position, the submarine does not accelerate over 10 knots. The cruising range is about 6,000 miles, but when driving economically, you can increase the resource by about another 650 miles.

On the living and working conditions of the ship's crew

The crew includes 35 people. To rescue people in the event of an emergency, the KSU-600 rescue system is provided. It assumes remote automatic release of PSNL-20 life rafts. There are only two of them, they are located in the superstructure for retractable devices. The living area on the submarine is located in the third compartment. Unlike the surface ships of the USSR and the Russian Federation, very good living conditions have been created for the crew. Double cabins are intended for the personnel. Each officer is assigned a separate room.

Meals are taken in the wardroom, combined with the pantry. Food supplies, depending on their characteristics and storage requirements, are located in refrigerated and uncooled pantries. In recent years, a new type of galley equipment has been installed on the submarines of this series: with a very compact size, it provides the preparation of a full and varied food allowance for the crew.

Fresh water supplies are stored in food tanks of stainless steel... You can replenish the supply of fresh food water directly in field conditions. For this purpose, desalination plants are provided, which use heat from working diesel engines... In general, with the normal course of the campaign, the water reserves are quite enough to provide not only domestic, but also technical needs. Fully loaded with everything necessary, the submarine remains autonomous for 45 days.

What's new?

A lot of innovations will be introduced into the design of a well-proven ship. The developer is the famous enterprise CDB MT "Rubin". In mid-2013, it was finally decided that the Lada submarine would continue to be in service with the Russian Navy. In a modernized version, of course. Domestic specialists paid much attention to the modernization of on-board electronic systems... The automation of the torpedo launcher was completely rethought, almost completely redone (taking into account the use of modern technologies) the mechanics of the electrical power plant. Navigation did not remain "bypassed" either: considering how many new solutions were incorporated into it, we can safely say that this system has been created anew. It is not surprising that such a Lada submarine will inevitably attract the attention of foreign customers.

To date, the submarines of Project 677 "Lada" have become one of the most advanced non-nuclear submarines in the world. It is safe to say that, provided that the pace of work is maintained, they will be gladly purchased not only by the domestic Navy, but also by many foreign customers, supporting the country's budget.

Modifications

"Amur-950" - an export modification of the project 677 "Lada" is equipped with four torpedo tubes and an UVP for ten missiles, capable of firing a salvo of ten missiles in two minutes. Crew - 18 (according to other sources 21) people. Autonomy - 30 days. The immersion depth is 250 meters.

Amur-1650 is another export modification. It has a noise-direction-finding antenna capable of detecting particularly low-noise targets; it can fire a salvo of six missiles.

Representatives

B-585 "Saint Petersburg" - is in trial operation until 2016

B-586 "Kronstadt" - until mid-2012, construction was frozen and resumed only on 09.07.2013

The performance characteristics of submarines 677 "Lada"

Type of ship ................. multipurpose diesel-electric submarine
Speed (surface) ................. 10 knots
Speed (underwater) ................. 21 knots
Working immersion depth ................. 250 m
Maximum immersion depth ................. 00 m
Navigation endurance ................. 45 (30 for "Amur-950") days
Crew ................. 35 (21 for "Amur-950") people
Displacement above water ................. 1 765 (1 150) t
Displacement underwater ................. n / a
Length overall (at design waterline) ................. 66.8 (58.8) m
Hull width naib .................. 7.1 (5.65) m
The power plant of the GEM with full electromotion ....... DG with D49 engines; VNEU at TE (in the future)
Torpedo-mine armament ....... 6 TA caliber 533 mm, 18 (16) torpedoes USET-80K, up to 44 min
Missile armament ...... UVP for 10 missiles RK P-800 "Onyx" and / or "Caliber"
Air defense ................. PU MANPADS "Igla-1M", 6 missiles in TPK

Project 677 submarine "Lada" - photo from the parade in St. Petersburg

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