This or that professional activity. Problems of professional activity. From the experience of psychologists

For the real fulfillment of professional activity, each person must have a number of psychological qualities necessary for this profession, these qualities are interpreted as professionally important qualities. So, professionally important qualities include individual mental and personal qualities subject that are necessary and sufficient for the implementation of a particular productive activity. In addition to the actual mental properties (individual psychological characteristics), certain functions of professionally important qualities can also be performed by some extrapsychic properties of the subject - somatic, constitutional, typological, neurodynamic, etc. For example, physical strength and endurance is an example of pronounced professionally important qualities (PVK) for many activities.

According to A.V. Karpov, professionally important qualities (PVK) are divided into 4 main groups, which together form the structure of professional suitability:

· Absolute PVC - properties necessary to perform the activity as such at the minimum permissible or normatively specified, average level;

· Relative CVCs, which determine the subject's ability to achieve high ("supra-normative") quantitative and qualitative performance indicators ("CVC of mastery");

· Motivational readiness to implement a particular activity. It has been proven that high motivation can significantly compensate for the insufficient level of development of many other CVCs (but not vice versa);

· Anti-PVC: properties that contradict one or another type of professional activity. The structure of professional suitability assumes a minimum level of their development or even absence. In contrast to the qualities of the first three groups, they correlate with the parameters of activity significantly, but negatively.

Psychologists have established that any activity is implemented on the basis of the PVK system, which is a set of peculiar symptom complexes of subjective properties specific to a particular professional activity. Symptom complexes are formed in the subject in the course of mastering the corresponding activity and contain specific subsystems of the PVC that ensure the implementation of each next stage of professional activity (formation of the "motive-goal" vector, planning activities, processing current information, conceptual model, decision-making, actions, verification results, correction of actions).

In all types of activity, it is customary to distinguish between those individual qualities that are actually responsible for its performance, and those that are necessary for the perception and reception of professionally significant information. Therefore, it is customary to talk about execution PVC and informational PVC.

So, we can give the following definition of PVC. Professionally important qualities (PVK) are the individual properties of the subject of activity, which are necessary and sufficient for the implementation of this activity at a normatively specified level.

For future qualified workers and specialists, the most important condition for the formation of the internal control system is correctly organized at school, and then in primary and secondary institutions. vocational education professional orientation.

The main areas of vocational guidance are professional information, professional advice, professional selection (selection), professional adaptation. Each of these areas, to one degree or another, involves the study of professionally important personality traits. Thus, professional information acquaints various groups of the population with modern types of production, the state of the labor market, the needs economic complex in qualified personnel, the content and prospects of the market of professions, the forms and conditions for their development, the requirements for a person by professions, opportunities for professional and qualification growth and improvement in the process labor activity.

Today we have to admit that the efforts of pedagogical teams in vocational guidance work, unfortunately, do not give the desired results. The interest of students in the once prestigious professions of a machine operator, a builder, an electrician, etc. has noticeably dropped. The reasons are different, but not the least role is played by shortcomings in the joint career guidance work of schools, vocational schools, lyceums and production, as well as poor consideration of psychophysiological characteristics of students. One of the drawbacks is the advertising, inviting nature of many of the events held in the general education school and vocational lyceum. Often, these events are limited to campaigning for the profession, showing the attractive aspects of certain specialties. At the same time, many questions of vocational guidance counseling remain unanswered. What is the complexity of this or that profession? What are the psychophysical requirements for her? What are the requirements for the general and special abilities of a person who has chosen this or that specialty? Indeed, it often happens that in a vocational lyceum a beginner either becomes disillusioned with his profession because of the discrepancy between his ideas about it and the actual nature and content of work, or the psychophysical data and state of health of a young worker turn out to be contraindicated in the chosen profession or specialty. In practice, this, as a rule, leads to a change of profession, as a result of which both young people and society as a whole bear moral and material costs. It is possible to eliminate these shortcomings, first of all, with the help of properly delivered professional advice.

The consultation is of a recommendatory nature. In the course of it, the correspondence of the state of health of young people to professional requirements, the level of psychological readiness of an individual to master this profession is fixed. In order to take into account professional contraindications and determine the profession that best suits the personal abilities and interests of a person, professional selection and professional selection are carried out.

Professional selection is the determination of the degree of a person's professional suitability for a particular profession (workplace) or position in accordance with regulatory requirements.

There are four aspects of professional selection: medical, physiological, pedagogical and psychological. Medicalprofessional selection is made on the basis of medical procedures for measuring the level of development and formation of the human body and its individual functional systems. Physiologicalselection takes into account the specific functional state of a person: the degree of his fatigue and working capacity, susceptibility to stress factors, the ability to function effectively under conditions of risk, night shifts, information uncertainty. Pedagogical professional selection is aimed at assessing the formation of the employee's special knowledge, the development of his skills and practical professional skills. Psychological selection is carried out using verbal tests and questionnaires, instrumental techniques, personality projective tests, and interviews. This selection is aimed at identifying and assessing the inclinations and abilities of a person, his value orientations, professional orientation, motivation, interests and preferences.

Professional selection is the provision of recommendations to a person on possible areas of professional activity that are most consistent with his psychological, psychophysiological and physiological characteristics, based on the results of psychological, psychophysiological and medical diagnostics. A person is selected for a profession, a professional sphere and those specialties that most of all correspond to his individual psychological characteristics for the full realization of his potential in labor activity.

In professional educational institutions professional selection and professional selection act as a special form of labor expertise. It should be borne in mind that for the high-quality conduct of both the first and second forms of examination, the main tasks are:

· To prevent a person from entering a job for which he has contraindications (he is not capable of age, health, education, psychophysiological data);

· To select for work in this profession the most efficient people who can perform work duties in their specialty without prejudice to health;

· To determine what kind of work this or that person is most capable of in order to recommend this or that kind of activity to him.

If in professional selection the first two tasks are mainly solved, and the third task is performed in the interests of the first two, then in professional selection the main task is the third of the above.

Psychological professional selection is appropriate and effective when performing following conditions:

· The presence of an objective socio-economic necessity (for example, the presence of a large number of free workers for certain professional vacancies);

The presence of a certain range of professions in which the professional suitability of the employee is of great importance for him to achieve high labor efficiency (for example, the work of an operator, which requires a special psychological selection of employees according to the stress resistance factor);

· Availability of a developed and tested selection system (a "battery" of diagnostic methods, compiled in accordance with the principles of validity, reliability, complementarity and interchangeability);

Availability of specialists trained for professional selection and having practical experience in the organization and implementation of professional selection procedures.

An important goal of vocational guidance activities is satisfaction with a specific professional activity and professional adaptation. Professional, industrial and social adaptation is a system of measures that contribute to the professional development of an employee, the formation of appropriate social and professional qualities, attitudes and needs for active creative work, achieving a high level of professionalism.

The formation of an employee's professionalism occurs on the basis of the action of two groups of factors - objective and subjective. Objectivea factor is the requirements, norms and restrictions put forward by the profession to human labor and the presence of certain properties and characteristics (professional knowledge, abilities and skills, professionally significant qualities). TO subjective factors include the inclinations of a given employee, abilities, motivation and level of aspirations, self-esteem and psychological protection from mistakes and failures.

It should be noted that the basis of professional suitability are professionally important personality traits that are formed in the course of a long-term work activity of an employee. The inclinations, the potential for carrying out this or that specific activity, due to the individual psychological properties of the personality, are inherent in a person from the very beginning.

Simultaneously with the formation of professionally important qualities, the professional thinking of a person also develops, his professional type is formed with appropriate value orientations, character, individual characteristics of professional behavior and lifestyle in general.

Thus, an analysis of the literature shows that any activity is implemented on the basis of the PVK system. This means that each activity requires a certain set of PVCs, which is their regularly organized system. The PVK system acts as a certain set of subjective properties, specific to a particular activity. It is not set in a ready-made form, but is formed in the subject in the course of mastering the activity.

The psychological theory of activity can be conditionally divided into two areas - the theory of activity itself and the theory of the subject of activity. If the first considers the problems of the psychological structure, mechanisms and patterns of activity as such, then the second is associated, first of all, with the study of the so-called subjective determinants of activity. These are the factors that underlie effective implementation activity and are associated with the characteristics of its subject. These include motivation, focus, the degree of the subject's preparedness - his " training»(Professional competence), etc. However, the main place among them is occupied by those individual, personal qualities of the subject, which are necessary and sufficient for the normative implementation of this or that activity. They are designated in the theory of activity by the concept of professionally important qualities (CVC). In connection with their decisive role in the mental organization of activity, it is necessary to consider some of their main features.

Professionally important qualities - these are the individual properties of the subject of activity, which are necessary and sufficient for its implementation at a normatively specified level and correlate with at least one of its main productive parameters (quality, productivity, reliability) In the function of professionally important, not only mental, but also extrapsychic properties of the subject - somatic, biological, morphological, constitutional, typological, neurodynamic, etc. physical strength and endurance"- a pronounced internal control of many types of activities. For a more complete disclosure of the specifics and features of PVCs, it is advisable to dwell on their main classifications.

So, first of all, four main groups of individual qualities are divided, which form the structure of professional suitability. These are, firstly, the absolute PVC - the properties necessary to perform the activity as such at the minimum permissible, or normatively specified, “average” level. Secondly, these are relative PVCs, which determine the possibility of the subject achieving high (“ supra-normative") Quantitative and qualitative indicators of performance (" Craftsmanship PVC"). Thirdly, in the role of important subjective determinants of activity and, therefore, in the role of PWC, an adequate motivational readiness for the implementation of a particular activity has recently been considered. It has been proven that it can significantly compensate for the insufficient level of development of many other PVCs (but not vice versa!). Finally, fourthly, the so-called anti-PVK are distinguished - properties, the presence of which is a professional contraindication to this or that activity.

Further, any activity is characterized by certain basic performance parameters - first of all, quality and productivity. In psychological research, it has been proven that to provide them, various individual qualities of the subject are needed. The professionally important qualities of these parameters partially overlap, but more often they do not completely coincide with each other, and sometimes they enter into antagonistic relationships. In the latter case, the same LRR is such in terms of ensuring the quality of activities and anti-LRR in terms of ensuring productivity.

One of the important results of the study of the internal control system was the establishment of the fact that any activity is implemented on the basis of a certain system of the internal control system. This means that each activity requires a certain set of ICRs; the latter, however, is not an ordered, "mechanical" sum of qualities, but their regularly organized system. Functional relationships of compensatory and assistive types are established between individual PVCs; the PVK system itself acts as a certain symptom complex of subjective properties, specific to this or that activity. It is not set in a ready-made form, but is formed in the subject in the course of mastering the activity. At the same time, the degree of integration of such PVC systems usually significantly increases. Those PVCs that are characterized by the greatest connection with activity parameters (correlation with them) are called leading. And PVCs, which have the largest number of intrasystem connections with other qualities, i.e. are characterized by the greatest "structural weight" and, therefore, occupy a central place in the entire system of qualities, are called basic. They may not correlate significantly with performance parameters; however, they are no less and often more important for its implementation. They can be detected by means of a special analysis method - the method of finding intercorrelation matrices of PVCs.

Not all PVCs are related to activity parameters by a simple - linear - dependence, i.e. dependence of the type "the higher the level of internal control, the more effective the activity." A number of PVCs are associated with the parameters of activity by a nonlinear dependence of the type of optimum: these parameters take on the highest values \u200b\u200bnot at the maximum, but at some average - optimal - levels of development of the CVC. For example, managerial activity is most effective at a certain, albeit quite high, but still not maximum level of development of reflexivity as the PWC of this activity.

Along with this, the so-called PVR of the development of activities and the PVR of execution are divided. The former are most important for effective, i.e. high-quality and fast, mastering by the subject of activity; the latter are for its given level as such. These two groups of PVC also partially coincide and partially differ.

For a wide range of activities, it is relevant to differentiate PWC into those that act as such in normal conditions of its implementation, and those that are necessary in complicated, and often in extreme conditions of its implementation.

Finally, it has been proved that for many types of professional activity it is necessary to distinguish between those individual qualities that are "responsible" for its own performing part, and those that are necessary for the perception - reception of professionally significant information. In this regard, it is customary to talk about execution PVR and informational PVR.

Thus, it can be seen that the general structure of the PVK as the main subjective determinants of activity turns out to be rather complex and internally differentiated. It includes a number of main categories of internal rules, the presence of which is the main condition for the effective implementation of professional activities.

Professional activities

Activities under an employment contract (labor activity)

Professional activity in the framework of civil law relations

Professional entrepreneurial activity

Professional service activities

1. The concept of professional activity

1.1. Legal regulation of professional activity

Basic concepts of professional activity

There is no legal definition of the concept of “professional activity” in the legislation of the Russian Federation, although this term is used quite widely. Thus, the Law of the Russian Federation of April 19, 1991 N 1032-1 "On employment in the Russian Federation" enshrines the right of citizens to professional activities outside the territory of the Russian Federation (Article 10). This right includes independent job search and employment outside the country.

This term is found in the electoral legislation, according to which, pre-election campaigning is the dissemination of information about the activities of candidates, not related to their professional activities or the performance of their official (official) duties.

The Federal Laws governing the civil service refer to professional service activities, and the Federal Law "On Service in the Customs Bodies of the Russian Federation" refers to professional activities related to the implementation of the functions, rights and obligations of the customs authorities that are part of the law enforcement system of the Russian Federation.

Thus, the term "professional activity" is found in the laws governing labor, constitutional and administrative relations. Moreover, it does not have a single content. Moreover, different interpretations are allowed in the legislation. Thus, it follows from the electoral legislation that professional activity is a purely labor activity that does not coincide with official activity. For administrative law, the concept of "professional service" is a single category.

In the theory of law, under professional activitiesrefers to activities carried out on the basis of special knowledge and skills, requiring some training and education. Professional service activity is associated with the implementation, as a rule, as the main activity of special official powers for remuneration paid from the funds of the relevant budget.

Professional activity –it is the main source of income for a person who has a set of special theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired as a result of special training and work experience.

The presence of a certain profession in a person is evidence that he can professionally perform this type of work. Many professions are subdivided into specialties.

In Russian legislation, "Professional activity" receives legal regulation for the types of activities of various specialties, and the subjects of professional activity are individuals who carry out professional activities regulated by Russian laws.

Specialty- This is a type of occupation within the framework of one profession, a narrower classification of professional activity, requiring specific knowledge, skills, skills acquired as a result of education and providing the formulation and solution of narrower professional tasks. Persons with a certain specialty are divided by qualifications.

Employee qualifications- this is the level of professional preparedness, which depends on the amount of knowledge, skills, experience and skills necessary for performing a certain job with the greatest efficiency and quality.

Position- this is an established set of responsibilities and the corresponding rights that determine the place and role of an employee in a particular organization.

Engaging in professional activities is possible only after the appropriate registration, and for certain types of activities, state registration and (or) licensing is required. Otherwise, the most unfavorable consequences may occur. For example, for carrying out illegal entrepreneurial activity without registration or without special permission, if such activity caused major damage, criminal liability is provided (Article 171 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Subjects of professional activity

Professional activity can be carried out by a person as a specialist, leader (manager), government representative or as an official.

SpecialistIs a person with special knowledge and skills in a particular field of activity.

A specialist in management functions is a supervisor (manager).

By the head of the organization(by manager)a person is recognized who permanently, temporarily or by special authority performs organizational and administrative or administrative and economic duties in a commercial organization, regardless of the form of ownership, as well as in non-profit organization, which is not a state body, local self-government body, state or municipal institution.

Most of the heads of organizations, according to labor law, are employees - hired managers. But the legal status of a leader in the region labor relations is determined not only by an employment contract, but also by laws, other normative legal acts on labor, as well as constituent documents. These acts define both the rights of managers and their responsibilities.

On the one hand, the manager as an employee is subject to all guarantees provided for by labor legislation, the obligation to ensure which lies with his counterparty under the employment contract - the employer. On the other hand, the head - a hired manager in his work on the management of labor and capital, carried out on behalf of the owner of the organization, should be guided by the provisions of not only labor, but also civil, tax, administrative and other legislation, which is an integral part of it. labor function... In this regard, it can be stated that the head is a special subject of an administrative offense and a criminal offense. At the same time, the head as an employee is brought to administrative and criminal liability precisely for failure to fulfill his obligations under the employment contract. So, for violation of labor protection legislation, the head can be brought to administrative (Article 5.27 of the Administrative Code) or criminal (Article 143 of the Criminal Code) liability. Specifically to stimulate the conscientious performance of managers of their work duties, the Code of Administrative Offenses formulated a rule on liability for improper management of a legal entity (see article 14.21 of the Administrative Code).

By officialsrecognized persons who permanently, temporarily or by special authority perform the functions of a representative of the authorities or perform organizational and administrative, administrative and economic functions in government bodies, local government bodies, state and municipal institutions, state corporations, as well as in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops and military formations Russian Federation.

Persons holding public offices of the Russian Federation are understood to be persons holding offices established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional laws and federal laws for the direct execution of the powers of state bodies.

Persons holding public offices of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are understood to be persons holding positions established by the constitutions or charters of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the direct execution of the powers of state bodies.

Representative of the governmentis recognized executive a law enforcement or supervisory body, as well as another official endowed in the manner prescribed by law with administrative powers in relation to persons who are not dependent on him.

Professional activities

Sphere of implementation of professional activities

Professional activity can be implemented in various organizational and legal forms. A person with special knowledge in any area of \u200b\u200bpublic relations can realize himself in labor relations with the employer or in civil law relations when performing the work and services specified in the contract. The legislation of the Russian Federation allows the combination of these forms of activity. The professional service activities carried out in the sphere of state and municipal government... Persons who are state and municipal employees, as a rule, are not entitled to engage in other types of paid activities.

Along with professional activity, entrepreneurial activity is distinguished. At the same time, professional activity and individual entrepreneurial activity in Russian legislation are considered to be of the same order. This allows us to single out the fourth type of professional activity - entrepreneurial activity, carried out on the basis of existing special (professional) knowledge.

Thus, a person with special (professional) knowledge has the right to carry out his activities in order to generate income, in four forms:

Labor activity (based on an employment contract);

Activities on the basis of a civil law contract;

Service activities (state or municipal service);

Entrepreneurial activity (as legal entity or an individual entrepreneur).

2.2. Legislative professional activities

IN russian law in recent years, certain types of special (professional) activities have received detailed regulation. For each of them, a special law has been adopted that regulates the regime for carrying out this activity. In particular, the following types of professional activity are highlighted:

Journalistic professional activity;

Professional activity in the securities market (brokerage, dealer, management securities, clearing, depository activities, maintaining a register of securities owners, organizing trading on the securities market)

Professional activities of insurers;

Professional physical culture and sports activities;

Activities of lawyers, notaries;

Customs activities;

Rescue activity (rescue);

Professional activities of a judge, investigator, prosecutor, deputy, etc.

Auditing activities;

Banking activities;

Appraisal activity, etc.

The world of professions is very diverse and, moreover, dynamic. According to domestic and foreign reference books, there are up to thirty-five thousand types of professional activities and their names. In the field of psychology, in order to solve scientific and practical problems, such as, for example, vocational guidance, it is necessary to systematize human activity, its distribution, as well as comparison according to any criteria: complexity, danger, load, tension, and so on.

Lack of uniform classification

It is believed that a psychological classification is required for the theory of labor. It is also necessary for practical research. Many analyzes and studies could be carried out much faster if a certain typology of professions already existed. But today there is no single approach to the classification of human activity.

The main disadvantage of many of them was that they proceeded from the predominance of a certain mental process in a particular type of activity. In addition, classifications have been proposed according to criteria such as attention and intellectual activity, but this is just a one-sided approach.

Attempts have been made to create a classification of areas and types of professional activity by type of mechanical engineering, industry, metallurgy and agriculture. But such a division cannot be psychological, since in each industry there is a fairly wide variety of types of work that are radically different from each other.

Professional activities for Tatishchev and Strumilin

In the eighteenth century, the famous historian and statesman Tatishchev was studying this issue. They were offered their own classification of the main types of professional activity:

The necessary sciences in the form of education, health care, economics and law.
Useful sciences such as physics, agriculture, mathematics, and biology.
Dandy, or, in other words, amusement sciences, such as art and literature.
Futile sciences in the form of alchemy and astrology.
The harmful sciences, to which Tatishchev equated witchcraft.

A very interesting approach was proposed in the twenties of the last century by the prominent Soviet economist Strumilin, who based the classification on the level of human independence in work. At one time, the approach was considered quite progressive, but today a lot is outdated.

So, Strumilin divided all professions into the following list of professional activities, consisting of five types of work:

The first type is automatic, strictly regulated labor. It included conveyor operations characterized by the execution of the same type of operations throughout the working day.
The second type is semi-automatic labor. The workers of this type were telephonists and machinists, within the framework of whose work actions are not always strictly regulated.
The third type is stereotyped executive work. This category is perhaps the most vulnerable in the entire classification of Strumilin, in which he included almost all types of machine manual labor... Thus, this included machine builders, seamstresses, and so on.

The next two types are not blue-collar jobs. One of them is called "independent work". This category includes the work of designers and engineers. The last type of profession is the category of free creative labor, which refers to workers in various types of art.

In general, it is believed that there is a rational link in this classification, especially if we consider the first two sections. But, of course, for the modern stage of history, this classification is very outdated.

Modern classification of professions

Currently, the classification of professions according to Klimov is actively used, which is of great importance in solving issues related to vocational guidance for young people. This method is based on the multifactor principle. According to this classification, the following types of professional activity are distinguished:

"Man - Nature".
"Man - Man".
"Man - Technique".
"Man - Sign systems".
"Man - Artistic image".

Let's take a closer look at each of these categories.

The professions of the category "Man - Nature" include seed production, animal husbandry, as well as such specialists as livestock specialists, agronomists, dog handlers, laboratory assistants for chemical and bacteriological analysis and other types. The goals of the professional activity of this category are related to plant and animal organisms.

This includes professions that are associated with agriculture, and besides, with food industry, scientific research and medicine. Some interest in nature, but not the main one, should be pursued by psychologists and tourism managers, as well as employees from the hospitality industry.

The presented division does not mean at all that human labor is directed exclusively to the above-mentioned professions. Plant breeders, for example, working in a team, use a variety of techniques and, among other things, deal with issues of economic analysis of labor. But at the same time, the main subject of attention and concerns of plant breeders are cultures and their environment.

As part of the choice of this type of activity, it is important to understand exactly how a person treats nature: as a recreation area or he perceives it as a workshop, in which he intends to devote all his strength to production.

The peculiarity of biological objects of labor activity is that they are difficult and changeable, and in addition, they are non-standard in their laws. Plants, animals, and microorganisms live and grow, get sick and die. Anyone who belongs to this type of professional activity, it is necessary not only to know a lot about organisms, but to be able to foresee possible changes in them, which can sometimes be irreversible. A person is also required to take initiative along with independence in solving certain labor problems; he must show solicitude and foresight.

In the category "Man - Technology" the main and leading subject of labor are technical objects in the form of machines, mechanisms, materials and types of energy. Specialties that are equated to this group are as follows: tunnellers, carpenters, metallurgical technicians, mechanical engineers and other types. The sphere of professional activity of the category "Person - Technician" includes electricians, radio mechanics, builders, computer assemblers, telecommunications specialists, and so on. Among the professions under consideration, there is the following division:

Specialties in the extraction and processing of soil, as well as rocks.
Trades in the processing and use of non-metallic industrial materials along with products and semi-finished products.
Specialties in the production and processing of metals, assembly of machines and devices, as well as mechanical assembly.
Professions related to the repair and adjustment of technological machines, as well as installations and vehicles.
Specialties in the repair and installation of buildings, structures and all kinds of structures.
Professions associated with the assembly, as well as the installation of electrical equipment, devices and apparatus.
Specialties in adjustment, repair and maintenance of electrical equipment, apparatus and instruments.
Occupations related to the use and operation of hoisting and transport vehicles.
Specialties related to the processing of agricultural products.

As part of processing, transforming, moving or analyzing technical objects, the employee is required to act accurately. Considering that technical objects are almost always created directly by humans, there are especially wide opportunities in this industry for various inventions, innovations and creativity. In addition to a creative approach to business in the field of technology, a high level of performing discipline is required from those who consider themselves to this type of professional activity.

In the case of the category "Man - Man", the main and leading subject of labor is people. This includes types of professional teaching activities, as well as doctors, psychologists, hairdressers, tour guides, managers, heads of art groups, and so on. Among this group, the following professions are distinguished:

Specialties that are related to human learning, as well as the organization of children's groups.
Professions aimed at managing production and managing people, as well as all kinds of teams.
Specialties that are related to trade and consumer services.
Professions aimed at information services.
Specialties that involve information and artistic services for people and team leadership.
Professions that are related to medical services.

For successful labor activity in the professions of the category presented, it is necessary to learn not only to establish, but also to maintain contact with people, understanding them and understanding the characteristics of each individual, and in addition, to master knowledge in the field of production, art or science. Here is a small list of the qualities possessed by people related to the classification "Human - Human":

Stable positive mood in the framework of work with people.
Great need for communication.
The ability to understand the intentions, as well as the thoughts and moods of other people.
The ability to instantly understand someone's relationship.
The ability to understand and find a common language with a wide variety of individuals.

The leading subject of the classification work "Man - Sign systems" are conventional signs along with numbers, codes, natural or artificial languages. The professions in this case are as follows: translators, draftsmen, engineers, topographers, secretaries-typists, programmers and others.

Among the professions of this type of professional informational human activity, the following groups are distinguished:

Specialties that are associated with the design of documentation, office work, as well as the analysis of texts or their partial or complete transformation and re-coding.
Specialties, the subject of work of which are numbers, as well as quantitative ratios.
Specialties that are related to the processing of information in the form of a system of conventional symbols along with schematic images of objects.

This type of professional informational activity of a person using dry designations is typical for people who, distracted from the properties of the world around them, can focus on the information that various signs carry. When processing information in the form of conventional symbols, control tasks are formed along with verification, accounting, data processing, and the creation of new systems.

The leading subject of labor of those who refer themselves to the type of professional activity "Man - Artistic Image" is the artistic image, as well as the ways of its construction. The workers of this classification include artists, painters, musicians, designers, stone carvers, literary workers. The professions of the group "Human - Artistic Image" are as follows:

Specialties that are related to visual activity.
Professions aimed at musical activity.
Specialists working in the field of literary and artistic activities.
Acting and stage professions.

One of the features of the activity "Man - Artistic Image" is a large share of labor costs, which remains hidden from outside observers. In addition, it is often necessary to make special efforts to achieve the effect of lightness, as well as the ease of the final result.

Classification based on work goals and tools

Within the framework of each type of professions from the above modern classification, three groups are distinguished according to the purpose of work:

Gnostic types of professional information activities, i.e. professions, which include tasters, controllers, sociologists, proofreaders, art critics, and so on.
Transforming professions in the face of livestock breeders, turners, teachers, accountants, flower decorators and the like.
Exploration professions, which include observer pilots, design engineers, educators, programmers, and also those who prefer types of human professional activities using technical means.

Each of the previous classes of professional activity is divided into four types according to the type of professional informational activity of a person using the main labor tools:

Specialties of manual labor, which include locksmith inspectors, laboratory assistants chemical analysis, veterinarians, locksmiths and so on.
Hand-held professions, such as turners, car drivers, excavator operators, and the like.
Professions that involve the use of automated systems. These include programmed machine operators, air traffic controllers, and so on.
Specialties that are associated with the predominance of functional means of activity, for example, actors, acrobats, and the like.

Classification based on conditions of activity

In each of the four above-mentioned groups of professions, the following categories of activity are distinguished based on working conditions:

Activities in a normal microclimate, for example, those who belong to the types of economic professional activities.
Outdoor labor activity. In this case, we are talking about agronomists, installers, police inspectors and so on.
Work in non-standard conditions, such as divers, high-altitude workers, miners, firefighters, etc.
Work in conditions of excessive responsibility: kindergarten educators, teachers, investigators, and so on.

Types of cognitive activities

Teaching, along with cognitive activity, belongs to the spiritual spheres of society. There are four types of professional activity using information resources derived from spiritual life:

Everyday activity. This category implies the exchange of experiences and images that people carry and share with others.
Scientific activity. This group involves the study and use of various laws, as well as patterns. The main goal of scientific activity is to create an ideal system of the material world.
Artistic activity is based on the attempts of creators and artists to analyze the surrounding reality and find in it both shades of beauty and something absolutely ugly.
Religious activities. The subject of the type of professional activity of a person in this category is the person himself. This also includes the norms of morality, as well as the moral aspects of actions, of which the whole life of a person consists, therefore, it is spiritual activity that plays an important role in their formation.

Classification of spiritual activities

The spiritual life of a person includes religious, scientific, and also creative activities. Having an idea of \u200b\u200bscientific and religious activity, one should consider in more detail the creative direction of human life. This includes artistic or musical directions, as well as literature and architecture, directing and acting. Creative inclinations are inherent in every person, however, in order to reveal them, it takes long and hard work.

Types of economic activities of the company

Recently, economic activity has been challenged by conservationists, since it is based on natural resources, which in the near future may exhaust themselves. The types of professional activity with the use of technical means of human economic activity include the extraction of minerals in the form of oil, metals, stones and everything that can bring benefits, but, unfortunately, damages not only nature, but also the planet.

Classification of information activities

Information is an important part of human interaction with the world. The types of this activity include the receipt, use and storage of information, as well as its distribution. Information activity often becomes a threat to life, since there are always people who do not want third parties to find out and disclose any information. In addition, this type of activity can be provocative in nature and serves as a means of manipulating public consciousness.

Types of mental activity

Mental activity affects the state of the individual, as well as the productivity of her life. The simplest type of mental activity is the usual reflex. These are habits and skills that have been established through constant repetition. They are practically invisible in comparison with such a complex type of mental activity as creativity. This category is notable for its variety, as well as uniqueness, it carries originality and uniqueness.

Thus, the given categories of features overlap with the large-scale list of professions. The proposed classification of the main types of professional activity makes it possible to designate an overview scheme of the general map of the world of professional activity and draw up an approximate formula for a certain type of labor. Such a classification is not suitable for sorting all the professions on the shelves, it seems impossible and unnecessary. We must be aware that most professions are determined by a large number of different types of characteristics. But within any complex set, it is useful to find at least some approximate differences.

V.I. Kutugina

The article discusses the concepts of "self-determination", "self-realization", "professional formation of the personality". The problem of becoming a professional, the problem of personal and social development future specialist as a subject of social action and the main factors affecting the choice of profession.

In recent years, against the background of the economic and political stabilization of Russian society, the "gap" in the field of labor motivation, which was characteristic of the state of economic and economic life in Russia in the early - 90s, has been gradually filled. A priority place in labor motivation in modern Russia is occupied by the desire for professional improvement and professional growth... There is a great need for highly professional, socially active peoplewith initiative, organization and creativity.

The problem of becoming a professional is, first of all, the problem of the personal and social development of a future specialist as a subject of social action. A modern professional must see his profession in the totality of its broad social ties, know the requirements for it and its representatives, understand the content and specifics of their professional activities, navigate the range of professional tasks and be ready to solve them in changing social conditions.

The choice of a profession should be regarded as one of the most important life events. The main factors influencing the choice of a profession are distinguished, which are usually grouped into two groups: subjective and objective. Interests, abilities, characteristics of temperament and character are subjective. Objective - the level of training (academic performance), health status and awareness of the world of professions. Social characteristics are closely related to objective factors, for example, such as the educational level of parents, social environment, etc.

The concept of "self-determination" is fully consistent with such concepts as "self-actualization", "self-realization", "self-realization" ... At the same time, many thinkers associate self-realization, self-actualization with labor activity, with work.

E.A. Klimov distinguishes two levels of professional self-determination: 1) gnostic (restructuring of consciousness and self-awareness); 2) practical (real changes in a person's social status)

Self-determination presupposes not only "self-realization", but also the expansion of one's initial capabilities - "self-transcendence" (according to Frankl): the full value of human life is determined through its transcendence, i.e. the ability to go beyond oneself, and most importantly, in a person's ability to find new meanings in a specific matter and in his entire life. Thus, it is the meaning that determines the essence of self-determination, self-fulfillment and self-transcendence ...

The concept of the professional formation of a personality is understood as a process of progressive personality change under the influence of social influences, professional activity and one's own activity aimed at self-improvement. Professional development is a rather complex, lengthy, highly mobile, multifaceted and sometimes contradictory process, in which four stages are clearly distinguished.

The first stage of the professional formation of a personality is associated with the emergence and formation of professional intentions under the influence overall development personality and initial orientation in various fields of work, in the world of work and the world of professions.

The second stage is the period of professional training and education, that is, purposeful training in the chosen professional activity and mastering all the subtleties of professional skill.

The third stage is active entry into the professional environment, reflecting the student's transition to a new type of activity - to professional work in its various forms in real production conditions, the performance of official duties.

The fourth stage involves the full or partial realization of professional aspirations and capabilities of the individual in independent work

Almost throughout the entire process of professional formation and development, the transition from one stage to another can often be accompanied by the emergence of certain difficulties and contradictions in a person, and often crisis situations... At the same time, it is essential that the replacement of some stages of the process of professional development by others is not always rigidly tied to a certain age stage, biographical period. It reflects the psychological age of professional and personal formation, development and maturity of a person. Similar problems and crises can arise and often do arise not only during the transition from one stage of the process of professional development to another, but also within individual stages of this process.

Studies show that it is difficult to establish the exact age boundaries of the periods of professional self-determination, since there are large individual differences in the timing of social maturation - some are determined with the choice of a profession even before leaving school, while others the maturity of professional choice comes only by the age of 30.

In addition to individual and personal characteristics that affect the timing of professional self-determination, the factors determining such a choice include belonging to one or another social group, as well as gender differences in professional self-determination. According to one of the leading specialists in the field of labor psychology E.A. Klimov, professional choice is determined by eight main factors. These are: position of elders, family; peer position; the position of the school teaching staff (teachers, class teachers etc.); personal professional and life plans; abilities and their manifestations; the claim to public recognition; awareness of a particular professional activity; inclinations.

Among the subjective factors influencing the choice of a profession, the level of a person's intelligence, his abilities and the focus of interests are especially noted. A number of specialists believe that each profession has its own critical parameters of intelligence, so people with lower mental indicators cannot successfully cope with the functional content of this profession. In addition, a developed intellect allows a person to critically and realistically correlate himself with the requirements, to learn successfully, taking into account the experience of his professional activity. It is known that the choice of a profession, professional self-determination requires a high level of activity of the subject and depends on the degree of development of his control and evaluation sphere.

E.A. Klimov, analyzing the concept of "professional self-determination", emphasizes that this is not a one-time decision-making act, but constantly alternating elections. The most important choice of profession becomes in adolescence and early adolescence, but in subsequent years the problem of revising and correcting a person's professional life arises.

Primary professionalization (includes the acquisition of professional skills and abilities necessary for the successful start of professional activity, i.e., the acquisition of a specialty) of a person begins at childhood, as part of preschool and school training. Its essence lies in the assimilation of universally significant social and professional values, such as the prestige of a particular profession, its social significance.

The professionalization of the individual is, in its essence, a social process that is an integral component of the general socialization of the individual. The social nature of professionalization is due to the social meaning of professional activity that arose in the course of the social division of labor and is institutional in nature.

Professional socialization is a process by which a person becomes familiar with certain professional values, includes them in his inner world, forms professional consciousness and culture, objectively and subjectively prepares for professional activity.

Due to its social nature, the professionalization of the individual is carried out through the activities of certain social structures and social institutions... The social agents of professionalization are the family, common educational institutions, social organizations and labor collectives, the state as a whole.

Since, on the present stage, the problem of becoming a professional is, first of all, the problem of the personal and social development of a future specialist as a subject of social action. The development of a personality (its orientation, competence, flexibility, self-awareness) determines the choice and preparation for a profession, and at the same time, this choice and the development of a particular professional activity determines the strategy of personality development.

The sooner personal and professional development begins, the more it is possible to predict psychological well-being, life satisfaction and personal growth of every person in the modern world.

Literature

Zeer E.F. Psychology of professions. - Yekaterinburg, 1997.
E.A. Klimov Psychology of professional self-determination. - M., 2004.
Kon I.S. High school student psychology. M., 1980.
Pryazhnikov N.S. Career guidance. - M., 2005.
Psychological Dictionary. / Ed. V.V. Davydova, A.V. Zaporozhets, B.F. Lomova and others - M., 1983.
Stolyarenko L.D. Pedagogical psychology. Rostov n / a, 2000.

Bibliographic reference

V.I. Kutugina FACTORS OF PROFESSIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION OF THE PERSONALITY IN MODERN CONDITIONS // Contemporary problems science and education. - 2007. - No. 1 .;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id\u003d270 (date accessed: 12/11/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"

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