Military Observer. Nuclear cruiser Peter the Great tarkr Ship Peter 1 where is it located

Submarines are considered, nuclear and diesel-electric. It is they who carry out a difficult service far from their native shores, unobtrusively demonstrating the vulnerability of potential opponents, from time to time deliberately allowing themselves to be “detected”. Appearing from the depths of the sea at the most unexpected moments, near the zones of maneuvers of foreign fleets, they show the commanders of their ships that, despite their invisibility, they still exist. In peacetime, this practice is considered normal, but in the event of war, the presence of submarines manifests itself differently. But submariners have their own tactics, and the movement of surface ships is almost impossible to hide, especially such as large aircraft carriers or nuclear-powered cruisers. It seems that these giants are not afraid of anyone.

Is there a need for this giant?

This is how an atomic bomb behaves in the sea. missile cruiser"Peter the Great". "Military Review" - a site dedicated to domestic and foreign weapons systems - introduces its visitors to many technical details the design of this ship, its running characteristics, but refrains from analyzing its combat effectiveness in the event of a serious maritime or global conflict. At the same time, the cruiser, laid down in 1986, may no longer meet the requirements of the new millennium, it was designed without taking into account low visibility technologies and is a large brightly luminous target. It has advantages, but it also has a number of disadvantages, and the maintenance of such a combat unit costs the Russian treasury a round sum every year. So does our fleet need the nuclear cruiser "Peter the Great", or is it better and cheaper to manage with traditional submarines, missile systems and naval aviation? How successfully will he be able to defend Russia's maritime borders in the event of special foreign policy circumstances? What kind of rivals does he have in the open spaces of the ocean?

These questions require detailed and detailed answers.

Series "Orlan"

In those days when Admiral Gorshkov commanded the Soviet fleet, the general ideology of naval strategy was based on large ships, both surface and underwater. The indestructible power of the Soviet Navy was symbolized by numerous nuclear-powered submarines and cruisers bristling with launchers, radars and antennas. Diesel power plants narrowed the radius of operational use naval forces. To ensure the possibility of a visible presence in any area of the world's oceans, the Yuri Andropov, laid down at the Baltic Shipyard (since 1998, Peter the Great), was supposed to. The nuclear cruiser was not built alone, despite the serious economic difficulties of the era of perestroika, the shipyards began a series of four ships of the 1144th project, which received the general name "Orlan". The family "brothers" of "Andropov" were "Kirov", "Frunze" and "Kalinin", also named after prominent figures of the Communist Party. Further events that began to take place in the country showed that, setting such a large-scale task of rearming the surface forces of the Navy, the country's leadership got a little excited. Currently, out of the entire series, only one nuclear-powered missile cruiser, Peter the Great, is a combat-ready unit. What will happen to "Admiral Lazarev" (former "Frunze") and "Admiral Nakhimov" ("Kalinin"), it is already clear that they are undergoing modernization and will be in service before the end of the decade. The fate of "Admiral Ushakov" ("Kirov") is sad, the ship is awaiting disposal.

He can't sneak up unnoticed

This ship is not just big. Only aircraft carriers are larger than it. He can be in autonomous navigation for years, making a planned replacement of personnel and replenishing food supplies. The team consists of 727 sailors, foremen, midshipmen and officers, including 18 pilots and technical personnel servicing helicopters. Speed 32 knots. Displacement 26 thousand tons. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that it is practically impossible to ensure the secrecy of its appearance in any area of the world ocean. And it's not about size, or rather, not only about them. Passage through straits or canals also disavows small-tonnage ships, not like the nuclear-powered cruiser Peter the Great. News that this or that aircraft carrier, destroyer or frigate proceeded through the Suez, the Bosporus or the Dardanelles instantly disperses around the world. So what is the task of this giant, if its location is always known, if not from TV programs, then according to satellite surveillance data?

big goal

It is clear that when such a powerful ship appears off the coast, any potential enemy will become alert and announce a general alarm. The same will be the reaction of the commander of the naval unit, which for some reason will approach the heavy nuclear missile cruiser "Peter the Great". If such an event occurs in peacetime, then everything will end with the usual “exchange of courtesies”, the squadrons will politely bare their teeth at their strike and defense systems, “make noise” with communications and disperse “like ships in the sea”. But in the event of war, things will go much more intense and dangerous. On a large target, the enemy will immediately open fire and do everything to put the cruiser to the bottom. How will Peter the Great respond to launches of anti-ship missiles, torpedoes, air strikes and other hostile actions? And will he be able to deliver a preemptive strike if necessary?

Yes. To do this, he has everything you need.

Armament

It is unique not only in size. There are no such armed non-aircraft-carrying ships in the world as Peter the Great. The nuclear cruiser has a huge arsenal on board, including all possible means of fire destruction and protection against air attacks, underwater attacks, mine threats and other dangers. The “main caliber” is the Granit missiles, located in twenty launchers below deck.

It is impossible to withstand the attack of a flock of these shells; they have an integrated-autonomous control system. The flight is coordinated by the “leader”, which has risen above all other missiles, and if it is hit by enemy missile defense systems, a new leader is automatically “appointed”. Combined with radio interference and decoys, the Granites strike can be considered irresistible.

The S-300F air defense system (in marine version) is supplemented by the Kinzhal and Kashtan anti-aircraft systems. These technical means protect the TARK from the effects of anti-ship missiles, including those launched from aircraft. Moreover, they are capable of hitting even high-precision laser-guided bombs.

A torpedo attack will also fail. In addition to these missile weapons, there is also 130-caliber artillery, capable of striking at a distance of up to 22 kilometers. To fight enemy submarines, nuclear heavy cruiser Peter the Great is equipped with ten Vodopad launchers with four dozen RSL-40 anti-submarine guided missiles, and two Ka-27 helicopters will help detect them. And that is not all.

In general, there are many weapons. Both barrage and offensive fire have plenty to use.

Ghost of the eighties?

However, all this does not mean at all that the Peter the Great TARK can be called an unsinkable ideal cruiser, against which the enemy is powerless. Such weapons simply do not exist, especially since the ship was designed a long time ago, almost three decades ago. During this time, the concept of military shipbuilding has changed, the silhouettes of warships have become different, the unusual outlines of the marine Stealths have appeared, the complex weaves of antennas have disappeared, the shapes have become simpler, the contour lines have become broken. Some experts in the field of weapons "Peter the Great" (a heavy nuclear missile cruiser seems like an archaic ghost of the era of the seventies and eighties. It already has a lot of resonant arrays, radars and communication antennas. And such experts cite the example of the American "Orly Burke" - the destroyer , built taking into account all modern requirements on stealth and information support.

American rivals

Yes, the American destroyer impresses with its ultra-modern appearance. It's just some kind of transforming robot, it has no protruding parts, and the computer system provides (according to Pentagon representatives) early detection and very fast operational decision-making. There is concern about how successfully the nuclear cruiser Pyotr Veliky will be able to operate against the Aegis system, which is equipped with Orly Burke-class destroyers.

But not everything is so sad. The point is that American newest ships were created on the basis of two main principles: maximum integration of control systems and minimization of costs.

Aegis system

The AN / SPY-1 radar station installed on the Orly Burke uses four phased arrays fixed on the superstructure as an antenna. The whole system is closed to a single processing center, which, of course, gives certain advantages in terms of noise immunity, but at the same time narrows the range of target detection and tracking distances. This disadvantage is especially manifested when it is necessary to repel attacks by low-flying supersonic anti-ship missiles, which Peter the Great possesses. A nuclear-powered cruiser can carry a lot of weapons due to its size, and its antennas, located high, provide long-range detection of even such inconspicuous objects as Orly Burke-class ships (which still cannot be called invisible).

About the antennas of "Peter the Great"

Yes, there are many antennas, and it is precisely because of them that Peter the Great is so clearly visible on the radar screens. The nuclear cruiser is equipped with three radar stations, each of which performs its part of the work. "Sunrise" (MP-600), mounted on the foremast, performs an overview function. Below, on the grotto, is the Frigate M 2 radar (MP-750), it determines all three coordinates of the target. The foremast is equipped with a Tackle (MP-350) antenna, it is capable of detecting low-flying targets - this is exactly the element that is missing in the harmonious chain of air defense systems of the American Aegis system. Tackle operates in a two-coordinate system and has a high scan rate combined with a low elevation angle, which provides the desired performance. Thus, despite its visibility, the Peter the Great TARK has every chance of hitting a much more modern ship of a potential enemy, bringing down its entire rich arsenal on it. He will be able to detect the enemy in advance, and therefore, a sudden attack does not threaten him. He is also quite capable of repelling missiles, for this he has everything necessary.

prospects

History knows examples when warships served in fleets for many decades. Soundly made hulls, good running and maneuvering qualities and a large displacement create the basis for the modernization of the vessel and carrying it out in accordance with the requirements current moment. There are all indications that the nuclear-powered missile cruiser Peter the Great, specifications which, of course, can be called outstanding, will be operated for a long time. It has no analogues, even other similar ships with a nuclear power plant, such as the Virginia or Long Beach, are significantly inferior to our flagship in terms of displacement, and hence in terms of modernization potential. Its power plant is also unique, including two and auxiliary steam boilers that increase power to 300 megawatts.

It is significant that this miracle of domestic shipbuilding bears the name of the creator of the Russian Navy, who began this good deed by building a modest small boat.

Perhaps decades will pass before the moment when the nuclear-powered missile cruiser Peter the Great is decommissioned by the Navy, which will be replaced by new ships of the third millennium.

The fourth in a row and the only currently in service heavy nuclear missile cruiser (TARKR) of the third generation of project 1144 "Orlan". As of 2011, it is the world's largest operating non-aircraft-carrying strike warship.
Is the flagship Northern Fleet Russian Navy.

The main purpose is the destruction of enemy aircraft carrier groups.

Designer - Northern Design Bureau.
The cruiser was laid down in 1986 on the slipway of the Baltic Shipyard (during the laying it was called Kuibyshev, then Yuri Andropov). April 25, 1989 was launched. Renamed to "Peter the Great" by decree of the President of the Russian Federation on April 22 (according to other sources, October 1), 1992. In 1998 he joined the fleet.

Industrial enterprises constantly work on the cruiser, they allow for eleven years in a row to make trips to the sea without placing the ship in an average factory repair. The Central Design Bureau-designer withdrew from work on the ship, considering them unprofitable. Before the renaming "Peter the Great" wore side number 183, now tail number is 099.

Construction history

The plant started the creation of the last ship of project 1144 in 1986. After 10 years, the cruiser left for sea trials. In accordance with the state test plan, the running program was carried out in the harsh conditions of the Arctic.

Design

Hull and superstructures

The length of 49 ship corridors is more than 20 kilometers. The ship has 6 decks, 8 tiers. The height of the foremast from the level of the main plane is 59 meters.

Power plant

The cruiser's powerful nuclear power plant allows it to reach speeds of 32 knots (60 km/h) and is designed to last 50 years. For comparison: the cruiser "Peter the Great" can provide electricity and heat to a city for 150-200 thousand inhabitants.

Crew

The crew of the cruiser - 1035 people (105 officers, 130 midshipmen, 800 sailors). They are located in 1600 rooms of the ship, among them 140 single and double cabins for officers and midshipmen, 30 cabins for sailors and foremen (for 8-30 people each), 220 vestibules. The crew has 15 showers, two baths, a sauna with a pool of 6x2.5 m, a two-story medical block with isolation hospitals, a pharmacy, X-ray and dental offices, an outpatient clinic, an operating room, a gym equipped with simulators, three wardrooms for midshipmen, officers and admirals, a lounge with billiards and a piano. There are also in-ship television studios and 12 household TVs in cabins and cockpits, not counting 30 monitors for viewing broadcasts that are transmitted over the ship's cable networks.

Armament

TARKR "Pyotr Veliky" is one of the most modern and powerful ships of the Russian Navy and one of the most powerful attack ships in the world. The ship can hit large surface targets and protect naval formations from air attacks and enemy submarines. The cruiser has an unlimited cruising range, it is armed with strike cruise missiles, which are capable of hitting targets at a distance of up to 550 kilometers.

The Pyotr Veliky TARKR is equipped with the Granit anti-ship missile system (created by NPO Mashinostroeniya), equipped with 20 SM-233 launchers with advanced P-700 Granit high-precision anti-ship cruise missiles installed under the upper deck, with an elevation angle of 60 degrees. The length of the rocket is 10 m, the caliber is 0.85 m, the launch weight is 7 tons. The warhead is a monoblock in nuclear (500 kt), conventional (750 kg of explosive) equipment or a fuel-air warhead (volumetric explosion). The firing range is 700 km, the flight speed is 1.6-2.5 M. The missiles have a multi-variant target attack program, increased noise immunity and are designed to strike at group targets. During salvo fire, one of them flies at high altitude to increase the detection range of the enemy, exchanging information with the rest, which fly literally above the surface of the water. If the leader missile is hit, one of the follower missiles automatically takes its place.

Over-the-horizon target designation and guidance can be carried out by Tu-95RTs aircraft, Ka-25Ts helicopter or space reconnaissance and target designation system.

The ship is equipped with the Rif S-300F anti-aircraft complex, there are 12 launchers and 96 vertical-launch missiles.

There is also an autonomous ship-based air defense system "Blade" ("Dagger"). Each below-deck drum-type launcher has 8 single-stage solid-fuel remote-controlled missiles 9M330-2, the total stock is 128 missiles.

The cruiser is equipped with the Kortik anti-aircraft missile and artillery system, which provides self-defense against a number of "precision" weapons, including anti-ship and anti-radar missiles, aerial bombs, aircraft and helicopters, small-tonnage ships. Each installation has two 30-mm six-barreled AK-630M1-2 artillery mounts with two AO-18 assault rifles according to the Gatling scheme with a total rate of fire of 10,000 rpm and two blocks of 4 two-stage 9M311 (SA-N-11) missiles with fragmentation-rod warhead and proximity fuse. Another 16 missiles are placed in the turret compartment. The missiles are unified with the missile of the 2S6 Tunguska complex. The control system of the air defense system "Kortik" consists of radar and television systems interconnected using elements artificial intelligence. Two installations of the Kortik air defense system are located in the bow of the ship on both sides of the Granit launcher, and four others are located in the aft part of the main superstructure.

In addition, the Peter the Great cruiser is armed with AK-130 130-mm multi-purpose twin gun mounts (barrel length - 70 calibers, 840 rounds) with a firing range of up to 25 km. Rate of fire - from 20 to 80 rounds per minute. The mass of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile is 27 kg, it has impact, remote and radio fuses. Ready to fire ammunition - 180 rounds. The MP-184 fire control system allows simultaneous tracking and firing of two targets.

The cruiser is also equipped with two anti-submarine (5 launchers per board) RPK-6M Vodopad 533-mm missile and torpedo systems, whose missile torpedoes can hit enemy submarines at ranges up to 60 km. A small-sized UMGT-1 torpedo is used as a warhead. The missile dives into the water, takes off into the air and delivers the torpedo to the target area, and there it is up to the UMGT-1, which again dives into the water.

To repel an enemy torpedo attack, the Pyotr Veliky cruiser has an RKPTZ-1M Udav-1M anti-torpedo system (10 guide tubes, automatic conveyor reloading, reaction time - 15 seconds, maximum range - 3000 m, minimum range - 100 m, rocket weight - 233 kg).

The rocket launchers on the Peter the Great are located in this way: one ten-tube RBU-12000 (firing range - 12 km, projectile weight - 80 kg) is equipped in the bow of the ship on a turntable, two six-tube RBU-1000 "Smerch-3" ( range - 1000 m, projectile weight - 55 kg) - in the aft part on the upper deck on both sides. General ship countermeasures include two twin 150-mm PK-14 launchers (a set of fired interference), anti-electronic traps, decoys, and a towed decoy torpedo target with a powerful noise generator.

Two Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters are based on board the cruiser.

Radar equipment REB / EW TARKR "Peter the Great" includes 16 stations of three types. General ship tracking, tracking and target designation facilities consist of two space communication stations (SATSOM), four space navigation stations (SATPAU) and four special electronic stations. The air-surface situation is monitored by all-weather three-coordinate radar stations "Fregat-MAE" detecting targets at ranges of more than 300 km and altitudes up to 30 km.

On board the ship there are also three navigation stations, four radio-electronic fire control systems for on-board weapons, helicopter flight controls and a friend or foe identification system.

The ship's hydroacoustic system includes a sonar with a hull antenna for searching and detecting submarines at low and medium frequencies and a towed automated sonar system with an antenna of variable immersion depth (150-200 m) - at medium frequencies.

Service History

On October 27, 1996, a steam pipeline broke in the forward engine room, under a pressure of 35 atmospheres and a dry steam temperature of 300 degrees C. Two sailors and three workers of the commissioning team were killed. When investigating the cause, it was found that the burst pipe was installed in 1989 and did not match the thickness and grade of steel. this project. In March 1998, the nuclear cruiser was transferred to the fleet under the name "Peter the Great".

Despite the fact that the term warranty obligations The Baltic Shipyard has ended, the enterprise, for the first time in world practice, continues to carry out maintenance of the cruiser. This decision was made by the command of the Navy due to the fact that the personnel of the ship did not have sufficient skills in maintaining and operating the equipment of the cruiser. Under the terms of the state contract, the Baltic Shipyard continued technical support"Peter the Great" before the first scheduled overhaul in 2008.

On the night of August 12-13, 2000, the cruiser was the first to discover and anchor at the crash site of the Kursk APRK, waiting for rescue ships. The cruiser also patrolled the area during the rise of the Kursk from the depths.

He took part in the filming of the film "72 meters" (2004).

In October 2008, he proceeded through the Strait of Gibraltar to the Mediterranean Sea.

In December 2008, he participated in the joint naval exercises of the Russian Federation and Venezuela "VENRUS-2008", which started on December 1, 2008 in the Caribbean Sea. The detachment also includes the anti-submarine ship "Admiral Chabanenko".

According to RIA Novosti, on February 13, 2009, the cruiser detained 3 ships of Somali pirates in the Gulf of Aden. Some analysts point out that hunting small pirate ships is not exactly the kind of job that a heavy nuclear cruiser is designed for.

March 30, 2010 TARKR "Peter the Great" left Severomorsk to conduct exercises in the far maritime zone(senior campaign - captain 1st rank S. Yu. Zhuga), this marked the start of the largest exercises of the Russian Navy in recent years in the world ocean. The cruiser must pass through the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans and arrive at Far East, where from June 28 to July 8, 2010, exercises were held dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Vladivostok. The campaign of "Peter the Great" lasted until November 2010. On April 4, the cruiser successfully passed through the English Channel, on April 7, together with patrol ship The Baltic Fleet "Yaroslav the Wise" - through the Strait of Gibraltar and entered the Mediterranean Sea, after which the ships dispersed. April 13-14 "Peter the Great" called at the Syrian port of Tartus. On April 16, he passed through the Suez Canal to the Red Sea, proceeding further to the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, sailing together with the Moscow missile cruiser of the Black Sea Fleet.

For 16 years, the cruiser has traveled 140,000 miles.

On July 28, 2012, the Pyotr Veliky heavy nuclear-powered missile cruiser was awarded the Order of Nakhimov by order of the President of the Russian Federation "for courage, dedication and high professionalism shown by the ship's personnel in the performance of combat missions of command." On January 10, 2013, President V.V. Putin, during his visit to Severomorsk, presented an award to the commander of the cruiser. The order's naval flag with the image of the Order of Nakhimov was raised on the ship.

From September 3, 2013 to October 1, 2013 he made an Arctic campaign as part of a detachment of ships and vessels of the Northern Fleet, 4000 miles were covered.

In 2018-2021, repairs and deep modernization will take place, after repair work over the same type of "Admiral Nakhimov".

performance characteristics

Main characteristics

Displacement: 23750 tons (standard); 25,860 tons (full)
- Length: 262 m; (230 at waterline)
- Width: 28.5 m
- Height: 59 m (from the main plane)
- Draft: 10.3 m
-Engines: 2 boilers, 2 nuclear reactors
-Power: 140,000 HP with. (103 MW)
- Propulsion: 2 propellers
- Travel speed: 32 knots
-Cruising range: unlimited (on the reactor); 1000 days on boilers at 17 knots
-Autonomy of navigation: 60 days
- Crew: 635 (105 officers, 130 midshipmen, 400 sailors)

Armament

Artillery: 1 x 2 AK-130
- Anti-aircraft artillery: 6 x ZRAK "Kortik"
-Missile weapons: 20 x anti-ship missiles P-700 "Granit"; S-300F "Fort" air defense system (48 missiles); S-300FM "Fort-M" air defense system (46 missiles); 16 x PU ADMS "Dagger" (128 missiles) 6 x 16 ADMS "Kortik" (144 missiles)
- Anti-submarine weapons: 1 x RBU-12000; 2 x RBU-1000
- Mine and torpedo armament: 10 x 533 mm TA; (20 torpedoes or PLUR "Waterfall")
- Aviation group: 3 x Ka-27

Some classes and types of warships cause inflated expectations among society, and the allegedly huge combat potential attributed to them is reflected in high-profile nicknames, such as, for example, the “aircraft carrier killer”, which is exactly what the Project 1164 missile cruisers are called in the press. How much does this correspond to their real opportunities? Are they capable of destroying the most powerful warships of our time - American heavy aircraft carriers (AVT)?

High hopes are indeed placed on heavy nuclear missile cruisers of project 1144 (the most famous of which is Peter the Great), missile cruisers of project 1164 and submarines of project 949A (of the Kursk type). But are they capable, acting as part of a group of two or three ships (as is the case today when our Navy performs various tasks of supporting Russian diplomacy and demonstrating the flag), to destroy or at least disable an American aircraft carrier?

Let's turn to the main performance characteristics these ships.

Our capabilities

The project 1164 missile cruiser with a displacement of more than 11,000 tons has as its main armament a P-1000 Vulkan strike missile weapon system with an ammunition load of 16 anti-ship missiles. The maximum firing range is 550 kilometers.

The main anti-aircraft armament of the ship is represented by the Fort (S-300F) multi-channel complex with a firing range of up to 90 kilometers.

The Project 1144 heavy missile cruiser with a displacement of more than 25,000 tons is equipped with Granit anti-ship missiles with a firing range of about 500 kilometers. The ship has 20 of these missiles on board.

As the main anti-aircraft armament, the ship has two Fort multi-channel complexes, similar to those installed on Project 1164 cruisers.

Both ships provide for the deployment of Ka-27 helicopters, which can be used to issue target designation to the main missile system at a distance of up to 300–400 kilometers.

According to Western experts, four to six Harpoon anti-ship missiles or two to three Tomahawks are required to destroy or disable such ships.

The Project 949A submarine has the Granit missile system as its main armament, similar to that installed on Project 1144 cruisers.

The main means of searching for formations of surface ships on this submarine is the sonar system.

Unified combat system

American aircraft carriers almost always operate as part of aircraft carrier strike groups or aircraft carrier strike formations. The typical composition of such a group includes one aircraft carrier, six to eight surface ships covering, including two or three Ticonderoga-class missile cruisers and the same number of Orly Burke-class URO destroyers, as well as two or three nuclear submarines, mainly of the "Los Angeles".

An aircraft carrier formation may include up to two to four aircraft carrier strike groups operating in a single battle formation.

At present, the basis of the American aircraft carrier fleet is made up of Nimitz-class ships of various modifications. With a displacement of about 95,000 tons, they have an air group as their main weapon. carrier-based aviation total number of up to 100 units of various aircraft.

The typical composition of an aircraft carrier air wing includes 48 F / A-18С, E, F and D attack aircraft, 10 Viking anti-submarine aircraft, four to six tanker aircraft, the same number of electronic warfare aircraft, four reconnaissance aircraft, four radar patrols and management type E-2C "Hawkeye", 10-16 anti-submarine and search and rescue helicopters.

The air wing of an aircraft carrier forms the basis of the strike power of an aircraft carrier strike group and provides all types of its defense.

Missile cruisers and destroyers URO are the basis of the defense system of an aircraft carrier group.

Missile cruisers of the Ticonderoga type, with a displacement of about 9600 tons, have as their main armament different kinds rocket weapons, located in two universal vertical under-deck launchers Mk-41 with a total capacity of 122 cells.

A typical load of missile weapons includes 26 Tomahawk cruise missiles, 16 ASROC PLURs and 80 Standard-2 missiles. In addition, the ship has 16 Harpoon missiles in deck launchers.

Orly Burke-class URO destroyers are similar to Ticonderoga-class cruisers in composition and range of weapons, differing from them only in a reduced amount of ammunition. So, these ships have 96 cells of universal vertical launchers.

Both types of ship are equipped with the Aegis combat information and control system.

Aircraft carriers, cruisers and destroyers have a developed system of electronic countermeasures, which allows them to significantly reduce the likelihood of being hit by anti-ship missiles.

It can be assumed that four to seven heavy Russian anti-ship missiles will be required to disable or destroy an American aircraft carrier. A similar figure for cruisers and destroyers will be from one to three units.

Multi-purpose nuclear submarines of the Los Angeles type have 12 launchers, which can accommodate Tomahawk anti-ship missiles and four torpedo tubes with an ammunition load of 24 torpedoes.

Solving the problem of combating enemy surface ships, an aircraft carrier strike group is capable of delivering strikes by carrier-based aircraft consisting of up to 40 aircraft at a distance of up to 600–800 kilometers and Tomahawk missiles up to 500–600 kilometers from the center of the warrant, having up to several dozen such missiles in a salvo .

The anti-submarine defense of an aircraft carrier strike group is being built to a depth of 600 or more kilometers from the aircraft carrier. Anti-aircraft - up to 700 kilometers from the center of the order. Its basis in the far and middle zones is carrier-based fighter aircraft capable of fighting supersonic cruise missiles. In the near zone, the basis of the air defense system consists of multi-channel anti-aircraft weapons of the collective defense escort ships.

In general, the US aircraft carrier strike group is a single combat system, in which heterogeneous forces and means operate under the control of a single automated system control of a ship formation, solving in a single complex all the tasks of defense and offensive assigned to it.

The probability of defeat is zero

In order to hit an aircraft carrier from an aircraft carrier strike group, our ship group led by a missile cruiser or a missile submarine must ensure timely detection of the aircraft carrier group and classify it, get close to the range of missile weapons, while maintaining combat capability, receive target designation and determine the location of the aircraft carrier in order and launch missiles, which, having overcome the opposition of air defense and electronic warfare, should hit the aircraft carrier.

Consider the possibilities of implementing this set of events.

The own capabilities of a ship group consisting of a missile cruiser and one or three security and reconnaissance ships are actually limited by the limits of the radio horizon, that is, several tens of kilometers.

The helicopters available on board the ships are not suitable for use in the interests of searching for enemy naval formations in large areas due to the insufficient number of these machines on board the ships of the formation (maximum two helicopters on the largest ship) and a small radius of action. They can be effectively used only in the interests of issuing target designation, and then only for an incomplete range of missile weapons.

The capabilities of the 949A missile submarines of the reconnaissance project are much wider. With the help of their hydroacoustics, they can detect the noise of aircraft carrier groups at a distance of more than a hundred nautical miles. That is, when a submarine is located in the far zone of the anti-submarine defense of an aircraft carrier group, where there is a certain (albeit small) probability of its destruction.

However, it is impossible to classify and even more so to determine the battle formation of an enemy formation with the identification of the main order from such a distance. It will be necessary to get close to the enemy up to several tens of nautical miles. That is, to enter the middle anti-submarine defense zone of the enemy formation, where the probability of its destruction is already very significant.

When these cruisers were created, that is, under the Soviet Navy, their activities were supposed to be carried out with the support of the naval intelligence system on the oceanic (marine) theater of operations. It relied on a developed system of radio and electronic intelligence, the basis of which was ground centers located on the territory of not only the USSR, but also other states. She also had an effective system of naval space reconnaissance, which allows not only to detect and monitor enemy ship formations, but also to issue target designation to missile weapons almost throughout the entire waters of the World Ocean.

At the disposal of each of the ocean fleets were one or two reconnaissance aviation regiments, which were based on aircraft that made it possible to conduct reconnaissance in the far sea and ocean zones - Tu-95RTs and Tu-16R.

Finally, a numerous and combat-ready nuclear submarine fleet made it possible to keep at sea from 10 to 30 or more nuclear submarines on a permanent basis, which also solved the tasks of reconnaissance of enemy naval formations.

Such a reconnaissance system made it possible to identify and track American carrier formations from the moment they left the base.

Today, of all this power, in fact, only a limited number of nuclear submarines and a significantly reduced system of radio and electronic intelligence have remained, which, moreover, has lost all its foreign centers (in particular, Lourdes in Cuba and Cam Ranh in Vietnam). From the reconnaissance aircraft of the oceanic zone, there were single aircraft. These forces do not allow effective reconnaissance of important areas of the seas and oceans, much less providing our formation with the required amount of reconnaissance data for an effective strike on an aircraft carrier.

A different picture emerges for an aircraft carrier formation, which alone is capable of controlling air and surface space to a depth of 800 kilometers or more.

Having such superiority, the carrier-based formation will be able to prevent our missile cruisers from reaching the distance of a missile salvo, delivering strikes against it with carrier-based aircraft and long-range missiles with impunity (even without being detected).

In this regard, the position of the missile submarine is much better. It is capable of detecting and covertly approaching an enemy aircraft carrier formation. However, the probability of its detection and destruction is very high.

But even in the event that proper intelligence information is provided, our small naval formation will need to get close to the aircraft carrier formation at a distance of firing missile weapons.

Having superiority in the range of use of carrier-based aircraft, the enemy will inflict air strikes on our formation with up to 40 vehicles, of which about 25 are equipped with two Harpoon missiles. Attack aircraft and missiles will be covered by electronic warfare aircraft.

A volley of 40–50 cruise missiles will not be able to repulse our naval formation.

Under these conditions, the most powerful air defense systems of our naval formation "Fort" will be able to destroy only a few missiles each. The means of self-defense of each of the ships, even in the best case, will destroy one or two missiles, some will be taken away to interference. As a result, more than two dozen missiles will hit their targets. We can confidently say that in the end, our ships, including the missile cruiser, will be sunk with a high probability.

If this is not enough, the blow can be repeated.

That is, our ship formation will not even be able to approach the distance of rocket fire.

The conditions for overcoming enemy opposition for the Project 949A missile submarine are much better. However, in this case, the probability of her death before reaching the position of the use of weapons is significant.

If we assume that our missile cruiser or missile submarine reached the salvo position and fired it, then the chances of hitting the aircraft carrier are still small.

A volley of 16, 20, or 24 missiles against a ship formation saturated with multi-channel air defense systems, covered by combat air patrol fighters, with powerful electronic warfare capabilities, is unlikely to reach the target.

Two or three missiles can be destroyed by fighters. Each of the missile cruisers and destroyers of the URO is capable of hitting several missiles. If we take into account that the number of ships that are able to take part in repelling a missile strike may be three or four or even more, it becomes clear that literally a few missiles will remain undamaged. They will be destroyed by anti-aircraft self-defense means or electronic interference will be taken away from the target.

The chances of achieving a hit with even one missile are very small.

Thus, it can be stated that even if their missiles are successfully launched at an American aircraft carrier formation, the chances of a Russian missile cruiser to hit it are negligible. And taking into account other factors, they are practically reduced to zero.

How to equalize forces

So, a powerful balanced grouping of the enemy, numbering about a dozen warships, several submarines and about 100 aircraft, is opposed by only two or three Russian warships.

A comparison of the performance characteristics of the American Ticonderoga-class cruisers and Orly Burke-class URO destroyers with our ships shows that they are at least as good as the Russian Project 1164 cruiser, and if inferior, then slightly inferior to the Project 1144 cruiser.

At the same time, against six cruisers Russian Navy, half of which are not combat-ready, the United States is able to field about 50 equivalent warships.

Therefore, the raids of the small Russian groups warships sent to remote areas of the oceans and hot spots have almost exclusively political significance. Their military influence is negligible.

In order to successfully counter the US aircraft carrier group, our fleet must oppose it with an adequate task force.

Its strength should be comparable to an aircraft carrier group: one - three missile cruisers of projects 1164 and 1144 guarded by five - eight surface ships of the destroyer class, a large anti-submarine ship, a frigate, three - six missile submarines of project 949A, four to five multi-purpose submarines with support of a division of two or three regiments of naval missile-carrying or long-range aviation, at least a squadron of reconnaissance aircraft of the ocean zone. In the Northern Fleet, an aircraft carrier of project 1143.5 can be included in the strike force. With its introduction, the combat strength of a strike force of surface ships could be reduced by 20-30 percent.

Such a grouping is able to form a missile salvo equivalent to the American one: 40-50 missiles or more. In a battle with an American aircraft carrier formation, our group is capable of defeating it and destroying the aircraft carrier. However, at the same time, she herself will suffer very tangible losses and will need to restore her combat capability.

Each of our ocean fleets will be able to create only one such formation (if the combat capability of the ships is restored). The Americans are able to field at least four aircraft carrier groups against each of them.

The shipbuilding program of the USSR made it possible to maintain the parity of naval armaments with the United States at an acceptable level. The cruisers mentioned above were introduced into our fleet almost simultaneously with the American Ticonderoga.

By 1991, our fleet had five aircraft-carrying cruisers, one of which was a full-fledged aircraft carrier. It was planned to build three more by 2000 nuclear aircraft carriers type "Ulyanovsk".

Russia could, possessing a powerful fleet, be guaranteed to protect its interests practically on a global scale. Today she is deprived of this opportunity. Such is the price of market reforms.

Russia is the birthplace of many unique projects, including surface nuclear fleet. The brightest representative is the nuclear-powered missile cruiser Peter the Great, which is by far the most protected and powerful strike ship in the world. It is equally effective for combating any type of target, and it is no coincidence that the design of this cruiser was named "Orlan" - a strong bird of prey, depicted, by the way, on the US coat of arms.

Advantages nuclear ships obvious - an incomparable advantage in range, speed and, of course, autonomy of navigation. These factors forced the Soviet leadership to start in 1960 research work on the creation of heavy nuclear surface combat ships. Soon the first drawings appeared. A combat nuclear-powered missile ship began to be created at TsKB 53, today it is the Northern Design Bureau. The first Orlan, later renamed the heavy missile cruiser Kirov, was laid down in 1973.

The history of the appearance of TARKR "Peter the Great"

The main danger to the country at that time was the nuclear submarines of a potential enemy. According to the country's leadership, constant monitoring and surveillance of them, and, if necessary, destruction could only be done by large nuclear anti-submarine ships. When designing, designers had to solve a number of complex problems. One of them was delivered by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral Gorshkov, who expressed concern that both reactors could fail at once on a long voyage, and also pointed out that the ship needed a backup power plant.

As a result, a solution was found - in addition to the two nuclear reactors of the Orlan-class cruiser, it was decided to mount two steam boilers, which is why the heavy missile cruiser acquired two chimneys, which can be seen by looking at the drawings. The decision of the admiral turned out to be far-sighted, which the sailors had to repeatedly verify during the campaigns.

The main strike complex was also decided far from immediately. Hard at first rocket ship The Orlan project was planned to be equipped with Malachite subsonic anti-ship missiles. But the weapons had weak characteristics - first of all, a small firing range of 120 km did not suit the military, so it was decided to place much more advanced Bazalt missiles in eight launchers along the sides.

However, the military industry soon created supersonic cruise missiles"Granite", which were immediately put on nuclear submarines. The Granit is an extremely intelligent anti-ship missile, approaching targets at low and ultra-low altitudes. A flock of such missiles is capable of exchanging information with each other, independently detecting and distributing targets that will be hit.

Features of the strike and defensive armament of the cruiser

On submarines, "Granite" starts from launchers filled with water. To save time, the heavy nuclear-powered ship "Peter the Great" received the same blueprints - the main strike systems were located below deck for the first time in the world. Because of this, in order to launch a rocket into launchers, it was necessary to pump outboard water. This, however, only took a few seconds. Twenty missiles can deliver 15 tons of nuclear charges to the enemy AUG at once, while shooting down the Granit is an extremely difficult task even for the most modern systems air defense.

The first of the Orlans of Project 1144, the nuclear-powered missile cruiser Kirov, left the Baltic Shipyard in May 1979. Later, 4 more such nuclear-powered ships were laid down at the same plant. The last one was just “Peter the Great”, laid down, almost completely built and launched in the USSR as the Andropov TARKR, and being completed and tested already in Russia. True, due to the general lack of funding, the ship was practically abandoned for a long time - already the birds began to nest on the superstructures of the nuclear-powered ship that were most convenient for them. What has not been forgotten is the renaming of the ship. It was at this time that the nuclear aircraft-carrying cruiser was named "Peter the Great". The completion of the ship continued in 1995.

Russian TARKR "Peter the Great" has the following characteristics:

total displacement of more than 26,000 tons;
crew - 727 people plus flight personnel 18 people;
mines of the main strike weapons - CR "Granit", located below deck in the bow of the ship;
in the aft part there is a helicopter hangar and the main power plant - two fast neutron reactors of 300 MW each, as well as an auxiliary installation - a pair of oil steam boilers.

The armament of the cruiser "Peter the Great"

The main armament of the cruiser is 20 supersonic anti-ship missiles P-700 "Granit", developing a speed of Mach 2.5 and weighing 7 tons each. Capable of hitting targets at a distance of 600 km with a high-explosive warhead weighing 750 kg or a nuclear charge with a capacity of 500 kt.
Anti-aircraft systems - the forward complex "FORT-M" or S-300 FM with 46 missiles, as well as one complex with 48 S-300 F missiles. In addition, there is a short-range complex "Dagger" - the development of the Osa-MA system installed on the early Orlans. Anti-aircraft armament is reinforced by the Kortik anti-aircraft missile and artillery system, which hits targets with missile weapons at a distance of 8000-1500 m, artillery - from 1500 to 500 m.

The artillery part of the armament is a double-barreled 130-mm artillery turret for destroying sea, coastal and air targets. Can act as a complete automatic mode together with the radar, and manually. The rate of fire of the installation is 20-35 rounds per minute, the range is 22 km. The ship also has a pair of six-barreled 30 mm AK-630AD automatic cannons.

The anti-submarine armament of the Peter the Great cruiser is the Volgopad-NK system consisting of twenty anti-submarine missiles or torpedoes, the Udav-1 complex with 40 anti-submarine missiles. This type of armament also includes RBU-1000 missile and bomb installations and three Ka-27PL helicopters equipped with anti-submarine weapons.

In a word, the nuclear-powered aircraft-carrying cruiser Peter the Great is a real beauty and pride of the Russian fleet. This is the most powerful combat unit, the last of the Orlan project 1144, and in the 21st century it is capable of defending the interests of our country anywhere in the world's oceans.

Cruiser video

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Heavy nuclear missile cruiser (TARKR) pr. modern means destruction, navigation, target designation, reconnaissance and control. Many experts consider this ship even more complex than nuclear missile submarines. Over its creation in our country worked for a long 12 years. Laid down for the needs of the Pacific Fleet under the name "Yuri Andropov", in 1998 it became part of the Northern Fleet of Russia under the name "Peter the Great". On April 9, 1998, an act of acceptance of the nuclear cruiser into the Russian fleet was signed. On April 18, in a solemn atmosphere, the St. Andrew's flag was raised on board the Peter the Great.

The ship belongs to the 3rd generation nuclear missile cruisers and is the world's largest non-aircraft-carrying warship. TARKR "Peter the Great" is designed to destroy large surface targets (single and group), protect fleet formations from submarine attacks and air attacks in remote areas of the oceans. In total, 4 ships were built according to the Orlan project 1144, in addition to Peter the Great, these are cruisers: Kirov (Admiral Ushakov), Frunze (Admiral Lazarev) and Kalinin (Admiral Nakhimov). Currently, only one ship of this type is in service - "Peter the Great", while all 3 TARKR pr. 1144, after repairs and modernization, will be returned to the fleet.

The heavy nuclear-powered missile cruiser Pyotr Veliky has a standard displacement of 23,750 tons, and the total displacement of the cruiser is 26,390 tons. The ship has the following dimensions: maximum length - 251.2 meters, waterline - 230 meters, width - 28.5 meters, draft - 10.3 meters. The height of the ship is 59 meters from the level of the main plane.

The main power plant of the cruiser is atomic with 2 fast neutron nuclear reactors. The total capacity of the installation is 600 MW, there are also 2 main turbo-gear units (GTZA) with a capacity of 70,000 hp each. everyone. As a backup option, they can receive steam from 2 steam boilers operating on organic fuel. Atomic conjugation power plant with oil superheaters increases the overall power of the power plant and the speed of the cruiser. For comparison, Peter the Great is able to provide heat and electricity to a city of 150-200 thousand inhabitants. Two propeller shafts transmit rotation to 2 five-bladed propellers. Max speed the course of "Peter the Great" - 32 knots (almost 60 km / h). Two standby steam boilers are able to provide the ship with a speed of 17 knots and a cruising range of at least 1,000 nautical miles.

The crew of the nuclear missile cruiser consists of 610 people (112 officers), who are accommodated in 1600 different rooms, including 140 single and double cabins for officers and midshipmen, as well as 30 cabins for sailors and foremen (for 8-30 people each). In addition, the crew of the ship has 15 showers, a sauna with a swimming pool, two baths, a two-level medical block with isolation hospitals, X-ray and dental rooms, an operating room, a pharmacy, an outpatient clinic, a gym equipped with various simulators, 3 cabins for officers, midshipmen and admirals, a lounge with a piano and billiards, as well as the ship's own TV studio. Length 49 corridors warship is more than 20 km., while the ship has 6 decks and 8 tiers. The height of its superstructures is equal to the height of a 7-storey residential building.

The protection of the TARKR provides for the implementation of measures to reduce its radar visibility. In addition, structural local protection measures have strengthened the protection of cellars for storing shells, anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles. The autonomy of the ship's navigation in terms of food and food supplies is 60 days, in terms of fuel - 3 years (on nuclear reactor unlimited).

The main armament of the missile cruiser is the Granit anti-ship missile system (created by NPO Mashinostroeniya). The cruiser has 20 SM-233 launchers with improved P-700 Granit high-precision cruise anti-ship missiles. Launchers are mounted under the upper deck of the ship, with an elevation angle of 60 degrees. The maximum missile launch range is 550 km, the flight of the missile exclusively along a low-altitude trajectory is 200-250 km. Rocket flight speed - Mach 1.6-2.5. The P-700 missile is 10 meters long, 0.85 meters in diameter, and has a launch weight of 7 tons. The missile can be equipped with a conventional warhead (750 kg of explosives), nuclear monobloc (500 kt) or a fuel-air warhead to create a volumetric explosion.

Missiles "Granit" have a multi-variant program for attacking targets, as well as increased noise immunity and are designed to strike at naval group targets. When performing volley fire, one of the missiles flies at high altitude in order to increase the detection range of the enemy, exchanging the information received with the rest of the missiles, which can literally creep along the water surface. If the leader missile is shot down by the enemy, one of the auxiliary missiles can automatically take its place. Over-the-horizon guidance and target designation can be carried out using Tu-95RTs aircraft or Ka-31 helicopters, as well as specialized space reconnaissance and target designation systems.

The air defense of the ship is provided by an analogue of the S-300 land complex called the S-300F Fort. The ship has 12 launchers and 96 vertical-launch missiles. In addition, the ship's air defense system includes the Klinok (Kinzhal) autonomous shipborne air defense system. Each of the 16 below-deck drum-type launchers is equipped with 8 solid-propellant single-stage remote-controlled missiles 9M 330-2, the total ammunition capacity is 128 missiles. Unified with missiles of the ground forces Tor-M1.

In addition, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser is equipped with the Kortik anti-aircraft missile and artillery system, which protects the ship from a number of “precision” weapons, including anti-radar and anti-ship missiles, air bombs, helicopters and aircraft, and small-tonnage ships. In total, the ship has 6 ZARK "Kortik", each of them has 2x30-mm six-barreled artillery mounts AK-630 M-2 with a total rate of fire of 10,000 rounds per minute, as well as 2 blocks of 4 two-stage 9M311 missiles with non-contact fuse and fragmentation-rod warhead. These missiles are unified with the missile of the army air defense system 2S6 "Tunguska". The Kortik air defense system control system includes radar and television systems, which are interconnected using AI elements. The 2nd ZARK installations are installed in the bow of the cruiser on both sides of the Granit launcher, and 4 more in the stern of the main superstructure.

In addition, "Peter the Great" is armed with AK-130 130-mm multi-purpose twin artillery mounts (barrel length 70 calibers, ammunition - 840 rounds), the maximum firing range is up to 25 km. Rate of fire - from 20 to 80 rounds per minute. The AK-130 uses 27 kg projectiles that can be equipped with different types fuses: shock, remote and radio fuses. Ammunition ready for firing is 180 rounds. The gun mount is controlled by the MP-184 fire control system, which allows you to simultaneously track and fire at 2 targets.

The TARKR is also armed with 2 anti-submarine (5 launchers from each side) RPK-6M Vodopad 533-mm missile and torpedo systems, whose missile torpedoes can hit enemy submarines at a distance of up to 60 km. To combat enemy torpedoes, the cruiser has an anti-torpedo complex RKPTZ-1 "Udav-1M" (10 guide pipes, reaction time - 15 s, automatic conveyor reloading, maximum range - 3000 meters, minimum - 100 meters, missile weight - 233 kg ).

In addition, the Peter the Great TARKR is equipped with rocket launchers, which are located as follows: one ten-tube RBU-12000 (projectile weight 80 kg, firing range 12,000 meters) is located in the bow of the vessel and is installed on a turntable, another 2 six-tube installations RBU-1000 "Smerch-3" (projectile weight 55 kg, firing range - 1000 meters) are installed in the aft part on the upper deck from each side.

The general ship countermeasure system includes 2 paired 150-mm PK-14 launchers (a set of fired interference), false targets, anti-electronic traps, as well as a false towed torpedo target equipped with a powerful noise generator. Also on board the cruiser are 2 Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters. The electronic filling of the heavy missile cruiser includes 16 stations of 3 types. General ship tracking, target designation and tracking facilities consist of 2 space communication stations (SATSOM), 4 space navigation stations (SATPAU), as well as 4 special electronic stations. The air and surface situation is constantly monitored by the 2nd all-weather three-coordinate radar station Fregat-MAE (manufactured by the Salyut plant). These stations are capable of detecting a target at a distance of up to 300 km and at altitudes up to 30 km.

Also, "Peter the Great" is equipped with 4 electronic systems airborne fire control, 3 navigation stations, "friend or foe" identification system, helicopter flight controls. The cruiser's hydroacoustic system includes a sonar with a hull antenna, which is installed in a bulbous fairing, for searching and detecting enemy submarines at low and medium frequencies, as well as an automated towed sonar system with a variable immersion depth antenna (150-200 meters) and working at medium frequencies.

Information sources:
-http://www.arms-expo.ru/049050054056124051056057049.html
-http://shipandship.chat.ru/military/001.htm
-http://military-informer.narod.ru/PetrVelikiy.html
-http://ru.wikipedia.org

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