Social institution. Social organization. The concept of a social institution. Elements of a social institution (values, roles, norms) 325 are not an element of a social institution.

One of the factors that characterize society as a whole is the totality of social institutions. Their location is as if on the surface, which makes them particularly suitable objects for observation and control.

In turn, a complex organized system with its own norms and rules is a social institution. Its signs are different, but classified, and it is they that are subject to consideration in this article.

The concept of a social institution

A social institution is one of the forms of organization. For the first time this concept was applied. According to the scientist, all the variety of social institutions creates the so-called framework of society. The division into forms, Spencer said, is produced under the influence of the differentiation of society. He divided the whole society into three main institutions, among which:

  • reproductive;
  • distribution;
  • regulatory.

E. Durkheim's opinion

E. Durkheim was convinced that a person as a person can realize himself only with the help of social institutions. They are also called upon to establish responsibility between interinstitutional forms and the needs of society.

Karl Marx

The author of the famous "Capital" assessed social institutions from the point of view of industrial relations. In his opinion, a social institution, the signs of which are present both in the division of labor and in the phenomenon of private property, was formed precisely under their influence.

Terminology

The term "social institution" is derived from the Latin word "institution", which means "organization" or "order." In principle, all the features of a social institution are reduced to this definition.

The definition includes the form of consolidation and the form of implementation of specialized activities. The purpose of social institutions is to ensure the stability of the functioning of communications within society.

Such a short definition of the term is also acceptable: an organized and coordinated form of social relations, aimed at satisfying needs that are significant for society.

It is easy to see that all of the definitions provided (including the above opinions of scientists) are based on the "three pillars":

  • society;
  • organization;
  • needs.

But these are not yet full-fledged features of a social institution, rather, supporting points that should be taken into account.

Institutionalization conditions

The process of institutionalization is a social institution. It occurs under the following conditions:

  • social need as a factor that will satisfy the future institution;
  • social ties, that is, the interaction of people and communities, as a result of which social institutions are formed;
  • expedient and rules;
  • material and organizational, labor and financial resources required.

Institutionalization stages

The process of formation of a social institution goes through several stages:

  • the emergence and awareness of the need for the institute;
  • development of norms of social behavior within the framework of the future institution;
  • the creation of their own symbols, that is, a system of signs that will indicate the social institution being created;
  • formation, development and definition of a system of roles and statuses;
  • creation of the material basis of the institute;
  • integration of the institution into the existing social system.

Structural features of a social institution

Signs of the concept of "social institution" characterize it in modern society.

Structural features cover:

  • The field of activity as well as social relations.
  • Institutions that have specific powers in order to organize the activities of people, as well as to perform various roles and functions. For example: public, organizational and performing control and management functions.
  • Those specific rules and norms that are designed to regulate the behavior of people in a particular social institution.
  • Material means to achieve the goals of the institute.
  • Ideology, goals and objectives.

Types of social institutions

The classification that systematizes social institutions (table below) divides this concept into four separate species... Each of them includes at least four more specific institutions.

What are the social institutions? The table shows their types and examples.

Spiritual social institutions in some sources are called cultural institutions, and the sphere of the family, in turn, is sometimes called stratification and kinship.

General signs of a social institution

The general, and at the same time the main, signs of a social institution are as follows:

  • the circle of subjects who, in the course of their activities, enter into relationships;
  • the sustainability of these relationships;
  • a certain (and this means, to one degree or another formalized) organization;
  • behavioral norms and rules;
  • functions that ensure the integration of the institution into the social system.

It should be understood that these features are informal, but logically follow from the definition and functioning of various social institutions. With the help of them, among other things, it is convenient to analyze institutionalization.

Social institution: signs on specific examples

Each specific social institution has its own characteristics - signs. They closely overlap with roles, for example: the main roles of the family as a social institution. That is why it is so revealing to consider examples and their corresponding attributes and roles.

Family as a social institution

The classic example of a social institution is, of course, the family. As can be seen from the above table, it belongs to the fourth type of institutions, covering the same sphere of the same name. Therefore, it is the base and the ultimate goal for marriage, fatherhood and motherhood. In addition, the family also unites them.

Signs of this social institution:

  • marital or consanguineous relations;
  • general family budget;
  • cohabitation on the same living space.

The main roles are reduced to the well-known dictum that she is a "social unit". In essence, this is exactly how it is. Families are particles from the aggregate of which society is formed. In addition to being a social institution, the family is also called a small social group. And it is no coincidence, because from birth a person develops under its influence and experiences it on himself throughout his life.

Education as a social institution

Education is a social subsystem. It has its own specific structure and characteristics.

Basic elements of education:

  • social organizations and social communities (educational institution and division into groups of teachers and students, etc.);
  • sociocultural activity in the form of an educational process.

The signs of a social institution include:

  1. Norms and rules - in the institute of education, examples can be considered: craving for knowledge, attendance, respect for teachers and classmates / classmates.
  2. Symbols, that is, cultural signs - hymns and coats of arms educational institutions, animal symbol of some famous colleges, emblems.
  3. Utilitarian cultural traits such as classrooms and classrooms.
  4. Ideology - the principle of equality between students, mutual respect, freedom of speech and the right to vote, as well as the right to one's own opinion.

Signs of social institutions: examples

Let's summarize the information presented here. The signs of a social institution include:

  • a set of social roles (for example, father / mother / daughter / sister in the family institute);
  • sustainable models of behavior (for example, certain models for the teacher and student at the institute of education);
  • norms (for example, codes and the Constitution of the state);
  • symbolism (for example, the institution of marriage or a religious community);
  • basic values ​​(i.e. morality).

The social institution, the signs of which were considered in this article, is designed to guide the behavior of each individual person, being directly part of his life. At the same time, for example, an ordinary high school student belongs to at least three social institutions: family, school and state. It is interesting that, depending on each of them, he also belongs to the role (status) that he has and according to which he chooses his model of behavior. She, in turn, sets his characteristics in society.

Sociologists, who have borrowed the concept of an institution from legal scholars, have endowed it with a new content. Understanding social institutions as a set of norms and mechanisms that regulate a certain area of ​​social relations (family, production, state, education, religion), sociology deepened our understanding of them as the pillars, or basic elements, on which society rests. The purpose of social institutions is to satisfy the most important (fundamental) vital needs of society. As you know, there are four such needs, therefore, four main social institutions:

  • 1) to meet the need for the reproduction of people, there is the institution of family and marriage;
  • 2) the need for earning a livelihood - economic institutions, production;
  • 3) needs for safety and social order - political institutions, state;
  • 4) the need for solving spiritual problems, developing and transmitting new knowledge, socializing the younger generation - spiritual institutions v broad sense including science and culture.

Social Institute- This is an adaptive device of society, created to meet its most important needs and regulated by a set of social norms. Thanks to institutions, individuals are socialized (the assimilation of cultural norms and the development of social roles), new generations of people are born (the institution of the family), means of subsistence are obtained, order is established in society and spiritual rituals are sent.

There is also another definition of a social institution as a set of social customs, the embodiment of certain behavioral habits, a way of thinking and a way of life, transmitted from generation to generation, changing depending on circumstances and acting as an instrument of adaptation to them. In fact, this is how lawyers understand the terms "institution"(establishment, custom, order in society) and " institute"(the consolidation of customs and orders in the form of a law or institution). Hence the concept of" institutionalization", denoting the consolidation of the practice or area of ​​social relations in the form of a law or social norm, an accepted order.

So, the institutionalization of any science, say sociology, involves the publication of state standards and regulations, the creation of research institutes, bureaus, services and laboratories, the opening of relevant faculties, departments, departments and training courses at universities, colleges and schools. professional specialists, publication of journals, monographs and textbooks, etc.

Essentially, institutionalization means the transformation of a vague set of rules and norms, customs and practices, ideas and designs, people and buildings into an ordered system that can rightfully be called social organization.

All social institutions that exist in society can be conveniently subdivided into main (they are called fundamental, basic) and non-main (non-main, private). The latter are hidden inside the former as smaller formations. Unlike a basic institution, a non-basic one performs a specialized task, caters to a specific custom, or satisfies a non-fundamental need.

For example, among non-main political institutions, we find institutions forensic examination, passport registration, legal proceedings, legal profession, jury, judicial control of arrests, judiciary, presidency, royalty, etc. They can also include the institution of removal from power (office), the historical forms of which have undergone a long evolution.

In addition to dividing institutions into main and non-main ones, they can be classified according to other criteria. For example, institutions differ in the time of their emergence and the duration of their existence (permanent and short-term), the severity of the applied sanctions for violation of the rules, the conditions of existence, the presence or absence of a bureaucratic management system, the presence or absence of formal rules and procedures.

Non-core institutions are also called social practices. Under social practice means a sequence of actions existing historically for a long time, carried out by a large social group (one or several) as a group (national, ethnic) custom in order to satisfy some important need for this group or community.

The simplest example of social practice is the line at the store. For scarce, i.e. limited in quantity, a chain of random passers-by is built up with goods, who instantly obey certain rules of behavior. Not a specific queue, but a queue as a tradition of the time or the people, is the essence of social practice.

Each major institution has its own systems of proven practices, methods, techniques and procedures. Economic institutions cannot do without such mechanisms and practices as currency conversion, protection of private property, professional selection, placement of workers and assessment of their labor, marketing, the market, etc. Within the institution of family and marriage, and this also includes the system of kinship, scientists find the institutions of paternity and motherhood, patrimonial revenge, twinning, inheritance of the social status of parents, naming, etc. Dating is an element of social courtship practice. Confession is a social practice, not an institution, a collection of institutions, or an organization. This is a centuries-old practice, which has its own technology of performance, rules and norms of behavior, a circle of performers (confessors and confessors), a system of prescribed statuses and roles. Sociologists talk about the institutions of celibacy (celibacy) in Catholicism, baptism and confession in Orthodoxy, the Inquisition, monasticism, episcopate.

Sometimes social practices overlap with non-core institutions, and sometimes they don't. For example, the institute of representatives of the president of Russia, as well as the institute of mentoring in the USSR, are striking examples of private institutions. They were established from above, by the state, and did not arise from the bottom of the people as a natural continuation of its traditions and customs.

And here is the dating ritual that different nations sometimes takes incredibly exotic forms, refers to social practices. In most societies, intermediaries are not needed for dating, but in many countries, especially in high society, a man cannot approach a lady or another man and introduce himself to him. It is necessary that someone else introduces them to each other.

The English political philosopher Michael Oakshott believed that democracy as a social and political practice is a combination of the traditions and customs of a given people and includes many very specific and very invisible to an outsider's eye procedures, institutions, habits, with the help of which it is only maintained and successfully functions.

To the main functions social institution includes the function of consolidation and reproduction of social relations, as well as regulatory, integrative, broadcasting and communicative functions. Along with the universal ones, there are also specific functions. These include such functions that are inherent in some and not inherent in other institutions. These are, for example, the reproduction of people, the birth of new generations (the institution of the family), the acquisition of means of subsistence (production), the establishment of order in society (the state), the discovery and transfer of new knowledge (science and education), the performance of spiritual rituals (religion). Some institutions function as social order stabilizers. These include political and legal institutions such as the state, government, parliament, police, courts, and the army. Other institutions support and develop culture. This applies to the institutions of the church and religion. Within each social institution, a number of sub-functions which it performs and which other institutions may not have.

For example, at the Institute of the Family, scientists have discovered the functions of sexual regulation; reproductive; socialization; emotional satisfaction; status; protective and economic.

Society is structured in such a way that a number of institutions perform several functions at the same time, and at the same time, several institutions can specialize in performing one function at once. For example, the function of raising or socializing children is performed by such institutions as the family, church, school, state. At the same time, the institution of the family performs functions such as reproduction of people, upbringing and socialization, satisfaction in intimacy, etc. Functions that were once performed by one institution may eventually be transferred to other institutions or distributed partially or completely between them.

For example, in the distant past, the institution of the family performed more than five to seven functions, but today some of them have been transferred to other institutions. So, along with the family, the school is engaged in upbringing, and special recreation institutes are involved in organizing recreation. Even the function of satisfying sexual needs is shared by the family with the institution of prostitution. And the function of earning a livelihood, which in the days of hunters and gatherers was exclusively occupied by the family, today is completely and completely taken over by the industry.

If the institute works as it should, then it has much more pluses than minuses, and vice versa. Pros, or functions, strengthen, stabilize and develop society. Cons, i.e. dysfunction, it is shaken. Major social upheavals, such as wars, revolutions, economic and political crises, can disrupt the functioning of one or more institutions. This applies to government, parliament, industry, property, school, religion, etc. As a result, failures and dysfunctions occur in their functioning. A similar thing happened after the October Revolution in Russia in 1917.

Public opinion gives an assessment of the activities of institutions, how they cope with their functions and tasks. Sociologists periodically measure trust level to social institutions.

Over the past 20 years, only the institution of the church has enjoyed consistently high trust among Russians, since 2000 - the president of the country. Attitude towards other institutions such as the media, trade unions, government, court, parliament, army, police, local authorities authorities, prosecutors, changed from 2000 to 2013. extremely low to moderately low or medium values ​​(4 to 32%).

Sociologists believe that the low level of trust in social institutions is evidence of their experience crisis, when they do not cope with their functions.

Data from a survey conducted by the Gallup Institute in the EU countries, of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, Israel, Canada, the United States, South America, Asia and Africa, showed that the level of trust in public institutions is usually higher here than in Russia (from 34 to 92%).

So, social institutions (basic and non-basic) have not only functions (benefits they bring), but also dysfunctions (harm to society). Functions and dysfunctions are explicit if they are officially declared, everyone is aware and obvious, and latent if they are hidden from view, they are not declared. Explicit institutional functions are expected and necessary. They are formed and declared in codes and fixed in the system of statuses and roles. Latent functions are the unintended result of the activities of institutions or individuals representing them. Democratic state established in Russia in the early 1990s, through parliament, the government and the president, sought to improve the life of the people, create civilized relations in society and instill in citizens respect for the law. These were the explicit, publicly announced goals and objectives. In fact, crime has increased in the country, and the standard of living has fallen. These are the by-products of the efforts of the institutions of power. Explicit functions indicate what people wanted to achieve within the framework of a particular institution, and latent ones - what came of it. The concept of explicit and latent functions was developed in the middle of the XX century. Robert Merton.

The explicit functions of the school as an institution of secondary education include the acquisition of literacy and a certificate of maturity, preparation for a university, training in professional roles, and the assimilation of the basic values ​​of society. But it also has hidden functions: acquiring a certain social status that will allow one to climb a step above the illiterate, establishing strong friendships, supporting graduates at the time of their entry into the labor market. Explicit, i.e. rather self-evident, the functions of the institute higher education we can consider the preparation of young people for the development of various special roles and the assimilation of the value standards, morality and ideology prevailing in society, and implicit - the consolidation of social inequality that takes place in obtaining higher education. Thus, latent functions act as a side effect of the activity of a social institution. They can be both positive and negative, i.e. dysfunctions.

As we have seen, functions and dysfunctions are relative, not absolute. The function may be explicit for some members of society and latent for others. It's the same with dysfunction. For example, it is important for some to acquire fundamental knowledge at the university, and for others to make acquaintances. In this case, the intersection of functions, dysfunctions, explicit and latent functions can be depicted as a logical square (Figure 3.4).

The institution of education or the institution of taxation has all pairs of functional relationships. For example, the latent function of education is to give graduates high school higher starting positions and provide higher career growth than people without higher education. This function is positive because it benefits graduates, not harm. At the same time, it is latent, clearly not manifested by any official law on education. The same can be said about the establishment of friendly relations, the formation of solidarity and mutual assistance of graduates of the same university and faculty after completing their studies and establishing their service career.

Another example is taxation. Useful spending of taxes established by law is a clear and positive function of an economic institution. Inappropriate tax spending is an example of dysfunction that takes both overt and latent forms. Tax expenditures incurred by the state on things useful to society, but not included in their intended purpose, will give a clear dysfunction, and tax theft - latent dysfunction.

Rice. 3.4.

When the discrepancy between explicit and latent functions is large, a double standard of social relations arises, which threatens the stability of society. Even more dangerous is the situation when, along with the official institutional system, the so-called shadow institutions are formed, which take on the function of regulating the most important social relations (for example, criminal structures in modern Russia).

  • Cm.: Frolov S.S. Sociology. M., 1994.S. 141-143.
  • Cm.: Merton R. Explicit and latent functions // American Sociological Thought; ed. V.I.Dobrenkova. M., 1994.S. 379 447.

Quest ((55))

Social institutions operating in the spiritual sphere do not include ...

Mass communication

Public opinion

Quest ((56))

To the media in modern world relate …

Blockbusters

Best sellers

Internet

Periodic printing

Quest ((57))

Two functions inherent in the media as a social institution are ...

social stratification

Education

Social control

Social differentiation

Quest ((58))

The "Urban Social Movement" is ...

A movement driven by the crisis in meeting the needs of the family, education and health services

Trade union movement

A movement that does not involve villagers

Student protest movement

Quest ((59))

The international organization that Russia plans to join in the near future is ...

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

United Nations (UN)

International Labor Organization (ILO)

The world trade Organization(WTO)

Quest ((60))

Effective elements of social control are ...

Praise and encouragement

Condemnation and censure

Reward and punishment

Expert assessment and selection

Quest ((61))

The elements that social control includes are ...

Norms and sanctions

Honor and conscience

Coercive apparatus and laws

Public opinion and media

Quest ((62))

They are not an element of a social institution ...

Values

Quest ((63))

A marriage between one woman and several men is called ...

Monogamy

Plurality

Celibacy

Polygamy

Quest ((64))

If a social institution is ineffective and its prestige in society falls, then they talk about ... a social institution

Dysfunctions

Reorganizations

Liquidation

Restructuring

Quest ((65))

Examples of social institutions do not include ...

Religion

Education

Quest ((66))

He introduced the concept of "dysfunction of a social institution" into scientific circulation and substantiated it ...

F. Tennis

K. Marx

G. Simmel

R. Merton

Quest (67))

In accordance with the reform of secondary school education, the duration of education in a general education school will be ... years

Quest ((68))

The need for solving spiritual problems, searching for the meaning of life is satisfied by the social institution ...

Religions

Education

Quest ((69))

The precondition for the emergence of any social institution is ...


Government regulation

The presence of a social contract

The emergence of a social need

The emergence of social stereotypes

Quest ((70))

Legal regulations characterizes ...

Universality

Informalization

Earliest appearance in society

Regulation by the Power of Public Opinion

Quest ((71))

A social institution is ...

An institution organized to regulate the decision-making process concerning collective interests

The system of rules, norms of behavior, roles related to the regulation of sexual behavior, childbirth, socialization, ensuring social status

A stable set of rules, norms, installations governing various areas human activity and organizing them into a system of social roles and statuses

Quest ((72))

The main distinguishing features of the organization include ...

Target nature

Functionality

Hierarchy

Availability of means of regulation and control

Division of labor, specialization

Quest ((73))

The social properties of the organization include ...

Motivation

Achievement of purpose

Organization as a human community, a specific social environment

Quest ((74))

The organization's cultural complexes do not include ...

Activity-role

Managerial

Relationship with external environment

Legalized

Behavioral

Quest ((75))

Types of social roles

Institutional

Non-institutional

Voluntary

Quest ((76))

Political sociology studies ...

Social section of political phenomena and their essence

Political processes regardless of social

Quest ((77))

The concept of "dysfunction" was introduced into sociology ...

R. Merton

T.Parsons

Quest ((78))

The marriage of one man to one woman is ...

Polygyny

Polyandry

Monogamy

Quest ((79))

The family is a public institution

Quest ((80))

Education is ...

The process of purposeful and systematic impact on the consciousness and behavior of an individual in order to prepare him for life in society

The process of acquiring knowledge about the world, familiarizing with culture, the values ​​of world civilization

The process of educating a person in the spirit of peace and goodness

Quest ((81))

The alternativeness of education is manifested in ...

The presence along with public private schools

Strengthening attention to the personality of the student, his needs and interests

The growing importance of humanitarian subjects

Availability of different textbooks on the same subject

Opportunity to get education in out-of-school forms: family education, self-education, external studies

Quest ((82))

A marriage between representatives of the same class of a social group or caste is called ...

Endogamous

Exogamous

Polygamous

Quest ((83))

The form of marriage prevailing in modern societies

Polyandry

Polygyny

Monogamy

Group marriage

Quest ((84))

Family is ...

Social institution and social group

Social Institute

Social group

Quest ((85))

He characterized the family as a subsystem of society that does not oppose it ...

T. Parsons

M. Weber

Quest ((86))

Marriage is ...

Connections between individuals based on consanguinity

Society-recognized and approved union between two adult individuals

Quest ((87))

Family types, by F. Le Play

Monogamous and exogamous

Nuclear and mixed

Patriarchal and matriarchal

Patriarchal, rooted and unstable

Quest ((88))

The nuclear family is ...

Parents and children

Parents, children, relatives

Parents, children, grandfathers, grandmothers

Quest ((289))

By the nature of leadership, families are divided into ...

Patrilocal, matrilocal and detail-local

Matriarchal, non-traditional, traditional

Traditional, matriarchal, non-traditional, egalitarian

Quest ((90))

Exogamy is ...

Rules requiring marriage outside of one's own (primarily consanguineous) group

Rules governing marriage within certain groups

Quest ((91))

Family risk factors include ...

Early age marriage

Forced marriage

Marriage is voluntary

Short dating period

Serious attitude to marriage

Quest ((92))

Alternative lifestyles include ...

Bachelor life

Loneliness

Bastard family

Homosexual couples

Quest ((93))

The stereotype of family education is ...

Childcentrism and pragmatism

Childcentrism, professionalism, pragmatism

Pragmatism, childcentrism, recreation

Quest ((94))

The distinctive features of science are ...

Rationality of provisions and conclusions

Irrationality of provisions and conclusions

Validity, impersonality

Quest ((95))

The goal of science is ...

Gaining knowledge

Getting true knowledge

Quest ((96))

He was the first to consider science as a social institution ...

T.Parsons

R. Merton

Quest ((97))

Name the types of sciences

Technical

Natural

Anthropological

Public (social)

Test on topic 10. Social conflicts

Quest ((138))

Tiff

Quest ((139))

T. Parsons

M. Weber

R. Darrendorf

Quest ((140))

The actions of the sailors of the battleship Potemkin in the summer of 1905, expressed in disobedience to the officers and the murder of one of them, were an example ...

Pogroms

Hysteria

Quest ((141))

Role conflict in sociology is called ...

Lack of human-performed social functions

Contradictions arising between functions performed by one person

Phenomena of social marginality

The phenomenon of a large number of social functions in one person

Quest ((142))

The transition of the conflict from the phase of insoluble contradiction to the phase of mutually beneficial cooperation is ...

Conflict change

Conflict resolution

Exaggerating the conflict

Mitigating Conflict

Quest ((143))

List the obstacles that reduce the ability to prevent conflicts

Generally accepted moral standards

Conflict society

Quest ((144))

Conflicts by spheres of manifestation can be ...

Economic

Household

Intergroup

Interpersonal

Quest ((145))

The most common causes of conflict are ...

Socio-political

Socio-psychological

Economic

Socio-demographic

Individual psychological

All answers are correct

Quest ((146))

The subject of the conflict is ...

About what the confrontation arose

What is up for discussion

What can be purchased

Quest ((147))

The object of the conflict is ...

Specific reasons

Motivation

driving forces

Quest ((148))

To spontaneous mass forms social conflict refers ...

Tiff

Quest ((149))

The conflictological direction in sociology was developed by ...

T. Parsons

M. Weber

R. Darrendorf

Quest ((150))

Conflict prevention is ...

Conflict management in order to legitimize it

Activity aimed at limiting the conflict

Preventive form of conflict management

Quest ((151))

Conflicts over social consequences are ...

Constructive

Subject

Destructive

Protracted

Quest ((152))

Establish a correspondence between objects of social conflict and their authors

L1: K. Marx

R1: property

L2: R. Dahrendorf

R2: resource scarcity

L3: L. Cowser

R3: power

Quest ((153))

In conflictology, Lewis Coser adhered to ...

Theories of positive-functional conflict

Theories of the conflict model of society

General theory of conflict

Quest ((154))

In conflict management, Ralph Dahrendorf adhered to ...

Theories of positive-functional conflict

General theory of conflict

Theories of the conflict model of society

Quest ((155))

The fact that conflicts are a fatal part social life, proved ...

M. Weber

K. Marx

G. Simmel

G. Hegel

Quest ((156))

The subject of the conflict is understood ...

Objectively existing contradictions regarding the use of certain resources

Objectively existing or perceived problem causing disagreement between the parties

Objectively existing disagreements and problems regarding the separation of powers between the parties

Quest ((157))

Objective reasons conflicts associated with ...

Lack of resources

Spiritual impoverishment

The collapse of ideology

By the power of power

Quest ((158))

Subjective reasons for the conflict are associated with ...

Human psychology

Spiritual foundations of personality

Economic needs

Quest ((159))

The structural components of social conflict are not ...

Subjects of the conflict

The relationship between the subjects of the conflict

The subject of the conflict

State the environment where the conflict arises and develops

Characteristics of minor participants

Quest ((160))

Elements of a conflict are not ...

Problem

Conflict situation

Participants

Incident

Actions

Quest ((161))

The criterion for assessing social tension is not ...

The degree of dissatisfaction

Influence of the media

Community mobilization

Influence of criminal structures

The degree of consolidation of the opposition

Quest ((162))

Conflict management means ...

Purposeful impact on the conflict process, ensuring the solution of socially significant tasks

Constant influence on the process of the conflict, ensuring its resolution

Impact on the conflict process, ensuring the solution of its problems

Quest ((163))

The main positive method of conflict resolution is ...

Empathy

Negotiation

Quest ((164))

The form of expressing agreement with the arguments of the opponent in a dispute is called ...

Compromise

Consensus

Avoidance

Adaptation

Quest ((165))

List the channels of influence of the social norm on the behavior of people.

Information impact

Value impact

Psychological impact

Moral impact

Structural elements of the basic institutions of society

table 2

Institutions

Main roles

Physical traits

Symbolic traits

nursing and raising children

family marriage

situation

betrothal

the contract

extraction of food, clothing, shelter

economic

employer

employee

customer

salesman

trade

maintaining laws, regulations and standards

political

legislator

subject of law

public buildings and places

promoting conciliar relations, deepening faith

religious

a priest

parishioner

socialization, familiarization with basic values ​​and practices

education

Source: A.I. Kravchenko. Sociology. - Yekaterinburg, 1998 .-- p. 338

Functions and features of social institutions

Since social forces and interests are complex, contradictory and interrelated, it is not always possible to foresee the consequences of any particular action. Therefore, in the activities of any institution, they are distinguished as explicit functions, which are defined as the recognized goals of the institution, and latent functions that are carried out unintentionally and may be unrecognized, or, if they are recognized, are considered a by-product.

For the implementation of the purpose for which it was created, each institution performs in relation to its participants functions that ensure the joint activities of people striving to meet the needs. These are, first of all, the following explicit functions:

  • 1. The function of consolidation and reproduction of social relations. Each institution has a system of rules and norms of behavior for its members, supported by social control. Thus, the institution ensures the stability of social relations and social structure society.
  • 2. Regulatory function - ensures the regulation of relationships between members of society by developing patterns of behavior. With the help of institutions, a person exhibits predictable and standardized behavior in social life. He fulfills role requirements-expectations and knows what to expect from the people around him.
  • 3. Integrative function - includes the processes of cohesion, interdependence and mutual responsibility. All this leads to an increase in the stability and integrity of the elements of the social structure.

Integration involves three main elements:

consolidation or combination of efforts;

mobilization, when each member of the group invests their resources in achieving goals;

the conformity of the personal goals of individuals with the goals of others or the goals of the group.

  • 4. Transmitting function Society and its institutions could not develop if there was no opportunity to transmit social experience. In this regard, each institution provides a mechanism that allows individuals to socialize to its values, norms and roles.
  • 5. Communicative function. Information produced at an institution should be disseminated both within it, for the purpose of managing and monitoring compliance with standards, and in interactions between institutions. Moreover, the nature of the institution's communicative ties has its own specifics - these are formal ties carried out in the system of institutionalized roles.

Within each social institution, a number of subfunctions can be distinguished that it performs and which other institutions may not have.

Dysfunctions in the activities of social institutions and social disorganization of society.

Control questions

Analyze the organization as a social system.

Expand the concept of "goal of social organization" and their ranking.

What are the goals, objectives and functions of social institutions and their role in the life of society and each individual?

What are the main social institutions that exist in any civilized social systems?

How do you understand the term "social institution"?

What are the types of social institutions, their functions?

What are the main functions of a social institution?

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