Agricultural industry in China indicator. Development of livestock farming in China. Organic food

The world's largest number of plants is cultivated in the Celestial Empire. About 50 types of field crops, about 60 garden plants and about 80 garden species are grown in China annually. In addition, a significant part of Chinese land is given over to livestock farming. Overall, 60% of the country's population works in this industry.

Plants: arable lands and fields

What culture is most popular in China? Anyone can answer this question. In the Celestial Empire, rice is the boss of everything. It is loved and valued there in the same way that cereals are valued all over the world.

The largest share of arable land in China is occupied by the following plantings:

Cereals;
Corn;
Potato;
Beans;
And much more.

Thanks to the diversity of climatic zones, China can afford to grow the maximum variety of food, industrial and medicinal crops. Sugar beets, cane and cotton are prominent representatives of plants used for further technical production.

Even in the Celestial Empire, many fruits and vegetables are successfully harvested. Soybeans and even peanuts are cultivated. The country is rich in black soil and lands with a different soil composition, so every plant in the fields of China will definitely have its place.

Animals and their keeping

The livestock industry accounts for only 20% of all industries Agriculture Celestial Empire. Many Chinese living outside the city keep chickens and pigs in their subsidiary farms.

Pig farming in this state has industrial scale. China contains 40% of the world's pig population. Poultry takes a large part in breeding. Draft cattle are also raised here. With such a variety of animals, there is still not enough meat for the people in China; the population of the country is too large, and the area for pastures is small.

Silkworms are bred in the southern and eastern regions. Chinese silk is one of the highest quality on the planet. There are also beekeeping farms in China.

Fisheries are found in this state even in rice fields. The Chinese are turning coastal shallows into mini-farms for breeding shrimp, shellfish and beneficial algae.

How is farming done in China?

The Chinese do a lot of agricultural work by hand. To extend the spring and summer for plants, greenhouses are widely used in China.

In warm areas of the country, it is sometimes possible to harvest three crops per year. The government encourages small business owners with subsidies, since their products are of the highest quality and are aimed at the domestic market.

The type of agriculture is determined by the topography of the area, and not by the desires of the landowners themselves. Small private farms predominate in the mountains, and, for example, in Heilongjiang province rural work is handled by the state. There the arable lands are more extensive, suitable for the use of technical devices.

The overall development outlook for China's rural industry is very favorable. All the land there is spent extremely rationally, and sometimes options are come up for combining several industries on one site.

The main problem of the Celestial Empire is overpopulation. That is why in Chinese stores Sometimes there is a shortage of meat products, which is more than compensated for by fish and rice. As technology develops, farming methods also improve, and yields can grow to unprecedented heights. But the implementation of this approach is still in the theoretical field and is poorly reproduced in practice in Chinese lands and regions.

First district It covers almost the entire Northeast and territorially corresponds primarily to the vast Songliao (Manchurian) plain with fertile chernozem-like soils and forest-steppe landscapes. This is one of the main breadbaskets of the country with crops of spring wheat and kaoliang - a variety of sorghum that was known in China back in the 12th century. This area also includes part of Northern China.

Second district has a grain-growing-cotton-growing specialization. Its core is the Great Chinese Plain (North China Plain). The perfectly flat surface of this plain, formed by sediment from the Yellow River and other rivers that now flow above its level in embanked channels, is a typical anthropogenic agricultural landscape, almost completely cultivated. This is the country's main area for the cultivation of winter wheat and cotton, second only to the northeastern area for the cultivation of soybeans, which have been cultivated here for thousands of years. Agriculture on the Great Chinese Plain, with its subtropical monsoon climate characterized by fairly cold and dry winters, is carried out using artificial irrigation. Therefore, the waters of the Yellow River, Huaihe, and the Grand Canal, which crosses the plain in the meridional direction, are widely used for this purpose.

Rice. 104.

yellow China.

Third district has a clearly defined rice-growing specialization. It occupies mainly that part of Eastern China that is located in the Yangtze basin. Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling ridge, which rises to a height of up to 4000 m and is an important climatic divide, and further east along the river. Huaihe. Its southern border is formed by the Nanling ridge, separating the Yangtze and Xijiang basins. The climate in the area is subtropical, monsoon. Due to the predominance of hilly terrain, the area of plowed land here is generally not as large as in the North China Plain, but the lands adjacent to the Yangtze Valley are almost completely plowed.

IN various directions they are crisscrossed with canals that are used for navigation, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood periods.

Sugar cane, tea, tobacco, and citrus fruits are also grown here. The name was established for the entire region of the Yangtze basin and Sichuan greenChina.

Fourth district covers the tropical part of southern China, located south of the Nanling Ridge. This is an area of typical monsoon climate, distribution of yellow soils and red soils. For the river basin Xijiang, the coast of the South China Sea and about. Hainan is characterized by the landscapes of the humid tropics. The main grain crop here is rice, which produces two or even three harvests per year. The area also supplies a variety of tropical and subtropical fruits.

Fifth District dry China.

Finally, sixth district specializes in transhumance livestock farming, in which livestock graze on high mountain pastures in summer and in valleys in winter. Geographically, it basically coincides with the world's most extensive Tibetan Plateau, the surface of which is formed by high-mountain, mainly gravelly deserts and semi-deserts. It is no coincidence that this area is called high China or cold China.

According to climate modeling, by 2030 average annual temperatures compared to today will increase by 0.88 °C, by 2050 - by 1.4, and in 2100 - by 2.9 °C. These climate changes will also have their own regional characteristics. Most likely to benefit from warming

Date of publication: 2014-10-25; Read: 1474 | Page copyright infringement

Agriculture continues to play a very important role in China's economy, employing 60.2% of the population.

Crop production is mainly focused on grain and green tea. The main agricultural regions of the country are located in Eastern and Northeastern China.

Farmland accounts for 52% of the total territory of China, 2/5 of arable land requires irrigation. The northern half of China is occupied by the so-called “yellow China”, with a predominance of wheat, kaoliang, corn, millet, and radishes.

In the structure of sown land, 77% falls on grain crops. The southern half of China is occupied by “green China”, the specialization of which is determined primarily by rice crops - 20%. Rice, wheat, corn make up 80% of the total grain harvest (500 million).

t in 2000). About 180 million tons of rice are harvested in China every year. In the southern regions of China, rice is harvested two, even three times a year. Industrial crops occupy about 1/6 of the sown area.

China ranks first in the world in cotton harvesting (4 million tons per year); jute, hemp, and kenaf are also grown. Important sugar crops are sugar cane (50 million tons per year) and sugar beets.

The main oilseed crops in China are soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, and sesame.

China ranks second in the world (after India) in tea production (580 thousand tons per year), and tobacco is grown. More than a hundred types of different vegetables are grown in China: potatoes, sweet potatoes, radishes, carrots, etc.

In the northwest, in “dry China,” the predominant type of economy is extensive nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding. In the southwest, in “cold China” (Tibet), agriculture is generally poorly developed.

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six agricultural areas.

First district can be called predominantly grain-growing.

It covers almost the entire Northeast and territorially corresponds primarily to the vast Songliao (Manchurian) plain with fertile chernozem-like soils and forest-steppe landscapes. This is one of the main breadbaskets of the country with crops of spring wheat and kaoliang - a variety of sorghum that was known in China back in the 12th century.

This area also includes part of Northern China.

Second district has a grain-growing-cotton-growing specialization. Its core is the Great Chinese Plain (North China Plain).

The perfectly flat surface of this plain, formed by sediment from the Yellow River and other rivers that now flow above its level in embanked channels, is a typical anthropogenic agricultural landscape, almost completely cultivated. This is the country's main area for the cultivation of winter wheat and cotton, second only to the northeastern area for the cultivation of soybeans, which have been cultivated here for thousands of years.

Agriculture on the Great Chinese Plain, with its subtropical monsoon climate characterized by fairly cold and dry winters, is carried out using artificial irrigation. Therefore, the waters of the Yellow River, Huaihe, and the Grand Canal, which crosses the plain in the meridional direction, are widely used for this purpose.

Its entire surface is literally dotted with large and small irrigation canals.

Rice. 104. Agricultural areas of China

Its area exceeds 600 thousand km2, and 80 million people live on this territory. The main grain crop here is also winter wheat, but there are also cotton crops. The spread of loess and yellow soil led to the fact that this entire vast area was often called yellow China.

Third district has a clearly defined rice-growing specialization. It occupies mainly that part of Eastern China that is located in the Yangtze basin.

Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling ridge, which rises to a height of up to 4000 m and is an important climatic divide, and further east along the river. Huaihe.

Its southern border is formed by the Nanling ridge, separating the Yangtze and Xijiang basins. The climate in the area is subtropical, monsoon. Due to the predominance of hilly terrain, the area of plowed land here is generally not as large as in the North China Plain, but the lands adjacent to the Yangtze Valley are almost completely plowed.

The main area for irrigated rice cultivation is the alluvial lowlands along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze. In various directions they are furrowed by canals, which are used for navigation, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood waters.

The real “rice bowls” are the basins of lakes Dongting and Poyang. South of the Yangtze there are usually two rice crops per year. In addition to rice, wheat, cotton, various legumes and oilseeds are also cultivated here. And the famous tea plantations are located on the hillsides, mainly south of the Yangtze Valley.

A special role in the west of this region is played by the province of Sichuan, with its center in the city.

In Sichuan (this word translated means “four rivers”) almost all agricultural crops known in China are grown, and it is no coincidence that the figurative name Tianfu zhi guo – the Land of Heavenly Abundance – has long been assigned to it. The most remarkable feature of its cultural landscape are the artificial terraces that encircle the slopes of hills and mountains in narrow ribbons.

This is one of the breadbaskets of the country, where, with artificial irrigation, two or three crops of rice, wheat, and vegetables are harvested per year. Sugar cane, tea, tobacco, and citrus fruits are also grown here.

The name was established for the entire region of the Yangtze basin and Sichuan greenChina.

Fourth district covers the tropical part of southern China, located south of the Nanling Ridge. This is an area of typical monsoon climate, distribution of yellow soils and red soils. For the river basin Xijiang, the coast of the South China Sea and about. Hainan is characterized by landscapes of the humid tropics. The main grain crop here is rice, which produces two or even three harvests a year. The area also supplies a variety of tropical and subtropical fruits.

The main industrial crop is sugar cane.

Fifth District has a specialization in pasture husbandry and covers the steppe, desert and semi-desert zones of Northwestern China and Inner Mongolia. Agriculture here is carried out only in oases located in the Dzungarian and Kashgar basins. This is the so-called dry China.

Finally, sixth district specializes in transhumance livestock farming, in which livestock graze on high mountain pastures in summer and in valleys in winter.

Geographically, it basically coincides with the world's most extensive Tibetan Plateau, the surface of which is formed by high-mountain, mainly gravelly deserts and semi-deserts. It is no coincidence that this area is called high China or cold China. The main food crop here is the local frost-resistant qingke barley. And spring wheat crops reach an altitude of 4000 m.

Recently, much attention has been paid in China to forecasts of the possible consequences of global warming for the country's agriculture.

According to climate modeling, by 2030 average annual temperatures compared to today will increase by 0.88 °C, by 2050 - by 1.4, and in 2100 - by 2.9 °C.

57. Agricultural areas of China

These climate changes will also have their own regional characteristics. Most likely to benefit from warming

Northeast, where the growing season and crop yields will increase. Precipitation will increase slightly in the arid Northwest.

The northern border of the three harvests will move further north - from the Yangtze Valley to the Yellow River Valley. But at the same time, in many areas of the country, the shortage of water resources will increase, which will only be partially compensated by the melting of glaciers in Tibet, which feed many rivers.

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57. Agricultural areas of China

China is known as one of the world's main producers of agricultural products (Table 37). For geography, studying this industry using the example of such a huge country as China is especially interesting from the standpoint of highlighting internal differences and agricultural zoning. Acquaintance with the relevant sources shows that such zoning can be more fragmented and more generalized. In the second case, it is usually distinguished six agricultural areas.

The first region can be called predominantly grain-growing.

It covers almost the entire Northeast and territorially corresponds primarily to the vast Songliao (Manchurian) plain with fertile chernozem-like soils and forest-steppe landscapes.

This is one of the main breadbaskets of the country with crops of spring wheat and kaoliang - a variety of sorghum that was known in China back in the 12th century. This area also includes part of Northern China.

The second region has a grain-growing, cotton-growing specialization. Its core is the Great Chinese Plain (North China Plain).

This is the country's main area for the cultivation of winter wheat and cotton, second only to the northeastern area for the cultivation of soybeans, which have been cultivated here for thousands of years. Agriculture on the Great Chinese Plain, with its subtropical monsoon climate characterized by fairly cold and dry winters, is carried out using artificial irrigation. Therefore, the waters of the Yellow River, Huaihe, and the Grand Canal, which crosses the plain in the meridional direction, are widely used for this purpose.

Its entire surface is literally dotted with large and small irrigation canals.

In the west, the Loess Plateau, which is part of this region and located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, also adjoins the Great Chinese Plain; The thickness of the loess covers here reaches 600 m. Its area exceeds 600 thousand km2, and 80 million people live in this territory. The main grain crop here is also winter wheat, but there are also cotton crops.

The spread of loess and yellow soils led to the fact that this entire vast region was often called yellow China.

The third region has a clearly defined rice-growing specialization. It occupies mainly that part of Eastern China that is located in the Yangtze basin. Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling ridge, which rises to a height of up to 4000 m and is an important climatic divide, and further east along the river.

The main area for irrigated rice cultivation is the alluvial lowlands along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze.

In various directions they are furrowed by canals, which are used for navigation, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood waters. The real “rice bowls” are the basins of lakes Dongting and Poyang. South of the Yangtze there are usually two rice crops per year. In addition to rice, wheat, cotton, various legumes and oilseeds are also cultivated here.

And the famous tea plantations are located on the hillsides, mainly south of the Yangtze Valley.

The province of Sichuan, with its center in Chengdu, plays a special role in the west of this region. And not only because it is one of the largest provinces in China by population. But also because it occupies a rather isolated Sichuan basin, fenced off by mountains, also called the Red Basin due to the distribution of red soils.

Hot, humid summers and warm winters ensure year-round plant growth here. In Sichuan (this word translated means “four rivers”) almost all agricultural crops known in China are grown, and it is no coincidence that the figurative name Tianfu zhi guo – the Land of Heavenly Abundance – has long been assigned to it. The most remarkable feature of its cultural landscape are the artificial terraces that encircle the slopes of hills and mountains in narrow ribbons.

This is one of the breadbaskets of the country, where, with artificial irrigation, two or three crops of rice, wheat, and vegetables are harvested per year.

Sugar cane, tea, tobacco, and citrus fruits are also grown here. The entire region of the Yangtze basin and Sichuan was given the name green China.

The fourth region covers the tropical part of southern China, located south of the Nanling Ridge. This is an area of typical monsoon climate, distribution of yellow soils and red soils. For the river basin Xijiang, the coast of the South China Sea and about. Hainan is characterized by the landscapes of the humid tropics. The main grain crop here is rice, which produces two or even three harvests per year.

The area also supplies a variety of tropical and subtropical fruits.

Industry and Agriculture of China

The main industrial crop is sugar cane.

The fifth region specializes in grazing livestock and covers the steppes, deserts and semi-deserts of Northwestern China and Inner Mongolia. Agriculture here is carried out only in oases located in the Dzungarian and Kashgar basins.

This is the so-called dry China.

Finally, the sixth region specializes in transhumance livestock farming, in which livestock graze on high mountain pastures in summer and in valleys in winter. Geographically, it basically coincides with the world's most extensive Tibetan Plateau, the surface of which is formed by high-mountain, mainly gravelly deserts and semi-deserts.

It is no coincidence that this area is called high China or cold China. The main food crop here is the local frost-resistant qingke barley. And spring wheat crops reach an altitude of 4000 m.

Recently, much attention has been paid in China to forecasts of the possible consequences of global warming for the country's agriculture. According to climate modeling, by 2030 average annual temperatures compared to today will increase by 0.88 °C, by 2050

– by 1.4, and in 2100 – by 2.9 °C. These climate changes will also have their own regional characteristics. Most likely to benefit from warming

Northeast, where the growing season and crop yields will increase. Precipitation will increase slightly in the arid Northwest. The northern border of the three harvests will move further north - from the Yangtze Valley to the Yellow River Valley. But at the same time, in many areas of the country, the shortage of water resources will increase, which will only be partially compensated by the melting of glaciers in Tibet, which feed many rivers.

Acquaintance with the relevant sources shows that such zoning can be more fragmented and more generalized. In the second case, it is usually distinguished six agricultural areas.

First district can be called predominantly grain-growing.

Second district has a grain-growing-cotton-growing specialization.

Its core is the Great Chinese Plain (North China Plain). The perfectly flat surface of this plain, formed by sediment from the Yellow River and other rivers that now flow above its level in embanked channels, is a typical anthropogenic agricultural landscape, almost completely cultivated. This is the country's main area for the cultivation of winter wheat and cotton, second only to the northeastern area for the cultivation of soybeans, which have been cultivated here for thousands of years.

Agriculture on the Great Chinese Plain, with its subtropical monsoon climate characterized by fairly cold and dry winters, is carried out using artificial irrigation.

Therefore, the waters of the Yellow River, Huaihe, and the Grand Canal, which crosses the plain in the meridional direction, are widely used for this purpose. Its entire surface is literally dotted with large and small irrigation canals.

104. Agricultural areas of China

Third district has a clearly defined rice-growing specialization.

It occupies mainly that part of Eastern China that is located in the Yangtze basin. Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling ridge, which rises to a height of up to 4000 m and is an important climatic divide, and further east along the river. Huaihe. Its southern border is formed by the Nanling ridge, separating the Yangtze and Xijiang basins. The climate in the area is subtropical, monsoon. Due to the predominance of hilly terrain, the area of plowed land here is generally not as large as in the North China Plain, but the lands adjacent to the Yangtze Valley are almost completely plowed.

The main area for irrigated rice cultivation is the alluvial lowlands along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze.

In various directions they are furrowed by canals, which are used for navigation, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood waters.

A special role in the west of this region is played by the province of Sichuan, with its center in the city.

Chengdu. And not only because it is one of the largest provinces in China by population. But also because it occupies a rather isolated Sichuan basin, fenced off by mountains, also called the Red Basin due to the distribution of red soils. Hot, humid summers and warm winters ensure year-round plant growth here. In Sichuan (this word translated means “four rivers”) almost all agricultural crops known in China are grown, and it is no coincidence that the figurative name Tianfu zhi guo – the Land of Heavenly Abundance – has long been assigned to it.

The most remarkable feature of its cultural landscape are the artificial terraces that encircle the slopes of hills and mountains in narrow ribbons. This is one of the breadbaskets of the country, where, with artificial irrigation, two or three crops of rice, wheat, and vegetables are harvested per year.

Agriculture in China

Sugar cane, tea, tobacco, and citrus fruits are also grown here. The name was established for the entire region of the Yangtze basin and Sichuan greenChina.

The area also supplies a variety of tropical and subtropical fruits. The main industrial crop is sugar cane.

Fifth District has a specialization in pasture husbandry and covers the steppe, desert and semi-desert zones of Northwestern China and Inner Mongolia.

Agriculture here is carried out only in oases located in the Dzungarian and Kashgar basins. This is the so-called dry China.

It is no coincidence that this area is called high China or cold China. The main food crop here is the local frost-resistant qingke barley. And spring wheat crops reach an altitude of 4000 m.

Recently, much attention has been paid in China to forecasts of the possible consequences of global warming for the country's agriculture.

Northeast, where the growing season and crop yields will increase.

Precipitation will increase slightly in the arid Northwest. The northern border of the three harvests will move further north - from the Yangtze Valley to the Yellow River Valley.

But at the same time, in many areas of the country, the shortage of water resources will increase, which will only be partially compensated by the melting of glaciers in Tibet, which feed many rivers.

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What crop was mainly grown by the Chinese and the main areas where it was cultivated?

Answers:

The main grain crop here is also winter wheat, but there are also cotton crops. The spread of loess and yellow soils led to the fact that this entire vast region was often called yellow China. The third region has a clearly defined rice-growing specialization. It occupies mainly that part of Eastern China that is located in the Yangtze basin. Its northern border is usually drawn along the Qinling ridge, which rises to a height of up to 4000 m and is an important climatic divide, and further east along the river.

Huaihe. Its southern border is formed by the Nanling ridge, separating the Yangtze and Xijiang basins. The climate in the area is subtropical, monsoon. Due to the predominance of hilly terrain, the area of plowed land here is generally not as large as in the North China Lowland, but the lands adjacent to the Yangtze Valley are almost completely plowed. The main area for irrigated rice cultivation is the alluvial lowlands along the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze. In various directions they are furrowed by canals, which are used for navigation, irrigation, fishing and serve as reservoirs during flood waters.

Sugar cane, tea, tobacco, and citrus fruits are also grown here. The entire region of the Yangtze basin and Sichuan has been given the name green China. The fourth region covers the tropical part of Southern China, located south of the Nanling Ridge. This is an area of typical monsoon climate, distribution of yellow soils and red soils. For the river basin Xijiang, the coast of the South China Sea and about. Hainan is characterized by the landscapes of the humid tropics. The main grain crop here is rice, which produces two or even three harvests per year.

The area also supplies a variety of tropical and subtropical fruits. Of the industrial crops, the main one is sugar cane. The fifth region specializes in grazing livestock and covers the zone of steppes, deserts and semi-deserts of Northwestern China and Inner Mongolia. Agriculture here is carried out only in oases located in the Dzungarian and Kashgar basins.

This is the so-called dry China. Finally, the sixth region specializes in transhumance livestock farming, in which livestock graze on high mountain pastures in the summer and in the valleys in the winter. Geographically, it basically coincides with the world's most extensive Tibetan Plateau, the surface of which is formed by high-mountain, mainly gravelly deserts and semi-deserts.

Mypresentation.ru

It is no coincidence that this area is called high China or cold China. The main food crop here is the local frost-resistant qingke barley.

And spring wheat crops reach an altitude of 4000 m. Recently, in China, much attention has been paid to forecasts of the possible consequences of global warming for the country’s agriculture. According to climate modeling, by 2030 average annual temperatures compared to today will increase by 0.88 °C, by 2050

– by 1.4, and in 2100 – by 2.9 °C. These climate changes will also have their own regional characteristics. The Northeast will benefit the most from warming, where the growing season and crop yields will increase.

Precipitation will increase slightly in the arid Northwest. The northern border of the three harvests will move further north - from the Yangtze Valley to the Yellow River Valley. But at the same time, in many areas of the country, the shortage of water resources will increase, which will only be partially compensated by the melting of glaciers in Tibet, which feed many rivers.

Fast and successful development economy due to the large volume industrial production and the correct implementation of the country's export policy.

Financial system

China's main currency is the yuan. It is believed that the yuan can become a competitor to the American dollar. However, currently the yuan is directly dependent on the dollar, and changes in its exchange rate are strictly controlled by the state. Since China is a leader in export trade, an increase in the value of the yuan will negatively impact all sectors of the economy.

Now China is in first place in the world in terms of volume foreign trade. The most popular items are electronics, cars, toys and textiles.

China not only successfully exports products, but also invests in the economies of other countries. For example, the volume of investments in states located on the African continent amounts to more than a trillion dollars. In addition, Beijing is successfully implementing its projects in the construction, energy and transport sectors.

Development of economic sectors

Since the end of the 20th century, China's economy has developed rapidly. The largest part of the country's GDP is occupied by industry, agriculture and the service sector. The most actively developing:

mechanical engineering;
automotive industry;
healthcare;
information technology industry;
Internet trading.

The rapid pace of development is especially noticeable in agriculture and industry.

Agriculture

All lands suitable for arable land are actively used. Most of the land is grown with rice, which is the main crop. In addition to rice, soybeans, potatoes, wheat and other crops are grown in China. In livestock farming, China occupies a leading position in the breeding of chickens and pigs. Sheep farming is developing rapidly. The large number of reservoirs in the country contributes to the active growth of fisheries. The pace of development of the agricultural industry directly depends on natural factors. Constant droughts and floods threaten its further development.

Industry

Construction and industry form the backbone of China's economy. A fifth of the world's industrial output belongs to China. Almost half of the country's GDP comes from these industries. The automotive industry and production are developing rapidly personal computers and steel. Special attention is devoted to the development of the energy industry. A large amount of resources is invested in the development of nuclear and alternative energy(construction of wind farms).

The influence of foreign capital on the Chinese economy

The main feature of the Chinese economy is state control for foreign investment in a number of industries. For example, the intervention of foreign partners in such industries as:

mining industry;
production of nuclear fuel and radioactive materials;
air travel.

IN social activities There is a strict ban on the presence of foreign capital in the following areas:

GMO production;
publishing activities;
social studies.

Government procurement is available to foreigners, but the quantity is regulated by Chinese law. IN financial sector The “rights” of foreign investors are also limited. In banks, the volume of foreign investments should not exceed 25%, in the market valuable papers- no more than 49%. In the telecommunications and construction industries, the presence of foreign investment is no more than 50%, and in the construction industry, the participation of foreign capital is limited to the construction of office buildings, hotels and inns.

China's economic development can rightfully be called phenomenal. China is a leader in many economic sectors and has a significant influence on global trade.

China - modern state on the territory of East Asia, which belongs to the most ancient world civilization.

In fact, China consists of two parts - the PRC (People's Republic of China), which is the mainland, and the ROK (Republic of China), which controls Taiwan and nearby islands.

The modern state was founded in 1949. The largest cities, which represent both the main industrial and shopping centers, are Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chongqing and the capital of the state - Beijing.

The form of government in China is the People's Socialist Republic. Power belongs to the chairman, who is elected by voting of the people's representatives.

Population of China

China is a fairly mono-ethnic country; representatives of more than 60 ethnic groups live here, uniting themselves under the single Chinese nationality. However, the trend of interethnic marriages, which has been increasing recently, inevitably leads to an increase in representatives of other nationalities in the country.

The country's total population in 2010 was 1.5 billion, making China the largest country in the world in terms of the number of people living in it.

Constant population growth leads to a gradual depletion of resources, which is why the state has a birth control policy. Its results did not particularly affect the demographic situation; as a result, Chinese citizens are gradually settling in other countries of the world, including Slavic ones.

This process negatively affects the economies of countries, as Chinese citizens take away possible jobs among representatives of ethnic nationalities, which increases the level of unemployment and poverty among the population. The level of urbanization in China is quite low - the percentage of the rural population is 65%.

Chinese economy

China is a country with a fairly high level of industry. The bulk of GDP is provided by private enterprises. However, the operation of enterprises depends on the import of energy resources, since natural and produced reserves cannot even satisfy the needs of the population.

The high level of trade is due to the presence of 14 duty-free zones. China is the undisputed leader in world exports. The goods that it exports are represented by a wide variety of types, in particular: cameras and video equipment (50% of those existing on the world market), cars, Appliances, clothing, footwear, household goods and furniture.

Unfortunately, the quantity of Chinese products is not always supported by quality, therefore, in many countries of the world, the import of exports from China is prohibited, which negatively affects the country's economy.

Agriculture is also quite well developed in China. In China, cereals, vegetables, grapes and tobacco are grown, and in the subtropical parts of the country - tangerines, pineapples and oranges.

Agricultural production - most important industry economy of the People's Republic of China, designed to provide food for the largest population in the world. In addition, an increasing number of industry products are exported. China is a country of ancient agricultural civilization.

The most important sector of China's economy is agriculture. The leading branch of China's agriculture is crop production. The arable area is 100 million hectares. The main food crop is rice, which can be grown almost throughout China. In the southern and southeastern provinces of China, rice is harvested 2 or 3 times a year. The second most important crop in China is wheat. Spring wheat growing areas are located north and northeast of the Great Wall of China, as well as in the western regions. Winter wheat is grown in the Yellow and Yangtze river basins. Corn, millet, kaoliang, and barley are also grown. The main oilseed crop is peanuts. Among the legume crops, soybeans, peas, and beans are common. Tuberous crops include sweet potatoes (yams), white potatoes, yams, taro, and cassava. Great importance for the country it has the production of industrial crops: cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beets, tobacco. Vegetable and fruit growing are developed. Livestock farming in China remains the least developed sector of agriculture, but in terms of livestock, China ranks among the first in the world (40% of the world's pig population). The main branch of livestock farming is pig farming (90% of gross meat production). Other livestock sectors are less developed. The main areas for breeding sheep and goats are the north of the country, the foothills of the south and west. Sheep products supply light industry and exported. Poultry farming, beekeeping and sericulture are developing. Shrimp, shellfish and seaweed are grown in the shallows. In terms of fish catch and seafood production, China is among the world leaders. It occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the diversity of cultivated crops: over 50 types of field crops, more than 80 garden crops and over 60 types of horticultural crops are used. The country's agriculture is traditionally characterized by crop production, primarily grain production; the main food crops are rice, wheat, corn, millet, tubers and soybeans. Rice is the main food crop, the harvest of which China ranks first in the world. Across the vast territory of the country, rice cultivation is widespread everywhere, with the exception of high mountain areas with a harsh climate and deserts. About 33% of the grain crop area is occupied by rice, which accounts for approximately 38% of the country's total grain harvest. The main rice-growing areas are located south of the Yellow River. Over the centuries-old history of rice cultivation in China, about 10 thousand varieties of this cereal have been bred. The country's processed rice production is 125.3-134.3 million tons. Consumption - 127.42-144.0 million tons. Exports amount to 0.4-1.4 million tons, and imports amount to 0.2-2.9 million tons. Carryover reserves range from 37.8 to 46.9 million tons. In the 2012/13 season, for the first time in history, the gross corn harvest in China exceeded the harvest of raw rice and amounted to. 205.6 million tons. In terms of corn production, China ranks second in the world after the United States. On a sown area of 29.5-35.0 million hectares with a yield of 5.2-5.9 tons/ha, 152.3-205.6 million tons are produced. Exports over the past six years have steadily decreased from 0.5 to 0.05 million tons, while imports increased from 0.04 to 5.2 million tons. Domestic consumption increased from 150 to 207 million tons. Carryover stocks increased from 38.4 to 60.9 million tons. The second most important food crop is wheat. China also leads the world in its collection. On a sown area of 23.76-24.3 million hectares with a yield of 4.6-5.0 tons/ha, 109.3-121.0 million tons are produced. Exported - 0.7-2.8 million tons. Imports amount to 3.2 million tons. Consumption 106.0-125.0 million tons. Carryover stocks of wheat vary from 39.1 to 59.1 million tons.

In addition, sweet potatoes (yams) are grown in large quantities, the tubers of which are rich in starch and sugar. In China, the cultivation of industrial crops is of great importance. As a result of the current price structure, their production is much more profitable than grain, cotton, vegetables and fruits, even though China ranks third in the world in growing cotton, for example. In addition, the cultivation of oilseeds, which serve as the main source of dietary fats, is widespread in the country. The main oilseed crops grown in China are peanuts, rapeseed and sesame.

In the last decade, livestock farming has also begun to actively develop. Chinese farmers have ensured such productivity of their industry that now each resident of this country produces 58.8 kg of meat, which is higher than the world average. China's Ministry of Agriculture says that from 2005 to 2010, the country's livestock industry provided a stable supply of eggs, milk and meat to the domestic market.

Pig farming is the most developed in China. The total pig population reaches 400 million heads. The Great Plain of China serves as the world's premier pig-producing region. Pigs here are raised primarily on private farms of peasants and serve as the main source of meat.

By 2010, China produced 78.5 million tons of meat, 27.6 million tons of eggs and 37.4 million tons of milk. Over the course of five years, these figures increased by 13.1%, 13.2% and 31%, respectively. If we talk about each inhabitant of the Middle Kingdom, then he accounts for at least 20.7 kg of eggs - these figures surpass even the data of developed countries.

In 2010 pig farms(more than 50 heads) and dairy farms (more than 20 heads) in China accounted for 66% and 47% of the total number of all agricultural enterprises. If we compare these figures with 2005, we can see that they increased by 29% and 20%, respectively.

To preserve existing pastures and expand their areas, from 2005 to 2010, the Chinese authorities allocated about 16.5 billion yuan. Over these five years, the area of pastures has increased by 1.5 times. Such achievements can safely be considered a real breakthrough in the field of preserving and expanding the natural food supply for livestock. A characteristic feature of livestock farming in China is the high proportion of draft animals and the poor development of dairy farming.

One of the main features of agriculture is the constant shortage of land (Figure 2). Of the 320 million hectares of cultivated areas, only 224 million hectares can be used. In total, the area of arable land is just over 111 million hectares, which is about 8% of the world's arable land. According to the Chinese classification, only 21% of the land fund is classified as highly productive land, characterized by favorable conditions for crop production: a long growing season, high amounts of active temperatures, and abundant precipitation. These conditions make it possible to grow two, and in the extreme south of China even three crops per year. The position of the country's territory in three climatic zones determines the complex geography of crop production.

Figure 2. Structure of agricultural land in China

Agricultural land			km 2
Area of agricultural land per 1000 inhabitants			km 2 /1000 people
Area of agricultural land out of total area			% of total area
Agricultural land area relative to land area			% of land area
Arable land			km 2
Area of arable land per 1000 inhabitants			km 2 /1000 people
Area of arable land out of total area			% of total area
Area of arable land relative to land area			% of land area
Area of arable land compared to area of agricultural land			% of agricultural land area

A side effect of active industrial development China's environmental problems are increasing. 38% of the country is susceptible to soil erosion, with the affected area increasing by 1,500 square miles each year. Over the past four decades, about half of China's forests have died, and the country now faces a shortage of clean water and air pollution in most areas, which has a very negative impact on agricultural development.

Despite the constant shortage of land, the impressive successes achieved by the PRC in the course of economic transformations attract the attention of the whole world.

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