Social support for citizens at the municipal level. The system of social protection of the population at the state and municipal levels. The system of social protection of the population at the present stage includes

Social protection is an important, but very difficult economic and political task for the authorities, especially for municipal authorities, because they are the closest to the territory, to a specific person (despite the fact that today the social protection bodies belong to the government). In total Russian Federation there are 256 categories eligible to receive social support. Efficiency analysis social assistance shows that only 19% of the total amount of social benefits and payments falls on the poorest segments of the population.

Today, the authorities face a large number of questions:

What is "poverty", what is its threshold?

What income should be considered when determining eligibility for social assistance?

Should one take into account one-time benefits, loans, credits, insurance payments, income from subsidiary farming?

How to account for income from secondary employment or casual work?

How to eliminate social dependency? etc.

To answer these and many other questions, clarity of concepts is necessary, the development of certain principles and a comprehensive program of social work based on them, a system of training personnel working in this area is needed.

On the territory of the municipality, social protection institutions are represented by centers of social protection or social services, social protection institutions, social security departments, labor and employment departments, night homes, centers for social assistance to families and children, shelters, etc.

The main goals of social protection on the territory of the municipality: a) ensuring the reproduction of generations, including children, the elderly; b) providing guarantees to able-bodied citizens in the event of illness, injury, injury, retirement and other risks; c) the elimination of absolute poverty;

Local governments can develop and implement local programs of targeted support from the municipal budget and with the help of attracted funds. Example: Until recently, housing subsidy programs were an example. This is one of the few massive programs to provide targeted social assistance with a clear link to the level of family income.

The organization of work by the authorities on social protection of the population is extremely important today, but in order to be effective, it is necessary to have a comprehensive program of the executive authorities of the subject and municipal authorities in the field of social protection of the population.

Trends in the provision of social assistance and the planned expenditures in this area are determined by the development of the economy of the constituent entities of the Federation and their constituent municipalities, therefore, each municipal formation should develop dynamically in all directions: industry, services, social sphere, etc.

Chapter 2. Analysis of management of social security and social protection of the population in the city of Dzerzhinsk

2.1 Socio-economic characteristics of Dzerzhinsk

Dzerzhinsk is the second largest city in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The results of the socio-economic development of the urban district, the city of Dzerzhinsk for January-June (1st half of 2012) indicate the formation of the necessary conditions for the restoration of the economy and the standard of living of the population.

According to the results of the 1st half of 2012, the commercial turnover of large and medium-sized organizations in the city increased by 22.9% compared to the corresponding period of 2011 and amounted to 26.6 billion rubles.

The city's economy is based on industry, comprising 46 large and medium-sized enterprises. Industrial enterprises employ about 36.1 thousand people, which is 32.6% of those employed in the city's economy. The dominant position in terms of the volume of shipment of products of its own production in the industry is occupied by manufacturing (77.3%). The population of Dzerzhinsk has a downward trend. As of 01.07.2012, the population of the city was 254,937 people. Dynamics of the population of Dzerzhinsk for 2002 - 2011 shown in Fig. 2.1.

Figure: 2.1 Population dynamics of Dzerzhinsk for 2002-2011, thousand people

The state of the labor market is of no small importance for the characteristics of the city. In most types of economic activities, the number of employees continues to decline, but the rates are lower than the same period in 2011. Thus, for 6 months of 2012 relative to the same period last year, the number of employees in general for large and medium-sized enterprises of the city decreased by 3.4% (by 1 , 90 thousand people) and amounted to 54701 people. The highest reduction in the number of people takes place in manufacturing (by 4.7% or by 1.23 thousand people) and in their composition in the chemical industry, where the number has been reduced by 0.82 thousand people or by 4.7%.

The situation on the labor market is improving, the unemployment rate is decreasing, but its value still exceeds the pre-crisis level. In June 2012, the number of officially registered unemployed decreased by 173 people. In the employment center of the city of Dzerzhinsk, as of 01.07.2012, 1,510 people were registered as unemployed, the unemployment rate was 1.3, which is below the regional average.

The cost value of the subsistence minimum per capita on average in June 2012 amounted to 5280.71 rubles. and decreased over the month by 0.8%. The cost value of the subsistence minimum for the second quarter of 2012 - 5287.44 increased relative to the corresponding period in 2011. by 7.6% or 374.46 rubles. The living wage for the working-age population in June was 5637.55 rubles, for pensioners - 4294.86 rubles, for children - 5221.22 rubles.

Thus, the socio-economic characteristics of the city show that in the first half of 2012, the city's industry showed a stable positive growth trend.

One of the main positive moments in the reporting period is the increase in real wages - by 4.2%.

Budget revenues increased relative to January-June 2011 by 15.2%, expenses - by 4.2%. Budget surplus - 114.7 million rubles.

The consequences of the crisis affected the financial condition of enterprises - losses doubled, profits decreased by 31.3%, which in turn had an impact on the investment activity of enterprises - investments decreased by 35.8%. The social passport of Dzerzhinsk is presented in the Appendix.

Thus, it can be seen that in the city of Dzerzhinsk there are a large number of categories in need of social protection.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists using the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction
2. Analysis of the management system of social protection of the population in the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk
2.1 Characteristics of the Novoilinsky district and the population served
2.2 Analysis of performance indicators of the social protection department of Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk
3. Measures to improve the system municipal government social protection of the population in the USZN Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications

Introduction

Today, social protection of the population should play not only the role of social compensation for the poor, but also serve as a certain counterbalance to the rapidly growing property inequality. Protection of the entire population from progressive impoverishment is becoming an important problem.

The actualization of social protection of the population is that the concept of "social protection" is associated with the concept of "social care" of the state, when individual assistance to a person, groups of people, organized by professionally trained people and expressed by the concept of "social work", its ultimate goal will be to support confidence a person in their own strength, their capabilities. That is why in recent years the majority of specialists in social protection of the population are rejecting such a broad, but non-specific concept as "social protection of the population", and are increasingly using the term "social support of the population from the state."

One of the ultimate goals of the entire social policy of the population is associated with the concept of an independent life, which considers a person and his problems in the light of his civil rights, and not from the point of view of his personal and social difficulties, and the society needs an orientation towards overcoming physical and psychological barriers in environment using social services, methods and means.

The need for specialization of forms, improvement of methods of social protection, the emerging issues of financing the social sphere led to an increased interest in solving these problems of many specialists.

In addition, recently there has been more and more talk about the transfer of the main functions of providing social support to the population from the federal and regional levels of government to "localities", for example, to municipalities. However, for the most part, the mechanisms of this transfer and the process of implementing social protection of the population, thus, have not been studied and determined.

The object of the research is the mechanism of municipal management of social protection of the population and social security.

The subject of the research is the development of proposals for improving the system of municipal management of social protection of the population by the example of Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk.

The purpose of the study is to develop proposals for improving the system of municipal management of social protection of the population on the example of Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

study the theoretical and methodological foundations of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation;

to analyze the activities of institutions of social protection of the population in the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk;

analyze the mechanism of financing social protection in modern conditions, find out its functions.

The legal basis for social protection of certain categories of the population is formed by the following laws of the Russian Federation - "On Forced Migrants", "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation", "On Social Protection of the Disabled", "On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens", "On the Basics of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation "," On the basic guarantees of the rights of the child in the Russian Federation ", etc.

Many researchers of modern Russian society are interested in the formation and functioning of the social protection system of the population at the present stage. So the basics of organizing social protection of the population are considered in the works of such authors as M.I. Lepikhov, N. Podshibyakina, V. Sharin and others.

social protection municipal government

The economic foundations of social protection of the population are considered by V.D. Roick, T.S. Panteleeva, G.A. Chervyakov and others.

The main directions and principles of social work are presented in the works of A.I. Voitenko, E.I. Komarova, A.N. Savinov, P.D. Pavlenok and others.

The practical significance of the work is determined by the fact that the research results can be used in the development of social programs, as well as in the educational process, in vocational training specialists.

The work consists of three chapters, an introduction, a conclusion and a list of sources used.

1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the municipal management of social protection of the population

1.1 Essence, directions and functions of social protection of the population

Modern Russia is going through a transitional period that has affected all spheres of the country's socio-economic life, causing the emergence of many socially vulnerable segments of the population - the unemployed, refugees and internally displaced persons, disabled people, etc. In these conditions, social protection of the population, or protection from risks through comprehensive assistance to a person from the state in solving various problems throughout his life, acquires key importance, in accordance with the social policy pursued in Russia.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993, the Russian Federation (RF) was proclaimed a social state. Its most character traits reflected in the ongoing social policy, which, according to Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

Social policy is the sphere of practical implementation of the most important function of the state to create conditions that ensure each member of society meets his needs, taking into account the system of values \u200b\u200bapproved by society, and therefore a person is always at the center of social policy, who simultaneously acts as its goal, subject and subject.

Social policy is a part of the general policy of the state, which concerns relations between social groups, between society as a whole and its members, associated with changes in the social structure, the growth of the well-being of citizens, the improvement of their lives, the satisfaction of their material and spiritual needs, and the improvement of the way of life.

Social policy is implemented through a system of measures, ethics and morality. Including (the formation and determination of the place of the latter in the life of individual members of society (individuals, families, groups, strata, etc.); on the social and personal life of members of society, including government regulation the material and cultural environment in which the human needs for food, clothing, housing, recreation, entertainment, and health maintenance are met; on the socio-psychological characteristics of various types of individuals, social groups, layers, etc.

As for the social protection of the population, at the present stage it is the most important and priority direction of the social policy of the Russian Federation, being a system of principles, methods, social guarantees legally established by the state, measures and institutions that ensure the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintenance of life support and active the existence of the individual, various social categories and groups; a set of measures, actions, funds of the state and society, directed against situations of risk in the normal life of citizens.

Social protection is a state policy aimed at ensuring social, economic, political and other rights and guarantees of a person, regardless of gender, nationality, age, place of residence and other circumstances.

Social protection of the population in the broad sense of the word is a set of socio-economic measures carried out by the state and society and ensuring the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintenance of life support and the active existence of an individual to various social categories and groups, as well as a set of measures aimed against situations of risk in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, death of the breadwinner. It presents a set of measures to ensure a minimum level of material support for socially vulnerable groups of the population guaranteed by the state during the period of economic transformation. ...

A characteristic feature of the current stage is the rapid development of the methodology and methodology of social protection of the population, which is of major practical and theoretical significance. It should be noted that the methodology of social protection is understood as a system of principles and methods of organizing and constructing theoretical and practical activities directed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, disability, death of the breadwinner, and others, and by the methodology - a set of techniques, research methods and operations of practical and theoretical development of social protection of the population as a system.

The system of social protection of the population at the present stage includes:

social Security;

social insurance;

social support (assistance).

Social protection of citizens is carried out at the expense of the federal and local budgets, specially created funds for social support of the population, non-state funds.

The main principles of social protection of the population are humanity, social justice, targeting, comprehensiveness, ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual.

The need to improve the system of social protection of the population is caused by the transition to market relations in society.

The main goals of social protection of the population are as follows:

1) getting rid of absolute poverty when the average per capita total family income is below the subsistence level;

2) rendering material assistance population in extreme conditions;

3) assistance in adaptation of socially vulnerable groups of the population to the conditions of a market economy.

So, one of the elements of social protection of the population in the crisis conditions of the transition to market relations is social assistance, provision in cash or in kind, in the form of services or benefits provided taking into account social guarantees legally established by the state; a set of social services, medico-social, socio-economic, social welfare, socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical and other support of a person from state and non-state structures during his crisis, in difficult life situations.

State social assistance is provided in the following forms:

1) cash payments (social benefits, subsidies, compensations and other payments);

2) in-kind assistance (fuel, food, clothing, shoes, medicine and other types of in-kind assistance).

Social assistance performs the function of providing poverty assistance to certain groups of the population in extreme conditions; is in the nature of periodic and one-time cash supplements to pensions and benefits, in-kind payments and services in order to neutralize critical life situations, unfavorable economic conditions... Social assistance (support) is carried out at the expense of local authorities authorities, enterprises (organizations), off-budget and charitable foundations in order to provide targeted, differentiated assistance to those in need.

Social security is a system of legal, economic and organizational measures created by the state that are aimed at compensating or minimizing the consequences of changes in the material and (or) social situation of citizens, and in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, other categories individuals due to the occurrence of circumstances recognized by the state as socially significant (insurance risks).

Social insurance is a part of the state system of social protection of the population, the specificity of which is the insurance of working citizens against possible changes in the material and (or) social situation, including due to circumstances beyond their control.

Compulsory social insurance is a system of legal, economic, organizational measures created by the state aimed at compensating or minimizing the consequences of changes in the material and (or) social situation of working citizens, and in cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation, other categories of citizens due to their recognition as unemployed, labor injury or occupational disease, disability, illness, injury, pregnancy and childbirth, loss of a breadwinner, as well as the onset of old age, the need to receive medical care, spa treatment and the occurrence of other established insurance risks subject to compulsory social insurance.

Today in the Russian Federation there are 4 types of compulsory state social insurance:

1) pension insurance;

2) social insurance in case of temporary disability;

3) social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases;

4) medical insurance.

The most important component of social protection of the population is the institution of social work bodies. The purpose of their activities is to pursue state policy aimed at establishing stable and orderly links between various levels of the organizational system, designed to form social relations in society, provide citizens with potential life benefits to meet their needs, and develop economic independence in management.

The objects of management in the system of social protection of the population are institutions and organizations, labor and educational collectives of this system, as well as relations between people. Subjects of management - bodies directly involved in the problems of social assistance to the population (ministries, committees, departments, departments, departments of social protection of the population, labor collectives). The main function of bodies, institutions of social protection of the population (SZN) is to improve the activities of its various structural elements, regulated by certain norms and controlled social institutions to ensure the achievement of the set goals.

The main levels of social work bodies:

federal level (republic);

region;

labor collective;

non-state (charitable) public organizations.

Important role in the system of social protection of the population, trade unions, administration and various forms self-government in work collectives.

The main functions of the management of social protection of the population at federal level:

1) organization of pension services and provision of benefits;

2) social services;

3) medical and social expertise;

4) rehabilitation of disabled people and provision of prosthetic and orthopedic assistance;

5) social assistance to families and children;

6) preparation of legislation on social protection of the population;

7) foreign economic and international cooperation;

8) development of provisions on the foundations of social policy;

9) analysis and forecast of the standard of living of various categories of the population;

10) preparation of recommendations for the development of regional social programs;

11) development of social standards, etc. ...

The functions of the management of social protection of the population at the regional (local) level are regulated by the higher authorities with a certain independence and include:

1) provision and solution of production and economic problems;

2) planned and financial and economic activities;

3) creation of various social assistance funds;

4) solving economic problems, etc.

Forms of social protection are "reflection in collective agreements additional measures of social protection, support (payments, benefits, in-kind assistance, etc.) for workers and their families, as well as pensioners at the expense of the respective funds of enterprises. "

The social functions of the labor collective are:

1) improving the material and cultural living conditions of people;

2) development of the social structure of the team;

3) improving relations within the team;

4) improvement of social security, health care;

5) organization of assistance in family life, leisure activities;

6) compliance with the principle of social justice.

Certain functions are performed by various charitable organizations and funds for social assistance to the population:

1) social and medical assistance to the lonely, the elderly, the infirm;

2) b) social rehabilitation of disabled people;

3) c) legal assistance to socially needy categories of the population, etc. ...

In general, the purpose of the social protection system is manifested in its general functions:

1. The economic function is expressed in the provision of material support to citizens in difficult life situations, in promoting development social production in general and individual sectors of the national economy, the economic recovery of priority development zones.

2. A political function aimed at bringing together the social level of various segments of the population, creating conditions that ensure a decent life for every person. It is designed to stabilize public relations.

3. The demographic function helps to stimulate the growth of the country's population, the reproduction of a healthy generation, and the growth of life expectancy.

4. The social and rehabilitation function is associated with meeting the needs of the elderly and disabled citizens. It is expressed in the creation of conditions conducive to the preservation of their legal status and to protect the health of all citizens.

The first direction of social protection is social protection of children, childhood and adolescence, which is focused on creating conditions for the life and development of children, allowing all children, regardless of the family in which they were born and live, to have the best opportunities to maintain health and material well-being. free accessible education, preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, realization of one's abilities.

State policy in the interests of children is based on the principles of legislative provision of the rights of the child; state support of the family in order to ensure the full-fledged upbringing of children, protect their rights, prepare them for a full life in society; establishing and observing state minimum social standards of the main indicators of the quality of life of children, taking into account regional differences of these indicators; responsibility officials, citizens for violating the rights and legitimate interests of the child, causing him harm; state support for bodies local government, public associations and other organizations carrying out activities to protect the rights and legitimate interests of the child.

Accordingly, social protection of children and adolescents should effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development, from social risks.

At the present stage, the creation of specialized institutions for minors, which are designed to provide assistance to the category of adolescents that previously did not enjoy the attention of the authorities, is of particular importance for the social protection of children. Abandoned by family and school, they were, at best, of interest only to law enforcement agencies in connection with the commission of illegal actions. In violation of international legal regulations children and adolescents who did not commit offenses were often kept for a long time in the reception centers of the internal affairs bodies, awaiting referral to boarding-type children's institutions.

Thus, social protection of children and adolescents at the present stage is consistent with the state policy in the field of childhood, which recognizes this period of a person's life as the most important stage, and therefore undertakes to do everything to prepare them for a full life. Social protection of children and adolescents is characterized by multidirectionality, affecting the most diverse spheres of their life, however, the priority area of \u200b\u200bwork is work with children and adolescents suffering from one or another degree of social maladjustment, which leads them to the streets, to drugs, prostitution, etc.

The second direction of social protection is social protection of the working-age population, designed to "provide for the creation of conditions that ensure a balance of rights, duties and interests of citizens, when a person can fully realize the ability to economic independence, while not infringing on the interests of fellow citizens and participating in social assistance needy ". Labor, its remuneration and, as a result, money savings acquired securities and real estate should become the main sources of human income and social well-being. A working person must be sure that the most difficult life situations - illness, a temporary period of unemployment or other problems that infringe on his economic independence and social well-being, will be overcome if he makes his own efforts, since the country has all the conditions for this.

Social protection of the able-bodied population, their labor protection are based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the Basics of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation", adopted on July 17, 1999, and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The implementation of the main directions of state policy in the field of labor protection is ensured by coordinated actions of the authorities state power Of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government bodies, employers, associations of employers, as well as trade unions, their associations and other representative bodies authorized by employees on labor protection issues.

The state implements programs for training, vocational training and retraining of workers, and also guarantees the payment of unemployment benefits and retraining. The state provides citizens who have lost their jobs, dismissed from enterprises, organizations and institutions, as well as citizens who are looking for work for the first time or who want to resume labor activity after a long break, compensation, pays scholarships during the period of vocational training, retraining or advanced training; pays unemployment benefits; creates opportunities for participation in paid public works; compensates for the costs associated with voluntary relocation to another area at the suggestion of the employment service. Every citizen who has reached the age of 16 and has unemployed status can exercise the right to receive unemployment benefits or compensation. This right is lost when a citizen reaches retirement age.

Along with labor protection, an important part of the social policy of the state is the protection of the health of citizens. Health protection of citizens is a set of measures of a political, economic, legal, social, cultural, scientific, medical, sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic nature aimed at preserving and strengthening the physical and mental health of each person, maintaining his long active life, providing him with medical assistance in case of loss of health.

Thus, it can be concluded that social protection of the working-age population should provide for mechanisms that provide citizens of the Russian Federation with protection from social risks that prevent:

- effective human employment;

Providing, in accordance with the law, additional guarantees of employment to categories of the population in need of special social protection and experiencing difficulties in finding work, including young people, single and large parents raising minors or disabled children, persons of pre-retirement age, military personnel, dismissed to the reserve, disabled people, persons affected by man-made and natural disasters, as well as victims of military conflicts, persons, long time unemployed, persons serving a sentence or undergoing compulsory treatment by a court decision, etc.;

- payment and receipt wages and all types of social benefits in the amounts and terms provided by law;

- health protection of workers and prevention of unfavorable working conditions;

- the provision and receipt of material and other assistance to persons who are in crisis material and social situations;

- realization by young people of their potential in scientific, cultural and sports plans;

- equality of men and women in all matters social life (first of all, we are talking about full de facto equality in pay, promotion, access to education, scientific activities, culture and sports).

The third direction of social protection is social protection of disabled citizens, which should be aimed at humanizing all spheres of life of these people. It is unacceptable for any of them to feel like a superfluous person burdening loved ones, society. Everyone should preserve the desire and opportunity to live in a family for as long as possible, actively participate in the economic, political, cultural development of society, enjoy all its benefits and, if possible, increase them.

In accordance with Article 2 of the Federal Law "On Social Protection of Persons with Disabilities" adopted on November 24, 1995, social protection of persons with disabilities is a system of state-guaranteed economic, social and legal measures that provide conditions for persons with disabilities to overcome, replace (compensate) disabilities and aimed at creating opportunities for them to participate in the life of society on an equal basis with other citizens.

Social services for the elderly and disabled people are activities to meet their needs for social services. It includes a set of social services, care, catering, assistance in obtaining medical, legal, socio-psychological and natural types of assistance, assistance. In vocational training, employment, leisure activities; assistance in organizing funeral services and others that are provided to elderly citizens and disabled people at home or in social service institutions, regardless of ownership.

The fourth direction of social protection is social protection of the family, which should ensure effective prevention of social risks that prevent:

- preserving the institution of the family;

- creation and preservation of a family;

- living in a family of its members suffering from disabilities;

- implementation of measures to provide workers with family responsibilities with such conditions of employment that would allow them to combine family and professional responsibilities;

- development and assistance of state and other forms of ownership of institutions and services for childcare and family assistance;

- ensuring every woman the right to the widest possible range of family planning services;

- measures to reduce maternal and child mortality;

- granting women the right to maternity leave;

- granting parental leave to the mother or father (guardian) or, at the discretion of the family, to another relative who is actually caring for the child;

- termination labor relations employer with a woman during her absence from work for the above reason;

- payment of benefits for childcare, pregnancy and childbirth benefits for a woman to receive medical support, including free antenatal care, obstetric care during childbirth and after childbirth;

- refusal of the employer to hire and reduce the wages of women for reasons related to pregnancy and childbirth, the presence of children;

- transfer of pregnant women, as well as women with children under the age of 3 years, in accordance with medical requirements, to lighter work, excluding the impact of adverse production factors without reducing wages;

- development of family leisure and recreation.

The social protection of the family at the present stage is the most developing area of \u200b\u200bsocial protection, since it is in the family that all the social problems characteristic of modern Russian society are reflected, and these problems are always specific, since they are directly related to the type of family.

The organization of the implementation of the above areas of social protection of the population is determined by the legal framework for social protection of the population in the Russian Federation.

1.2 Regulatory framework for the municipal administration of social protection of the population

Social protection of the population and the mechanism for its implementation are based on the constitutional and legal framework and international covenants on human rights and freedoms. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, international covenants on civil and political, economic, social and cultural rights proclaim and recognize the rights of all people to life, liberty and security of person, dignity, freedom of opinion, the right to work, rest, education, social security, protection of material and moral interests.

Society cannot do without establishing the rights, freedoms and duties of its citizens. At the same time, they cannot be set arbitrarily, since they are conditioned by the achieved level of material, cultural and spiritual capabilities. The basic rights, freedoms and obligations of citizens are legally enshrined and guaranteed by the state in its main law - the Constitution.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation declares that the Russian Federation - welfare state, whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development.

Labor and health of people are also protected in the Russian Federation. A guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support for family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled people and the elderly is provided, a system of social services is developing, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established.

Article 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation reads:

1. Every citizen is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of the breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

2. Pensions and benefits are established.

Article 39 of the Constitution, according to which every person is guaranteed social security in cases of incapacity for work, for raising children and in other situations established by law.

Every citizen has the right to social protection. The constitution imposes an obligation on the state to create all the necessary conditions to exercise this right.

It not only proclaims the right of citizens to social protection, but also clearly defines the ways of its implementation. First of all, these are:

- compulsory pension insurance for employees;

- creation of other funds that are sources of financing for social protection of the population;

- adoption of federal laws guaranteeing the implementation of these rights.

In particular, on August 2, 1995, the Federal Law "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people" was adopted. According to the degree of concentration of legislative material, this law can be considered as normative act codification value.

It is distinguished by the relevance of regulatory control, a special capacious internal structure (consists of 7 chapters, 40 articles), which provides a single agreed regulation relations in the field of social services for the specified category of citizens.

This law, in essence, is basic for the institution of social services, since regulates in a complex a range of issues related to social services for the two most weakly social groups of the population - elderly citizens and disabled people.

The Federal Law "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" dated December 10, 1995 establishes the foundations legal regulation in the field of social services for citizens in difficult life situations. At the same time, the following principles of social services for citizens are distinguished: targeting; availability; voluntariness; humanity; priority; confidentiality; preventive focus.

The codification law, the norms of which regulate public relations, are the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Citizens' Health" dated July 22, 1993. The Fundamentals consolidate the concept of protecting the health of citizens and its basic principles, the rights of citizens in the field of health protection. In particular, it separately provides for the right to health protection: family, pregnant women and mothers, minors, military personnel, elderly citizens, disabled people.

The federal law of May 19, 1995 "On State Benefits to Citizens with Children" also became codification. This law enshrined unified system benefits addressed to citizens with children. This is a maternity allowance for a woman, a one-time allowance for women registered in the early stages of pregnancy; a childbirth allowance due to every family; allowance for parental leave until 1.5 years of age; monthly allowance for each child from the moment of his birth until the age of 16 (students 18) years. In subsequent years, amendments to this law were issued in terms of changing the amount of payments.

Another codification law was the Federal Law of July 16, 1999 "On the Basics of Compulsory Social Insurance". It consolidated the basic principles of compulsory social insurance, types of social risks, insured events, types of insurance coverage for compulsory social insurance, rights and obligations of subjects of compulsory social insurance.

Citizens are provided with social benefits in accordance with the above-mentioned Law of the Russian Federation "On State Benefits to Citizens with Children", as well as the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation" as amended on April 20, 1996, Federal Law of December 21, 1996 " ABOUT additional guarantees on the social protection of orphans and children left without parental care ", Federal Laws of September 17, 1998" On immunization of infectious diseases "and of January 12, 1996" On burial and funeral business. "

A number of current laws regulate pensions for various categories of citizens, for example, Federal Law No. 173-FZ of December 17, 2001 "On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation" and Federal Law of December 15, 2001, No. 166-FZ "On State pension provision in the Russian Federation.

Social protection involves providing assistance to specific individuals in need, taking into account their individual needs. In the Russian Federation, the relevant normative legal acts have been issued and are in effect to regulate the provision of social support to one or another category of those in need.

Of great practical importance in the implementation of social protection of various categories of the population is the adopted number of social programs, great advantage which is a special allocation of "program resources" and their concentration on the achievement of sub-goals, objectives and, ultimately - the goals of programs. Today the following social programs operate in the Russian Federation:

- Federal comprehensive program "Social support for disabled people";

- Presidential program "Youth of Russia";

- The program for retraining and providing employment for military personnel subject to dismissal, and reserve or retirement, citizens discharged from military service, and their families in places of their compact residence;

- Federal migration program.

Thus, the Constitution as the main law of the state and normative legal acts that concretize and fill with real content social rights, freedoms and obligations of the individual (Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, Federal Laws, Government Resolutions, legal acts adopted by the subjects of the Federation, municipal authorities) constitute and form the legal space in which the social mechanism protecting human interests. The action and effectiveness of this mechanism are directly related to the activities of people and largely depend on their conscientiousness, professionalism, competence and other qualities. That is why the further development and improvement of the social protection system requires a more serious approach to solving legal issues.

1.3 Foreign experience of social protection of the population

XX century. became the century of destruction of traditional channels of social assistance: communities, families. Ties within the community are being torn apart by the pressure of the ongoing processes of industrialization, urbanization and individualization of social life. The family is going through a period of disintegration, which limits the possibilities for mutual assistance. In this regard, in the first half of the twentieth century, a redistribution of roles takes place: the state becomes one of the main guarantors of human social protection.

For this stage the development of European and American civilization is characterized by the fact that along with repression, the mechanism of social maneuvering through the adoption of social legislation and social institutionsaimed at creating a system of social support for employees and their families.

The state is undoubtedly becoming the main player in the social field. Increasingly, the state is beginning to realize the need to intervene in the social sphere, and therefore, to have public service professional social workers... In the first decades of the twentieth century. practically all developed states are actively expanding in the social sphere, building social policy, creating a legal framework, developing models and systems of social support for the population. Basically, they still work today. At the same time, differences emerge in the models of social support for the population in various Western countries.

The experience of the functioning of the social system in Germany is especially interesting. Germany, along with the Nordic states, has an exemplary social security system. The basis of this system was laid during the time of Bismarck: accident insurance, sickness insurance, pension insurance. In 1919, unemployment insurance was introduced.

Essential for Formation Abroad modern system social assistance was provided by the principles of the Elberfeld system, which got its name from the city, where it was effectively applied. In the middle of the 19th century, it spread to almost the entire territory of Germany and parts of France. These principles are based on:

the independence of each guardianship in the consideration of private issues and the centralization of the general direction of affairs;

individualization of assistance with a detailed examination of each person in need;

engaging all sectors of society to actively participate in the charity of the poor.

Over time, the methods and forms of work have changed, but the main principle of social work remains the provision of social assistance.

Social assistance is the main part of the social security system in Germany, serving to get out of a difficult socially provisions individuals, and having the necessary institutions and services for these purposes.

Social assistance is also called social services that are provided outside the social security system. These are services of a general nature: the issuance of money as a state subsidy for housing, in large families for children, and for the poor for education.

Services such as education are especially important for young poor and poor, as it contributes to further professional growth and career. The solution of educational problems is completely in the hands of the authorities of the federal states. Each federal state decides in its own way within the framework of federal law. According to German social law, every student of aptitude with good academic results is entitled to individual support for their education, although they may not be able to afford the necessary funds.

The system of social protection in the leading capitalist country, the United States, is also of interest.

As in Western European countries, the social protection system in the United States is being reformed, adapting to modern conditions, but relying on solid material resources and an established system of values. National system social protection was established in the 30s and dates back to the signing by President Franklin Rooseveltom of the Social Security Act in August 1935. Its entire basis was laid on the orientation of Americans to success, to personal responsibility for their well-being and the well-being of their families. The American social safety net has two distinct areas: the social security system and the social assistance system.

Social insurance programs have a high status of social respectability, as those living on wages regularly pay taxes to the appropriate funds. The social insurance system is mainly used by the middle and upper strata of society. This system protects the economically active population from the main socio-economic risks: old age, loss of a breadwinner, disability, illness, industrial injuries, unemployment.

In the item of social expenditures of the US budget, this section of social protection accounts for about 75%. The size of social insurance pensions is 2.5 times higher than cash benefits for poverty.

It should be noted that both social insurance and social assistance in the United States are not abstract, but have a number of basic and auxiliary programs.

One of critical programs - the basis of the pension system is the General Federal Program (OFP). To receive a full pension, it is necessary to attain 65 years of age and have a work experience of at least 3 months for each year from 21 to 65 years. With a decrease in the length of service, the pension decreases, the minimum required length of service is 10 years.

The Pension Fund tax (including part of the Medicor program) is 15.3% of income, with half paid by the employer and the other half by the employee. The spending of the fund is strictly regulated: from every dollar that goes into the fund, 69 cents goes to trust funds that pay monthly old-age pensions to the insured, their family members, and widows; 19 cents goes to trust funds that pay the bills of the insured under the Medicor program, 12 cents to trust funds, to pay pensions to people with disabilities and their family members; and 1 cent is spent on administrative expenses.

The most important component of the social security system is the Medicor retirement health care program, which was established in 1965, reaches more than 30 million Americans and is of central social importance in the life of the country. Insurance is divided into primary and secondary. The main one pays for inpatient treatment, additional treatment and medical services at home. Additional insurance voluntary insurance with the payment of an insurance premium, as well as payment for doctors' services and services in polyclinics, the Medicor program provides health insurance for people aged 65 and over and some other groups of the population.

A compensatory function similar to the social insurance system is performed by the federal state unemployment insurance system, introduced in the mid-1930s. The unemployment insurance system is compensated by a tax on entrepreneurs, employees do not make payments for this purpose.

The second area of \u200b\u200bthe social safety net in the United States is social assistance. Unlike social insurance, social assistance programs for the poor do not enjoy the credibility and support of American society, because the poor do not pay social taxes and represent a significantly smaller portion of the population.

One of the main federal social assistance programs is the Assistance to Families with Dependent Children (PSED) program.

Funding for this program is provided by the federal government on a parity basis with the states, approximately 50/50. Under the ESAP, mothers or relatives raising children receive benefits. Family assistance is comprehensive. Such a family, in addition to cash benefits, is eligible for food stamps, school-age children receive free meals "School Breakfast Program". The family receives medical care under the Medicaid program. About a quarter of the families receiving child support use housing.

At the same time, starting in 1981, a requirement was introduced on the need to work on a gratuitous basis in order to receive benefits under large federal social programs. Two programs require this as mandatory condition to receive social assistance at the federal level: "Assistance to families with dependent children" and "Food stamp program".

Medicaid, established in 1965, provides health care services to people living below the poverty line. About 23 million people receive aid through it, and it is paid in full from the budget by the federal government together with the state authorities.

The foundations of the FRG social insurance were laid in the last century by Chancellor Bismarck, and since then the mechanism of social policy, improving, creates reliable social protection of the population.

In the Federal Republic of Germany, compulsory insurance of every worker upon reaching a certain age is established by law for all types of insurance: pension, unemployment and sick leave.

Insurance funds make up about 37% of the wages fund at each enterprise. They are formed at the expense of deductions from the wages of the worker and the contributions of the employer in approximately equal proportions. The state legislatively determines only the size of payments to insurance funds. The system of payments to social insurance funds operates on the principle of solidarity: the strong pays for the weak.

Pension insurance contributions account for 1.7% of the wage fund and ensure the formation of one of the largest insurance funds - the pension fund. The fund is intended to finance the following types of pensions: a) old-age pensions (assigned to working men from 65 years old, women from 60 years old). The amount of pensions is determined by the length of service, which means the deadline for paying contributions to pension Fund... With an experience of up to 40 years, 61% of the net earnings are paid before retirement, and with an experience of 45 years or more - 69%. It should be noted that the length of service includes the time spent on raising children, serving in the army and the period of forced unemployment; b) pension for incapacity for work in connection with its loss as a result of an accident and if a person has been incapacitated for work since childhood; c) pension for the death of the breadwinner.

Unemployment insurance provides a contribution to this fund in the amount of 6.8% of the payroll.

In Germany, the following sizes of unemployment pensions are determined by law - 63-68% average salary in the last 3 months before losing his job. This interest is calculated from the so-called "net" salary, i.e. remaining after all taxes and fees have been paid. Workers who are eligible for unemployment benefits vocational education and work experience of at least three years, and unskilled workers with at least 6 years of experience.

The payment of benefits is made subject to certain conditions (loss of work by the employee in full, not in part; mandatory registration at the labor exchange is required; lack of alternative options for work in another enterprise). The allowance is paid from 6 to 32 months.

If the employee does not have the right to receive the specified benefit (for example, the required period of time has not been worked out), then unemployment assistance is paid. Assistance is issued in the event that there are no other sources of livelihood and none of the relatives can support the unemployed. The amount of assistance is 56-58% of the net previous salary for the last three months of work.

The third type of payments from the unemployment fund is social assistance to the poor and those who do not have a livelihood due to a long illness or illness of close relatives.

Benefits, assistance and social benefits for unemployment are not taxed.

Unemployment insurance in accordance with the Law is provided at the expense of the entrepreneur.

Hospital insurance (sickness insurance) in the Federal Republic of Germany is legally regulated by Federal legislation. The procedure for hospital insurance is that citizens are automatically members of local health insurance funds, then they join production and industry funds, and then, optionally, on a voluntary basis, into additional ones. The amount of deductions ranges from 8 to 16% (on average 12.5%) of the payroll.

The country currently has about one thousand health insurance funds of four types: industrial, local, branch, additional. Production cash desks are created at enterprises with at least 450 employees. Local ones correspond to a territorial basis (urban, quarterly, rural, etc.). Branch services serve people of a certain specialty (transport workers, builders, etc.). Additional cash desks are intended for people with a high income level.

The concept of hospital insurance in Germany is based on differentiation and a commercial approach. Its essence is that the amount of contributions and the level of service measures depends on the income of the insured. In particular, if a citizen's earnings are at the minimum level (about 5 thousand marks a month), then he must be insured. This is due to the fact that in case of illness, his earnings will not be enough for treatment, and according to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany, a sick person cannot be deprived of medical care.

With high incomes, a citizen can join a private health insurance fund, which provides a prestigious level of medical care. In private health insurance funds there is no principle of joint and several allocation of medical expenses, and therefore young and healthy pay less, old and sick more.

...

General information

In the process of the development of culture, civilization, in the course of technical progress, the collapse of communal ties, the state began to increasingly act as a guarantor of social security for people. The emergence and development of the market system contributed to the separation of this function into an independent activity. Over time, it began to acquire a new meaning. First of all, social support of the population acts as a protection against negative influences market relations. Together with this, it is an integral element of the economic system. Social support is aimed at those who are not able to provide a decent life on their own. In fact, this is the necessary compensation for the opportunity to conduct business and earn income in a stable society.

Main directions

At the government level, special programs are being developed, the purpose of which is social support:

Prerequisites for the emergence of activities

Within the framework of market relations, an individual can satisfy his needs only by making a profit from property or in the form of payment for his labor. But in every society there are people who do not have property that would bring passive income. There are also those who are unable to work due to age, the presence of a disease, due to the adverse consequences of military, political, environmental, national and other conflicts, demographic changes, natural disasters, and so on. All these people will not be able to live if they are not helped. The government has a stake in securing popular support for a number of reasons. These, in particular, include:

The duty of the authorities to create conditions for a decent life for people. It is proclaimed by the Universal Declaration, which is valid in all civilized countries.
Any country strives for expanded reproduction of skilled workers.
Social support of citizens stimulates the economic situation of different strata and groups of society, thus reducing internal tension in the country.

Protection principles

A civilized market can function normally only with the expansion and deepening of social security for the population. In a broad sense, the protection of people is a certain direction of the internal policy of the government. It is focused on ensuring the constitutional rights of people and minimum guarantees. Social support is provided regardless of gender, age, nationality, place of residence. In other words, protection is guaranteed in relation to all the rights and freedoms of the individual. The interaction of the market system and social protection should be taken into account not only in relation to the whole society, but also at the level of certain groups, individuals, families. The main goal of protection is the desire to provide specific people with the necessary assistance in difficult situations.

Social support for citizens in Russia

The protection system is in the stage of formation in the country. Over time, it will turn into a qualitatively new, diversified, independent sector of the economy. Today the system employs about 400 thousand employees, more than 16 thousand institutions work. In unfavorable demographic conditions, with increasing requirements for the quality of services, social support is aimed at:

Effective allocation of budget funds to address priority tasks.
Improving the welfare of vulnerable categories.
More active introduction of a system of targeted assistance to those in need.
Development of a system of services for the population, expansion of the range and improvement of their quality.
Formation of a favorable environment for people with disabilities.
Improvement of the material and technical base of social protection institutions.

All of these activities are government tasks. Budget funds are allocated for their solution.

Regional policy

Social support at the level of the constituent entities of Russia has a narrower focus. The emphasis in regional policy is on:

Improving the security system, using an individual approach, optimizing the costs of maintaining social facilities. sphere while maintaining the proper level of quality of services, development of staffing.
Provision of material assistance in kind or in cash.
Implementation of new measures of social support.
Service in appropriate institutions.
Providing medical and legal assistance.
Provision of subsidies and benefits.

Results of events

The concentration of the efforts of the authorities in the social direction will allow:

Financial security

In accordance with Art. 61 ФЗ № 131, the leveling of the degree of budgetary provision in municipal districts (urban districts) is carried out through the provision of subsidies from the relevant funds. Funds are distributed in accordance with the procedure formulated in the law of the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the requirements of the BC. This takes into account financial opportunities local authorities to exercise their powers to solve territorial problems. Distribution of subsidies from regional funds is carried out between municipalities, in which the level of estimated provision of budget funds does not exceed the established indicators for municipal districts (urban districts). The values \u200b\u200bare determined according to the methodology approved by the regional law in accordance with the requirements of the BC. In accordance with the provisions of the Budget Code, part of the regional subsidies can be provided to each MO per one inhabitant. BC provides for cases in which regional legislation may formulate a different procedure for calculating the specified share of funds.

Alternative collateral

The above subsidies can be partially or completely replaced by additional standards for deductions from regional and federal fees and taxes to municipal budgets. The procedure for their calculation is formulated by the legislation of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in accordance with the requirements established in the BC. The distribution of subsidies to regional support funds or additional standards replacing them is approved at the regional level for the coming financial year.

Social support measures

There are a lot of families in need of material support in the country today. At the government level, programs have been developed under which one-time and regular payments are made. In particular, maternity capital is one of the types of assistance. As for the disabled, the military, those who have lost their breadwinners, monthly pension payments are provided for them. Social support for children is actively carried out. Parents are eligible to receive monthly payments for each child. In addition to financial assistance, the government programs provide for:

Maintenance and service of those in need of hospitals.
Vocational training, employment of people with disabilities, medical, prosthetic and orthopedic assistance, rehabilitation measures, benefits for utility bills, etc.

Minors without parental care

Social support for orphans is carried out by the government in different directions... Regional authorities are also developing their own programs for providing these people. The main law on social support for minors left without parental care is Federal Law No. 159. This normative act formulates the main directions for ensuring their protection. The activities of regional structures are carried out in the following areas:

Education.
Health care.
Housing provision.
Employment.

Education

Orphans have the right to:

In addition, orphans, except for those who lost their only or both parents during their education, have the right to:

Increased scholarship.
Annual allowance for the purchase of writing utensils and educational literature.
100% of the salary accrued during the internship.

Health care

Orphans are provided with free service and surgical treatment in medical institutions, medical examination, regular medical examinations, and rehabilitation. These persons also receive vouchers to student / school preventive labor and recreation camps. If there are medical indications, they are provided with a referral for sanatorium treatment. In this case, travel to the place and back is paid by the state.

Employment

In the professional sphere, orphans receive the following guarantees:

For people for the first time job seekers and registered at the employment center as unemployed, benefits are provided for six months. Its size is the average salary for a particular region.
Employed persons in the event of liquidation of the enterprise or reduction of personnel are provided by the employer or his successor with professional retraining with subsequent employment.

Housing issue

Orphans have the right to a one-time receipt of housing from a specialized fund under a lease agreement. In this case, the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises provided must comply with the established standards for footage per person. The contract is valid for 5 years. If at the end of this period the person living in the premises is in a difficult life situation, the document can be extended for another 5 years. The option to renew the contract is provided once. Persons who do not have their own premises, or if there is one, but it is impossible to be in it (if parents are deprived of their rights, non-compliance with sanitary and technical standards, and so on) have the right to receive housing. This opportunity remains for persons who have reached the age of 23 years before actually receiving housing. To provide an area, it is necessary to write a corresponding application upon reaching 18 years of age and the end of their stay in special institutions, after the end of their military service. The document can be submitted by a minor at the age of 14 with the consent of the trustees or guardians. If this has not been done, then the citizen, upon reaching the age of 18, writes a statement on his own.

8.1. Providing social assistance at the municipal level

Considering social work as a type of activity aimed at providing assistance to persons in difficult life situations, it should be noted that at the municipal level this activity is carried out in the form of providing social assistance to the population, providing social services on the basis of municipal institutions of social support, social services, organization custody and guardianship of minors, etc.

The range of social services provided in the field of social protection of the population at the municipal level has decreased since the entry into force of the federal law No. 131-FZ "On general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation ”. The issues of social support of the population were excluded from the list of issues of local importance, the corresponding powers were attributed to the competence of the subjects of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the law reserves the right of local self-government bodies to exercise certain powers that are not related to issues of local importance. The law also provides for a mechanism for transferring certain state powers to local governments. The transfer of these powers is carried out through the adoption of a law by a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which lists the transferred powers, the financing of the transferred powers, and control over their implementation. As a rule, the following powers are transferred: to organize custody and guardianship of minors, social support for large families, foster families, guardians and trustees of minors, orphans and children left without parental care, etc.

At the expense of the local budget, the provision of social assistance to persons in difficult life situations is organized at the municipal level. To receive financial assistance in cash, you need to contact the administration of the municipality, provide documents confirming a difficult life situation. In accordance with the approved procedure, documents are considered, and a decision is made on the provision or refusal to provide social assistance. The amount of social assistance is determined taking into account the difficult life situation of a citizen, within the limits of the allocations provided for in the budget of the municipality. As a rule, the maximum amount of social assistance is set.

In order to provide social assistance to the population in kind, centers for social support of the population may be formed in municipalities. Assistance is provided to people who find themselves in difficult situations due to the loss of property due to fire, natural disaster, loss of livelihood, long-term treatment, low family income, etc. Assistance, as a rule, is provided by things donated by residents of the municipality, institutions, organizations, etc. (clothes, basic necessities, appliances and furniture). In addition to providing assistance, the population is being consulted on how to obtain social support measures.

Despite the fact that the powers to organize the provision of social services are attributed to the competence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in the municipalities of some constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the work of social service centers is organized (for example, in the Novosibirsk, Tyumen regions), providing social services to the elderly and disabled, children and families with children, persons in difficult life situations. Local governments can provide specific categories citizens benefits for receiving services and services in municipal institutions of the social sphere, social and domestic orientation ( municipal institutions education, health care, culture, municipal pharmacies, baths, etc.).

It might be useful to read: