Tariff regulation and forms of remuneration in construction. Technical regulation of labor in construction Technical regulation of labor in construction

K category: Organization of construction

Rationing of labor in the construction of a house

The main task of technical rationing is the development of technically justified norms of time and production norms that correspond to the modern level of technology and reflect the best practices of workers. Technically sound norms make it possible to correctly determine the labor costs for the production of construction products and rationally organize the work of builders. They are the basis for the introduction of the most effective wage system, which creates a material interest of workers in the results of their work. Technically substantiated norms of time and norms of output are widely used to organize cost accounting and to determine the results of socialist emulation. They are installed after a detailed study of construction processes, a thorough and comprehensive analysis of production capabilities and construction reserves, taking into account the use of modern construction equipment and advanced labor methods.

The norm of time is the amount of working time set for the production of a unit of output (per 1 m3 of soil, per 1 m2 of plaster, etc.). The time limit is expressed in man-hours.

The production rate is the number of units of measurement of the result of construction work, which must be produced by workers of the appropriate qualification per unit of time (hour, day, shift). The production rate is set per shift at a certain shift duration.

The study of the cost of working time under various conditions of the working process in order to develop production standards or to verify existing standards, as well as in the study of advanced labor methods, is carried out mainly by the method of chronometric observations. To determine production standards for any type of work, chronometric observations are repeated several times under the same conditions. As a result of processing the observation materials, the average values of production standards for the type of work under study are derived.

Introduced on January 1, 1956, uniform norms and prices for construction and installation work(EN and R) in 1958-1959. were revised in connection with the transition to a seven-hour working day and the streamlining of wages. Published by EN and R as separate brochures on different kinds works: earthen, stone, etc.

Continuous growth of mechanization labor intensive processes, the introduction of industrial methods and new progressive forms of labor organization, the development of the main mass of working methods and methods of work of advanced workers, the growth of the cultural and technical level of the working staff - all this leads to the fact that the norms in force for a certain period of time begin to slow down the growth of labor productivity and lose progressive meaning. Therefore, as the construction is equipped new technology and the introduction of new forms of labor organization, the current standards are reviewed and new production standards are introduced that meet modern conditions for the production of work.

Tariff rationing, together with labor rationing, is the basis for determining the wages of workers. Technical norms serve to establish the amount of labor expended, and tariff regulation - to assess the quality of labor, which is determined by differentiated pay.

When determining the amount of wages, the qualification of the employee, which determines the quality of work, is essential. The degree of qualification is set by the rank, and the wage ratios for the various ranks are regulated by tariff coefficients. A tariff coefficient is a number showing how many times the rate of a given category is higher than the rate of the first category.

The established amount of wages per unit of normalized working time of the corresponding category is called the tariff rate. Tariff rates are very important, since piece rates are determined on their basis, that is, the amount of wages per unit of work.

Tariff rates are hourly, daily and monthly. Currently, sentries are approved for construction tariff rates, for logging - daily tariff rates, for vehicles - monthly.

The degree of qualification of the worker is determined by the category. To establish the ranks, a unified tariff and qualification reference book for the professions of workers employed in construction was simultaneously introduced. The tariff-qualification guide for each category of profession establishes the types of work that a worker of this category must be able to independently perform under the current production standards and the conformity of product quality to specifications. In addition, a worker of a high rank must be able to perform all the work of the lower ranks of his profession, and also have the necessary minimum technical knowledge to perform the work of the category assigned to him. The determination of qualifications and the establishment of the category is carried out by passing the relevant exam to the workers of the special qualification commission. The establishment of the category is formalized by an act of the qualification commission and an order for construction.

- Rationing of labor in building a house

The structure of working time. Time standards define time spent on production processes, including in accordance with the structure of working time. Work time consists of working hours and breaks; it happens productive normalized And unproductive . The normal operating time consists of operational (main –t main, auxiliary –t rev ), preparatory and final t pz And regulated breaks t reg

operational time– time to perform a given work (operation). During main time the production process is carried out directly; during auxiliary time - organization and maintenance of production processes, transitions, transport work, preparation and repair of devices, safety measures.

Preparatory and closing time- time to prepare workers and means of production for the performance and delivery of work.

Scheduled breaks include rest time and time for personal needs, unavoidable technological and organizational breaks. Unscheduled breaks connected by commisions, departures, corrections of marriage, and others (for organizational and technical reasons).

Regulation of labor in construction. Labor rationing – determination of labor costs (standard time) for work (production of a unit of production) individual workers, teams in specific organizational and technical conditions with normal labor intensity.

Labor rationing is intended for the development of production tasks, the preparation and maintenance of production tasks, the development of estimated standards, the assessment of labor efficiency, the design of labor processes, the operational management of production, the development of calendar plans, schedules, the calculation of the needs of workers and technical and economic planning.

The standards reflect a certain level of development of technology and organization of production, taking into account the experience of advanced workers.

There are cross-industry, industry and local regulations. Intersectoral standards are being developed to regulate labor in a number of industries, for example, standards that are common for construction and installation works, repairs, loading and unloading operations; in sectoral industry generalized conditions of production at the enterprises of the industry are taken into account; local accepted by the company.

The regulations are divided into elemental, designed to standardize labor for individual elements of the labor process, and enlarged, intended for a complex of organizational and technical related labor processes (techniques, operations) and for enlarged units.

The system of norms and standards in construction includes two levels: industrial And estimated .

Production norms establish the amount of labor costs, machine time and material consumption for work movements, work methods and work operations. They are used for intra-company accounting and control over the production process, organizing the work of workers and piecework wages, determining financial costs and results in contracting organizations. Production standards are developed by methods of technical regulation based on observations at the workplace. The rationing of labor is based on the determination of the necessary costs with the efficient use of resources while observing the regimes of work and rest.

In construction, a certain system of labor standards is applied.

Norm of time (N vr) - the cost of working time established for the production of products (works) under normal organizational specifications workers of relevant professions and qualifications. It expressed in hours per product unit (works, operations) and is used in the preparation of piece rates:

N vr \u003d N zt / H r,

where N zt - labor cost rate - the amount of labor costs established for the production of a unit of output (work) in man-hours under normal organizational and technical conditions (for a link); Ch p - the number of workers in the link involved in the implementation of the process.

Production rate– the quantity of products (works) that a worker of the corresponding profession and qualification must perform (manufacture) per unit of time with efficient use means of production in normal organizational and technical conditions. It is calculated in physical terms. from taking into account the number of workers:

H vyr \u003d T / N vr,

where T- the duration of the period of time per hour for which the production rate is determined.

Working hours- inversely proportional to the rate of production of the same workers. The percentage change in the norms of time is estimated depending on the norms of production. With an increase in production standards, a decrease in time standards is determined:

With a decrease in production standards, an increase in time standards is determined:

where - indicators of change (increase, decrease), respectively, the norms of time and norms for the production of workers (%).

The norm of machine time is the amount of working time for the production of a unit of output with the efficient use of machines and the normal organization of production. The time norm of the workers operating and servicing the machine is determined by multiplying the time norm of the machine by the number of these workers.

Machine performance rate– the quantity of products produced by the machine per unit of time with its rational use. These rates are calculated per hour or shift.

In construction, the indicator of the production rate for mechanisms is used. The shift rate of production is determined as follows:

where T r.vr- the number of working hours in a shift; Nmash - the rate of machine time per unit of work.

Service rate (N service)–is the number of production facilities (jobs, equipment), which a group of workers is obliged to serve in a unit of working time. The norm of time for maintenance (N vr service) is established by calculation and is determined by the regulations for the operation of the equipment (according to its mode of operation):

where T cm - shift fund of working time; H temp.service - It is used for the correct placement of workers in production with a complex definition of the work schedule.

The headcount standard (N h) is the established number of personnel to perform any amount of work or perform a function:

where P - the number of pieces of equipment (or units of work) serviced during a given time.

Manageability standard - the established number of employees reporting to a higher manager.

Production norms of labor consumption are used in the preparation of cost estimates for labor and wages for a set of works and in the preparation of work orders for workers. Based production rates of resource consumption are being developed estimated norms labor costs, machine time and material consumption. They are calculated by costing the estimated meter. Consolidation and averaging allows you to limit the number of estimated norms. Estimated rationing provides for the deviation of average values from the conditions of real production, which limits their use for grassroots planning of teams.

Working hours and time of use of construction machines. The design of production standards is carried out on the basis of a detailed study of working and machine time.

Machine usage time– the duration of its operation during the shift . The preparatory and final time of workers is taken into account (t PZ ), operating time (t op ), scheduled break times (t regl ). The preparatory and final time includes the costs of obtaining a task, briefing, obtaining materials and personal protective equipment, preparing the workplace, studying the drawings, and at the end of the shift - handing over products, handing over tools, cleaning the workplace (2-16% of all costs). The time of operational work is spent on fulfilling the task of production technology and auxiliary operations, it also includes time for marking, verification, transitions of workers along the work front, time for monitoring technology and devices (70–90% of all costs). The time of regulated breaks is spent on rest and personal needs of workers and unavoidable technological breaks (5-30%).

Labor cost rate is determined by the formula:

where N pz - standard preparatory and final time of workers,%; t ex – regulated breaks for rest and personal needs, %; t m – fatal technological interruptions, %.

Norm of time for a link of workers is defined as follows:

N vrz \u003d N zt / H s,

where P 3 - the number of link workers.

Production rate for a link will be:

N sv \u003d t cm H sv / N zt,

where t cm - shift duration in hours.

Machine usage times define based on calculated (technical) her performance And the designed elements of the time of use of the machine. For machines of cyclic action the norm of time of machines per unit of final product will be:

at B = VN,

where IN - production (productivity) per hour of cyclic work; t regl, t n / cycle - project time spent on regulated breaks and non-cyclical work as a percentage of machine time; V – the amount of work for the cycle of work; N – number of cycles per hour.

For continuous time machines time norm defined:

at B = V cp ,

where P rvh- design costs of the time of auxiliary and idle operation of the machine, as a percentage of normalized costs; Vcp- average amount of work in 1 hour.

The norm of time for using the machine takes into account the time of operational work and regulated breaks in the operation of the machine associated with the preparation of the machine for work, technical maintenance of it, technology and organization of the normalized process.

Methods for measuring the cost of working time. The object of normalization is manufacturing operation. When developing standards, the procedure for servicing the workplace, the degree of division of labor are determined.

TO methods for measuring the cost of working time relate timing, photography of the working day, the method of momentary observations.

Timing is the study of an operation by observing and measuring the costs of working time for the execution of individual elements in the manufacture of a unit of output. Timing is carried out in relation to the repeating elements of the main, auxiliary, preparatory and final time, as well as for short-term elements. Observation materials are summarized and time standards are established.

Work day photo– study and measurement of all costs of working time during the shift or part of it; carried out by the performer himself or by a standardizer, master. The method is used to standardize the time of workers, employees, engineers.

There are individual, brigade, group, route photographing the working day. In the process of photographing the working day, the results of observations are entered into a special photo card as text, an index, a line on the graph. At self-photography the performer himself writes down measurements of time, the amount of loss of working time, indicating the reasons, in a special card.

Method of instant observations– a statistical method for obtaining average data on the actual workload of workers and equipment. It is used to study the cost of time and the degree of use of equipment by operating time. Similarly, the loss of time by specialists and employees is studied. Momentary observations are carried out in the process of bypass. The observer, following the route, fixes the measurements in the observation sheet at the time of the visit. The volume of observations, the number of rounds, the time of rounds, the list of working hours are recorded.

Current production standards should be filled out regularly, taking into account the application new technology, new materials, new types of work. Individual norms are revised in accordance with the modern organizational and technical level, the new normal, clarifications are introduced on the content of collections, new coefficients in the technical part, new types of construction and installation processes are included.

The main task of technical rationing is the development of technically sound production standards that would correspond to the state of the art and reflect the best practices of builders. The norms show how much and what kind of labor, how much machine time is spent on mechanisms. How much and what materials are required to perform a particular work in construction. In order for the norms to be technically sound and progressive, i.e. corresponding to the modern level of production, technical regulation is carried out by monitoring the implementation of construction work, in the conditions of correct production organizations, the use of advanced methods of labor and use modern means production. The norms serve to determine the cost of labor in its rational organization, identify the need for construction machinery and equipment, calculate the required number of workers and wage funds, draw up productive tasks (orders) for workers, as well as schedules, projects for the production of work. Every year certain progressive changes take place in construction: construction sites receive more and more mechanisms and machines, more and more new building materials are introduced, the technology of construction processes is improved, and the technical level of workers rises. A prerequisite the correct organization and systematic increase in wages is the outstripping growth of labor productivity in comparison with the growth of wages. The basis for the organization of wages in construction, along with technical regulation, are the tariff system and rational forms of remuneration. The tariff system serves to determine the wages of workers in construction, depending on the complexity of the work they perform, taking into account the difference between heavy and light work. The main elements of the tariff system are: tariff scale, tariff-qualification guide and hourly tariff rates. The wage scale is a scale of ratios (coefficients) of the labor of workers of various categories. The tariff-qualification guide defines the categories of work in construction, and also, depending on this, the qualifications, i.e. the categories of workers necessary to perform these works. The tariff-qualification guide serves as the main document for establishing the correct ratios of wages for workers different professions and qualifications. Hourly tariff rates - in accordance with the six-digit tariff scale, the following tariff rates are established that determine the amount of wages per unit of time (hour) with an 8-hour working day.

1. Goals and objectives of technical regulation.

Under rationing labor is understood as the establishment of a measure of labor costs for the manufacture of a unit of output (or the production of products per unit of time is established), for the performance of a given amount of work or maintenance of means of production in certain organizational and technical conditions

Technical regulation labor in construction is a science, the content of which is the study of labor costs and time of workers and the machines and mechanisms used by them, carried out with the aim of improving the efficiency of their work.

Main tasks technical regulation:

1. designing production standards,

2. analysis of lost working time,

3. study of advanced labor methods.

The most important task is the design of production norms for the cost of labor, time, and material resources. These norms serve as the basis for organizing the work of workers, calculating wages, determining the duration of production processes, they are the regulatory framework for the development of planned and estimated norms, various technical and economic calculations. At the same time, the rules are used in operational management and organization of construction industry.

Studies of the costs of working time and the time of using machines and mechanisms, analysis of the results obtained allow us to establish the loss of working time, determine the causes and, accordingly, develop measures to eliminate these losses.

With the help of technical standardization methods, the study of advanced methods and techniques of labor is carried out when performing the same production processes by different performers at different facilities. Processing and analysis of the data obtained make it possible to identify the most rational methods and techniques of labor and recommend them for implementation.

ABOUT the main goal of labor regulation - to promote a steady increase in labor productivity with its optimal intensity, even distribution of physical and neuro-emotional energy during the work shift without harming the health of workers.

2Methods of labor rationing

The design of labor standards is carried out analytical method, which is based on the study and critical analysis of the implementation of the standardized process, its organization and mechanization, the state of working conditions in the workplace. On the basis of such an analysis, a rational method and organizational and technical conditions for performing work are designed that contribute to the growth of labor productivity, on the basis of which labor standards are developed.

Exist two varieties of analytical method: analytical research and analytical calculation. The differences between them lie in the way in which the initial data for the design of the norms are determined.

Analytical research method based on obtaining initial data by conducting special regulatory observations directly at construction sites. It is applied in mass and large-scale production

· Timing- study of the time spent on the performance of cyclically repeated manual and machine-manual elements of the operation

· Photo and self-photo of the working day– study of the labor process in order to determine the cost of working time during the study period (pp. 94-95 Akimov photo example)

· The method of moment observations (?)

Analytical-calculative method is based on the application of previously established scientifically based standards, calculation formulas, analogous standards, technical data, characteristics and passports of machines and equipment, i.e. provides for the use of previously developed normative and technical materials. Used in single and small-scale production

Analytical-calculative and analytical-research methods for designing norms can be used both separately and jointly. The choice of the method of designing norms should be made taking into account the most appropriate way to obtain initial data and reduce the complexity of design. Preference should be given to the analytical-calculative method, as it is more economical. This method is used in construction mainly for the development of enlarged norms.

Statistical Method labor rationing provides for the calculation of norms based on the analysis of statistical data for previous periods of work or for other employees.

3 . Types of production standards in construction

The system of production standards in construction includes

Norms of working hours and use of machines,

labor costs,

Production rates,

Machine performance standards

Norms of consumption of materials.

Working hours Hvr - the amount of time required for workers to perform the relevant profession and qualification of a unit of good-quality products under the correct organizational and technical conditions

Labor cost rate N z.t - the amount of labor costs of workers of the corresponding profession and qualification, necessary for the implementation of a unit of high-quality products under the correct organizational and technical conditions, people. -h / unit product measurements:

Production rate Hvyr - the amount of high-quality products that must be performed by workers of the corresponding profession and qualification per unit of time under the correct organizational and technical conditions

Example. Two workers produced 4 m3 of good quality products in 6 hours.

Hvr = 6/4=1.5 h/m3; N c.t = 6х2/4=3 man-h/m3; Hvyp= 4/6= = 0.67 m3/h.

Machine time rate Nm.vr - the amount of the current time of using the machine, set to perform a unit of high-quality products under the correct organizational and technical conditions of production and labor of workers operating the machine. The machine time rate is measured in machine hours per production meter.

There is a relationship between the rate of time of the machine and the rate of labor costs of workers involved in management or maintenance, expressed by the following formula: Nm.vr \u003d Nvr x H

Machine performance rate Npr - the amount of high-quality products that must be performed by the machine per unit of time under the correct organizational and technical conditions of production and labor of workers operating the machine.

"Rationing and wages in construction", 2012, N 4

Construction is a process of successive implementation of numerous construction and installation works, which require material and labor resources.

The conditions of the global innovation economy activate the work of people, change the attitude towards work and the qualifications of workers. The limit of labor intensity occurs at perfect competition and during periods of economic crisis. The job market is becoming very competitive. We can say that the modern capitalist economy in pursuit of maximum profit (gain) is characterized by an extremely high level of labor exploitation. All this increases interest in labor issues and especially its payment.

Remuneration in construction depends on the volume and complexity of work. The transition from volume to labor intensity is carried out through the norms of time (norms of labor costs) per unit of measure of work.

Let's bring example determining the amount of funds for the remuneration of workers in the cost of a complex of construction works (with extra-budgetary financing).

The normative labor intensity of the forthcoming work is 20 thousand man-hours.

The customer and the contractor agreed to accept 13 thousand rubles, or 13,000: 165.6 \u003d 78.5 rubles / h, as the minimum monthly tariff rate for a worker of the first category, for calculating the cost of remuneration of workers,

where 165.6 is the normative average monthly number of hours in 2010 with a 40-hour working week.

The average category of upcoming work is the fourth, with a tariff coefficient of 1.34. Then the average hourly wage of workers at the facility in accordance with the agreement reached between the parties will be equal to 78.5 x 1.34 = 105.19 rubles.

The contractual amount of remuneration of workers for the performance of the upcoming work will be:

20,000 x 105.19 = 2,103,800 rubles

As you know, any production process takes place within a certain time frame. As a result, there is a need to define labor standards.

Currently the main objects of labor regulation are:

labor costs of working or machine time for the performance of a unit of measurement of the corresponding work (time norms, labor cost norms in man-hours or machine time norms in machine-hours);
the number of units of products (works) that must be manufactured (performed) for a certain period of labor costs (production rates);
the number of facilities that are serviced by one or a group of employees (service rates);
the number of personnel required to carry out a specific program of work (number norms);
the number of subordinates of one leader (controllability norms).

The norms are the basis for stimulating the growth of labor productivity (an undeservedly forgotten indicator) and production efficiency. The norm indicates how to work. It is no accident that back in the last century our founder scientific organization work of A.K. Gastev wrote: "To standardize means to look for the most profitable organization of labor."

As you can see, for the organization of labor and, accordingly, its payment, labor standards are necessary. They help you make the best use of labor resources in construction organizations.

Especially important are the production rates (the inverse indicator of the rate of labor costs). They have always been and should be calculated. Even Negro slaves on plantations in South America were set "production standards", and the Indians were set for gold mining, for failure to comply with which the slaves were punished, and in such a way that the injuries inflicted during punishment did not reduce their ability to work to meet production standards.

The development of standards is carried out by methods of technical regulation based on an elemental approach to the studied construction and installation processes and regulatory observations.

When normalizing, limits are set necessary labor costs. The validity of any norms is the most important condition for efficient production activities, since all incentive systems are ultimately based on a comparison of actual resource costs with normative or planned ones.

The reliability of the norms plays especially important role when organizing team contract, which provides comprehensive incentives for brigades for reducing the timing of work and saving all types of labor and material resources.

In modern construction, there are no, as before, collections of uniform norms and prices (ENiR) for the organization centralized system wages. However, in some organizations, for lack of firm (individual) norms, they continue to use the norms of labor costs of 1984. This practice is incorrect, since these norms were artificially lowered as a result of a planned downward revision in order to increase the output rate (labor productivity) in the conditions of scientific and technical progress, regardless of the introduction of organizational technical measures at specific jobs in the construction industry. Particularly unacceptable is the practice of using piece rates from the 1984 ENiR collections, bringing them into the current period through estimated indices from the journal "Pricing and Estimated Rationing", which have nothing to do with the organization of wages in construction organizations. In the extreme case, in matters of rationing and remuneration in the absence of firm norms, it is more correct to use the norms of the collections of state elemental estimated norms (GESN) in the editions of 2001, 2008 and 2009, which corrected the socialist "excess" of the planned reduction in labor costs and, accordingly, piecework rates.

For example, the estimated rate of labor costs of construction workers per 1 cu. m of brickwork of walls according to GESN-2001-08-02-010-5 is 6.03 man-hours, in ESN-84 it was 4.49 man-hours, and in the ENiR N 3 collection "Stone work" - and even less.

The first question that arises in the organization of work and the establishment of norms is the following: what time costs are necessary and should be included in the norm? Therefore, when developing production standards, the costs of working time and the time of using construction machines are divided, first of all, into normalized And non-standardized.

Normalized labor costs are the sum of the time of productive work and regulated breaks. The time of productive work includes the time of the main, auxiliary and preparatory-final work. Scheduled breaks are time for rest and personal needs, technological breaks associated with the specifics of the construction and installation process. Everything else is considered as a waste of working time.

We also note that, since the elements of working time and the time of using construction machines have some specific distinctive features, the time norms of construction workers and the time norms of machinists are established and shown separately in the collections of norms and prices. Separately, these norms are also given in the collections of GESN.

It should be emphasized once again: the time norm of the construction process includes only necessary costs time (labor).

The output rate is considered as a derivative of the time rate (labor cost rate), since these indicators are inversely proportional, which follows from their definitions.

In practice and in normative collections, not norms of time in hours are used (given), but norms of labor costs in man-hours, which are conditionally called norms of time.

Production rate- this is the amount of work that must be performed per unit of time by a worker, link or team of workers of the corresponding profession and qualification with the right organization production process. The production rate is measured in physical (natural) meters (linear meters, square or cubic meters, tons, etc.).

The production rates in the collections of norms and prices are not given and, if necessary, can be calculated by dividing the established shift duration by the time rate (labor cost rate) and multiplying by the number of workers engaged in the performance of the corresponding work. This will be a shift production of workers.

The norms of labor costs do not depend and do not change on the number of workers in the link. They are installed on the work meter in man-hours.

Example. For 1 cu. m of brickwork, carried out by a link of masons of 2 people, the time norm is 4.6 man-hours. The shift output of workers will be: 8 x 2: 4.6 = 3.5 cubic meters. m.

Duration of 1 cube. m masonry in hours can be defined in two ways. Firstly, since the time rate of 4.6 man-hours is set for 1 cubic meter. m, and the work is done by two workers, then the time for the meter will be half the norm, i.e. 4.6: 2 = 2.3 hours. The second method is even simpler. If for a shift at 8 hours 3.5 cubic meters are stacked. m, then 1 cu. m spent 8: 3.5 \u003d 2.3 hours. In the calculations, hours cannot be divided by man-hours. On the contrary, it is possible. Hours should be divided by hours or man-hours by man-hours. These subtleties must be understood and known.

For complete clarity in these cases, we give more examples. The parquet flooring is carried out by two workers. Time limit per 10 sq. m floor is set at 3.8 man-hours.

The hourly output of the link should be: 1 x 2: 3.8 x 10 = 5.26 sq. m, replaceable - 8 times more, i.e.: 8 x 2: 3.8 x 10 = 42.10 sq. m.

Norms of time and norms of production, despite their inversely proportional dependence, do not change in the same size. This is easy to prove with the following example. The time limit per unit of production is set at 40 minutes. Shift output will be 480: 40 = 12 units.

With a decrease in the norm of time by 20%, the norm of output per shift will be equal to

480: (40 - 40 x 0.2) = 15 units.

The increase in production will be equal to:

(15:12) x 100 = 25%.

Compiled special tables of interchangeability of these indicators. For example, with a decrease in the norms of output for young workers by 20%, the norms of time for them are increased by 25%. This means that the piece rates for them should be increased by 1.25 times.

Production norms serve as the basis for organizing the work of workers, calculating wages, determining the required number of workers, the duration of work, are the regulatory framework for the development of planned and estimated norms, are used in various technical and economic calculations, including optimizing the number of employees of the company.

In cases of reduction in the number of employees of the company, growth
labor productivity (P) is determined by the formula:
in
P = S: (H - S) x 100, (1)
in

where C - reduction in the number of construction and production personnel, people;

H - the number of personnel, calculated on the amount of work to develop the base period.

As noted above, norms are the basis for stimulating productivity growth. Unfortunately, labor productivity remains a weak point in our economy. Thus, the weekly norm of a Russian construction worker is fulfilled by his American colleague in one day.

One of the most important prerequisites for the growth of labor productivity is proper organization wages.

In construction, as in other industries material production, the organization of remuneration is carried out on the basis of three interrelated and interdependent elements: labor rationing, tariff or tariff-free system, forms and systems of wages.

With the help of the tariff system, which is a set of regulatory materials, the quality of the work of employees is assessed and wages are differentiated, and their dependence on the quality, complexity, conditions and significance of work is regulated.

In modern construction, many contractors have forgotten about labor standards and the tariff system. Everything is adjusted to a certain contractual wage. The workers have no idea about tariff categories, coefficients, tariff rates, they are not trained anywhere, they do not improve their qualifications, since for the sake of imaginary savings, many training complexes have ceased to exist. As a result, we get a low quality of work, especially when the work is done by immigrants, the so-called guest workers.

It should be noted that in construction, where the tariff system is preserved, as well as in estimated pricing still use the tariff scale of 1986, developed by the VNIPI of labor in the construction of the Gosstroy of the USSR and adopted by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions of September 17, 1986 N 1115 "On improving the organization of wages and the introduction of new tariff rates and official salaries" (Table 1).

Table 1

Pay scale for construction workers since 1986

Discharges	1	2	3	4	5	6
Tariff coefficients	1	1,08	1,19	1,34	1,54	1,80

In construction, the main form of wages is still piecework, which is calculated at piece rates or at a contractual basis. wages in general for the complex of works.

Piece rate (denominator in collections of rates and rates)
determined by the norm of time (N) and the tariff rate for the category
vr
work performed (T):
P = H x T. (2)
sd hr s

According to the piece rate, the amount of piecework wages (Z) is calculated:

Z = O x P, (3)
sd sd

where O is the volume of work performed in physical terms.

The remuneration of labor of construction workers as part of direct costs in the FER and TER collections is the size of the piece rate for the measure of work.

The question arises: how were the hourly tariff rates determined in the FER and similarly in the TER according to the 2001 budget and regulatory framework and in subsequent editions? To answer this question, let's do a little calculation.

In the estimated and regulatory base for 2001, 2008 and 2009. the average category of workers was adopted fourth, and their average salary as of 01/01/2000 in the FER was 1600 rubles. per month (with an average number of working hours of 166.25). Then the hourly wage rate for workers of the 1st category (T) according to FER is equal to:

T \u003d 1600: (1.34 x 166.25) \u003d 7.18 rubles.
from

Let's make a table. 2.

table 2

Pay scale and hourly wage rates for construction workers in FER

Now let's try to determine the wages of construction workers in FER-2001 (collection N 8 - brick and block structures) as part of a unit price per 100 square meters. m of masonry partitions made of bricks (minus openings) according to table 08-02-002-01 (thickness in% of bricks at a floor height of up to 4 m).

The labor rate and the average category for this work in the table GESN 08-02-002-1 are as follows:

labor costs of construction workers: 146.32 man-hours;
average job category: 3.

Calculation: 146.32 x 8.53 = 1248.11 rubles. (see FER-08-2001, p. 8).

Thus, the methodology for determining the elements of direct costs (unit prices) according to the norms and prices of resources is quite simple. The task of reforming the estimated and regulatory framework for 2001 is to bring the norms and prices in line with real resources, modern technology production of works and the conditions of a market economy.

In the context of the development of market relations and the provision of full independence to enterprises in matters of wages, different methods and systems of remuneration of workers are used. As practice shows, in modern construction, the greatest use is still contractual wages. This is facilitated by the absence of a market regulatory framework for the organization of real wages, which provides purchasing power for the reproduction of the labor force. In essence, contractual wages in construction are of a market nature, since the payment for a unit of measure of work, depending on the price of labor in the labor market, is known to both the employee and the employer. From this follows the time (hourly, daily, monthly) piecework contract wage. Under these conditions, the official tariff categories and rates remain unclaimed. However, workers always know the price of their labor power at any moment of the market situation.

Let us consider examples of the organization of wages for workers from real market practice.

Payment contractual salary for construction site in private housing construction (for example, wall cladding in 1/2 bricks).

Initial data.

Period of work: August - November 2009
Market contractual wages between the customer and the contractor for 1 sq. m of wall cladding with high-quality hollow bricks is 1500 rubles.
The contractor allocates 1200 rubles to the construction site. for 1 sq. m facing.
The head of the site (foreman) distributes 1200 rubles. in the following way:

900 rub. per 1 sq. m of wall cladding - to stonemasons for the performance of all basic and auxiliary work;
300 rub. - to pay for the work of the manufacturer of works on the organization of the construction process.

The number of masons brigade - 7 people. The work is done in two parts. Link composition:

masons - 2 people;
helper - 1 person.

One helper works downstairs on the preparation of the solution, the supply of materials upstairs.

The production of the brigade is on average 10 square meters. m per shift.

Calculation of daily and monthly wages.

The norm of time (rate of labor costs) per 1 sq. m of wall cladding with bricks is determined through the production rate according to the formula:

H \u003d T x n: H, (4)
VR cm exp
where T is the duration of the shift in hours; n is the number of workers in
cm
brigade; H - shift output of the brigade in sq. m wall cladding.
exp
H \u003d 8 x 7: 10 \u003d 5.6 man-hours / sq. m.
vr
The piece rate per unit of measure of work is determined by the formula:
P = H x C, (5)
sd hr h
where C is the hourly wage in the brigade, defined as
h
(900 x 10) : (8 x 7) = 160.71 rubles
P \u003d 5.6 x 160.71 \u003d 900 rubles.
sd
The daily wages of workers are:
Z \u003d R x O \u003d 900 x 10 \u003d 9000 rubles.
days sd

The daily wage of one worker (per 1 man-day) is 9000: 7 = 1285.71 rubles.

The monthly salary of one worker with one day off per week will be equal to 1285.71 x 26 = 33,428.46 rubles, where 26 is the number of working days accepted in the brigade per month.

The monthly salary of the work foreman is 300 x 10 x 26 = 78,000 rubles.

The hourly and daily wages of the foreman are respectively equal to:

78,000: 8 x 26 = 375 rubles And

78,000: 26 = 3,000 rubles

More examples can be given from the same market practice.

A private customer contacted the contractor with a request to provide him with workers to erect a fence within the boundaries of the site for an individual residential building. The length of the fence was determined at 76 linear meters. The parties agreed to pay the cost of labor for 1 linear meter of the fence in 1000 rubles. and entered into an agreement.

The foreman sent three migrant workers to perform this work with a promise to pay them 1000 rubles for each person-day of work. The parties determined the duration of the work to be 10 working days. The workers completed the work on time and received 30 thousand rubles from the foreman. The difference is 46 thousand rubles. the foreman credited to his balance.

This is how often the issues of wages are resolved in a free market environment.

Of particular interest are also the issues of remuneration of workers in industry. building materials, especially since this industry belongs to the construction industry with a general trade union. There are also many violations general principles wages. On assembly lines for the manufacture of prefabricated structures, for example, the use of tariff categories for the differentiation of wages in teams of molders at many enterprises is of a formal nature. The norms of time for the manufacture of products are practically not developed. Rates are calculated based on the actual daily output of the brigade.

There is a lot of initiative and subjectivity in the distribution of collective wages on the part of foremen and shop management, so that the average wage of workers does not exceed a certain level. For example, for overhead crane operators - 23,000 rubles. per month, molders of products - 25,000 rubles, ironers of structures - 20,000 rubles.

Economic reform in a period of economic crisis requires a radical change in the policy of wages as the price of labor in the labor market. It is not labor that is for sale, but only the ability to do it - work force.

IN developed countries on the price of labor is drawn up labor contract in the shape of written contract. In all cases, the amount of payment per unit of time for use labor potential installed before starting work.

In modern construction, especially in conditions economic crisis, there are numerous violations in the wages of workers. Fear of losing their jobs makes workers, especially newcomers, accept any conditions of the employer on wages. Moreover, workers sometimes do not even know the origin of wage totals against the backdrop of low legal awareness and weak trade union bodies. At the same time, such a system of remuneration suits the management of enterprises quite well, since it allows them to keep everything under control to the detriment of the development and modernization of production. This violates the provisions Labor Code RF, Federal Industry Agreement, collective agreements.

In other sectors of the national economy, there are no less problems with wages. The main problem with wages is the huge gap in the incomes of citizens.

In conclusion, we emphasize that labor costs are no less important than investments in fixed capital, since it is the living labor of workers that ultimately determines the profitability of an enterprise and its ultimate success in the market. In other words, personnel, labor force is more important than the capital of the owner.

Literature

Ardzinov V.D. Organization and payment of labor in construction. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004.
Asaul A.N., Asaul M.A., Erofeev P.Yu., Erofeev M.P. Organization culture: problems of formation and management. St. Petersburg: Humanistics, 2006.
Gastev A.K. How to work. M.: Economics, 1972.
Genkin B.M. Organization, rationing and remuneration for industrial enterprises: Proc. for universities. M.: Norma, 2003.
Genkin B.M. Economics and sociology of labor: Proc. for universities. 5th ed., supplement. M.: Norma, 2003.
Labor Economics: Proc. for universities / Ed. ON THE. Gorelov. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.

V.D.Ardzinov

Professor

Department "Economics

and management in construction

Petersburg

state university

means of communication

D.V.Ardzinov

Economic Engineer

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