Military Observer. Nuclear cruiser Peter the Great Tarkr Ship Peter 1 where is

Submarines, nuclear and diesel-electric are counted. It is they who carry out difficult service far from their native shores, unobtrusively demonstrating the vulnerability of potential adversaries, from time to time deliberately letting themselves be “spotted”. Emerging from the depths of the sea at the most unexpected moments, near the maneuvering zones of foreign fleets, they show the commanders of their ships that, despite being invisible, they still exist. In peacetime, this practice is considered normal, but in the event of war, the presence of submarines manifests itself differently. But submariners have their own tactics, and the movement of surface ships is almost impossible to hide, especially such as large aircraft carriers or cruisers with a nuclear power plant. It seems that these giants are not afraid of anyone.

Is there a need for this giant?

This is exactly how the atomic behaves in the sea missile cruiser"Peter the Great". Voennoye Obozreniye, a site dedicated to domestic and foreign weapons systems, acquaints its visitors with many technical details of the ship's design, its running characteristics, but refrains from analyzing its combat effectiveness in the event of a serious maritime or global conflict. At the same time, the cruiser, laid down in 1986, may no longer meet the requirements of the new millennium, it was designed without taking into account low-signature technologies and is a large brightly luminous target. It has advantages, but it also has a number of disadvantages, and the maintenance of such a combat unit costs the Russian treasury a round sum annually. So, does our fleet need the nuclear-powered cruiser Peter the Great, or is it better and cheaper to use traditional submarines? missile systems and naval aviation? How successfully will he be able to defend Russia's maritime borders in the event of special foreign policy circumstances? What rivals does he have in the ocean?

These questions require detailed and detailed answers.

Orlan series

In those days, when the Soviet fleet was commanded by Admiral Gorshkov, the general ideology of naval strategy was based on large ships, both surface and submarine. The indestructible power of the Soviet Navy was symbolized by the numerous nuclear-powered submarines and cruisers bristling with launchers, radars and antennas. Diesel power plants narrowed the radius of operational use naval forces... To ensure the possibility of a visible presence in any region of the world's oceans, the Yuri Andropov plant (Peter the Great since 1998) was to be laid down at the Baltic shipyard. The nuclear cruiser was not built alone, despite the serious economic difficulties of the perestroika era, the shipyards began a series of four ships of the 1144th project, which received the general name "Orlan". Andropov's siblings were Kirov, Frunze and Kalinin, also named after prominent figures of the Communist Party. Further events that began to take place in the country showed that, setting such a large-scale task of rearming the surface forces of the Navy, the country's leadership got a little excited. At present, only one nuclear-powered missile cruiser "Peter the Great" of the entire series is a combat-ready unit. What will happen to "Admiral Lazarev" (former "Frunze") and "Admiral Nakhimov" ("Kalinin"), it is already clear, they are undergoing modernization and will be operational by the end of the decade. The fate of "Admiral Ushakov" ("Kirov") is sad, the ship is awaiting disposal.

He cannot sneak up unnoticed

This ship is not just big. Only aircraft carriers are larger than it. He can be autonomous for years, making a planned replacement of personnel and replenishing food supplies. The team consists of 727 sailors, foremen, warrant officers and officers, including 18 pilots and technical personnel serving helicopters. Speed ​​32 knots. Displacement 26 thousand tons. It should be borne in mind that it is practically impossible to ensure the secrecy of its appearance in any area of ​​the world ocean. And it's not about the size, or rather, not only about them. Passing through straits or canals also disavows low-tonnage ships, not like the nuclear-powered cruiser Peter the Great. News that this or that aircraft carrier, destroyer or frigate passed through the Suez, Bosphorus or Dardanelles instantly spreads around the world. So what is the task of this giant, if its location is always known, if not from TV broadcasts, then from satellite observation data?

Big goal

It is clear that when such a powerful ship appears off the coast, any potential enemy will be on the alert and announce a general alarm. The same will be the reaction of the commander of the naval formation, which for some reason will be approached by the heavy nuclear missile cruiser "Peter the Great". If such an event occurs in peacetime, then everything will end with the usual "exchange of pleasantries", the squadrons will politely grin with their shock and defense systems, "make noise" with communications and disperse, "like ships at sea." But in the event of war, things will go much more intensive and dangerous. On a large target, the enemy will immediately open fire and do everything to send the cruiser to the bottom. How will Peter the Great respond to the launches of anti-ship missiles, torpedoes, airstrikes and other hostile actions? And will he himself be able to deliver a preemptive strike if necessary?

Yes. For this he has everything he needs.

Armament

It is unique not only in size. There are no such armed non-aircraft-carrying ships in the world as Peter the Great. The nuclear cruiser has a huge arsenal on board, including all possible means of fire destruction and protection from air attacks, underwater attacks, mine threats and other dangers. The "main caliber" is the Granite missiles, which are housed in twenty launchers below deck.

It is impossible to withstand the attack of a flock of these projectiles, they have an integrated autonomous control system. The flight is coordinated by the "leader" who has risen above all other missiles, and if he is defeated by enemy missile defense systems, a new leader is automatically "appointed". In combination with radio interference and false objects, the impact of the Granites can be considered irresistible.

The S-300F air defense system (naval) was supplemented with the Kinzhal and Kashtan air defense systems. These technical means protect the TARK from the impact of anti-ship missiles, including those launched from aircraft. Moreover, they are capable of hitting even ultra-precise laser-guided bombs.

The torpedo attack will also fail. In addition to this missile armament, there is also 130-caliber artillery, capable of hitting at a distance of up to 22 kilometers. To combat enemy submarines, the nuclear-powered heavy cruiser Peter the Great is equipped with ten Vodopad launchers with four dozen RSL-40 anti-submarine guided missiles, and Ka-27 helicopters - there are two of them - will help detect them. And that is not all.

In general, there are a lot of weapons. Both barrage and offensive fire have a lot to come from.

The Ghost of the Eighties?

However, all this does not mean at all that the Peter the Great TARK can be called an unsinkable ideal cruiser against which the enemy is powerless. Such weapons simply do not exist, especially since the ship was designed a long time ago, almost three decades ago. During this time, the concept of military shipbuilding has changed, the silhouettes of warships have changed, the unusual outlines of the sea "Stells" have appeared, the complex weaving of antennas has disappeared, the shapes have become simplified, the lines of the contours have become broken. Some experts in the field of weapons "Peter the Great" (a heavy nuclear missile cruiser seems to be an archaic ghost of the era of the seventies and eighties. It already has a lot of resonant arrays, radars and communication antennas. And such experts cite the example of the American "Orly Burke" - the destroyer built with all modern requirements for stealth and information support.

American rivals

Yes, the American destroyer amazes with its ultra-modern look. This is just a transforming robot of some kind, it has no protruding parts, and the computing complex provides (according to Pentagon representatives) early detection and very fast operational decisions. There are concerns about how successfully the nuclear-powered cruiser Peter the Great will be able to operate against the Aegis system, which is equipped with Orly Burke-class destroyers.

But not everything is so sad. The fact is that American newest ships were created on the basis of two main principles: maximum integration of control systems and minimization of costs.

Aegis system

The AN / SPY-1 radar station installed on the Orly Burke uses four phased arrays as an antenna, which are fixed to the superstructure. The entire system is closed on a single processing center, which, of course, gives certain advantages in terms of noise immunity, but at the same time narrows the range of target detection and tracking distances. This disadvantage is especially manifested when it is necessary to repel the attacks of low-flying supersonic anti-ship missiles, which are possessed by "Peter the Great". Due to its size, the nuclear cruiser can carry a lot of weapons, and its antennas, located high, provide long-range detection of even such inconspicuous objects as Orly Burke-class ships (which cannot be called invisible anyway).

On the antennas of "Peter the Great"

Yes, there are many antennas, and it is because of them that Peter the Great is so clearly visible on the radar screens. The nuclear cruiser is equipped with three radar stations, each of which does its part. "Voskhod" (MP-600), mounted on the foremast, performs a survey function. Below, on the grotto, is the Frigate M 2 (MP-750) radar, it determines all three coordinates of the target. On the foremast there is a "Podkata" antenna (MP-350), it is capable of detecting low-flying targets - this is exactly the element that is lacking in the coherent chain of air defense systems of the American "Aegis" system. "Slide" operates in a two-dimensional system and has a high scan rate in combination with a low elevation angle, which provides the desired speed. Thus, despite its visibility, the Peter the Great TARK has every chance of hitting a much more modern ship of a potential enemy, bringing down its entire rich arsenal on it. He will be able to detect the enemy in advance, and therefore, a surprise attack does not threaten him. He is also quite capable of repelling missiles, for this he has everything he needs.

Perspectives

History knows examples when warships served in fleets for many decades. Well-made hulls, good running and maneuvering qualities and a large displacement create the basis for the modernization of the vessel and its implementation in accordance with the requirements of the moment... There are all signs that the nuclear-powered missile cruiser "Peter the Great" specifications which, of course, can be called outstanding, will be in operation for a long time. There are no analogues to it, even other similar ships with a nuclear power plant, such as Virginia or Long Beach, are significantly inferior to our flagship in terms of displacement, and hence, in terms of modernization potential. Its power plant is also unique, which includes two and auxiliary steam boilers, increasing the capacity to 300 megawatts.

It is significant that this miracle of domestic shipbuilding bears the name of the creator of the Russian Fleet, who began this good deed by building a modest boat.

Perhaps decades will pass until the moment when the nuclear-powered missile cruiser Peter the Great will be removed from the Navy's arsenal, which will be replaced by new ships of the third millennium.

The fourth in a row and the only currently in service heavy nuclear missile cruiser (TARKR) of the third generation of Project 1144 "Orlan". For 2011, it is the world's largest operating non-aeronautical attack warship.
Is the flagship Northern Fleet Russian Navy.

The main purpose is to destroy enemy aircraft carrier groups.

Designer - Northern Design Bureau.
The cruiser was laid down in 1986 on the stocks of the Baltic shipyard (at the time of laying it was called Kuibyshev, then - Yuri Andropov). On April 25, 1989 it was launched. Renamed into "Peter the Great" by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on April 22 (according to other sources, October 1) 1992. In 1998 he joined the fleet.

Industrial enterprises are constantly working on the cruiser, they allow for eleven years in a row to make voyages to the sea without placing the vessel under average factory repair. TsKB-designer withdrew from work on the ship, considering them unprofitable. Before the renaming, "Peter the Great" wore tail number 183, now the tail number is 099.

Construction history

The plant began to create the last ship of Project 1144 in 1986. After 10 years, the cruiser went to sea trials. In accordance with the plan of state tests, the running program was carried out in the harsh conditions of the Arctic.

Design

Hull and superstructures

The length of the ship's 49 corridors is over 20 kilometers. The ship has 6 decks, 8 tiers. The height of the foremast from the level of the main plane is 59 meters.

Power plant

The cruiser's powerful nuclear power plant allows it to reach speeds of 32 knots (60 km / h) and is designed to be used for 50 years. For comparison: the cruiser "Peter the Great" can provide electricity and heat to a city for 150-200 thousand inhabitants.

Crew

The cruiser has a crew of 1,035 people (105 officers, 130 warrant officers, 800 sailors). They are located in 1,600 rooms of the ship, including 140 single and double cabins for officers and warrant officers, 30 cockpits for sailors and foremen (for 8-30 people each), 220 vestibules. The crew has 15 showers, two saunas, a sauna with a 6x2.5 m pool, a two-storey medical block with isolation wards, a pharmacy, an X-ray and dental offices, an outpatient clinic, an operating room, a gym equipped with exercise equipment, three wardrooms for warrant officers, officers and admirals, a lounge with billiards and a piano. There is also an intra-ship TV studio and 12 household TVs in cabins and cockpits, not counting 30 monitors for watching broadcasts that are transmitted over the ship's cable networks.

Armament

TARKR "Peter the Great" is one of the most modern and powerful ships of the Russian Navy and one of the most powerful strike ships in the world. The ship can hit large surface targets and protect naval formations from attacks from the air and enemy submarines. The cruiser has unlimited cruising range, it is armed with attack cruise missiles, which are capable of hitting targets at a distance of up to 550 kilometers.

The Peter the Great TARKR is equipped with the Granit anti-ship missile system (created by NPO Mashinostroyenia), equipped with 20 SM-233 launchers with advanced P-700 Granit high-precision anti-ship cruise missiles installed under the upper deck, with an elevation angle of 60 degrees. Missile length - 10 m, caliber - 0.85 m, launch weight - 7 tons. The warhead is a monoblock in nuclear (500 kt), conventional (750 kg of explosive) equipment or a fuel-air warhead (volumetric explosion). The firing range is 700 km, the flight speed is 1.6-2.5 M. The missiles have a multivariate target attack program, increased noise immunity and are designed to deliver strikes against group targets. When firing salvo, one of them flies at high altitude to increase the enemy's detection range, exchanging information with the rest, who fly literally over the surface of the water. If the leader rocket is hit, one of the guided missiles automatically takes its place.

Over-the-horizon target designation and guidance can be performed by a Tu-95RTs aircraft, a Ka-25Ts helicopter or a space reconnaissance and target designation system.

The ship is equipped with the Rif S-300F anti-aircraft system, there are 12 launchers and 96 vertical launch missiles.

There is also an autonomous shipborne anti-aircraft system "Blade" ("Dagger"). Each under-deck drum-type launcher has 8 single-stage solid-propellant remote-controlled missiles 9M330-2, the total stock is 128 missiles.

The cruiser is equipped with the Kortik anti-aircraft missile and artillery system, which provides self-defense against a number of "precise" weapons, including anti-ship and anti-radar missiles, aerial bombs, aircraft and helicopters, and small ships. Each installation has two 30-mm six-barreled artillery mounts AK-630M1-2 with two AO-18 assault rifles according to the Gatling scheme with a total rate of fire of 10,000 rpm and two blocks of 4 two-stage 9M311 (SA-N-11) missiles with fragmentation-rod warhead and proximity fuse. The turret compartment has 16 more missiles. The missiles are unified with the 2S6 Tunguska missile. The control system of the Kortik air defense missile system consists of radar and television systems, interconnected with the use of elements artificial intelligence... Two installations of the Kortik air defense missile system are located in the bow of the ship on both sides of the Granit launcher, and the other four are located in the aft part of the main superstructure.

In addition, the cruiser "Peter the Great" is armed with 130-mm multipurpose twin gun mounts "AK-130" (barrel length - 70 calibers, 840 rounds) with a firing range of up to 25 km. Rate of fire - from 20 to 80 rounds per minute. The mass of the high-explosive fragmentation projectile is 27 kg, it has a shock, remote and radio fuses. Ammunition ready for firing - 180 rounds. The MR-184 fire control system allows simultaneous tracking and firing of two targets.

The cruiser is also equipped with two anti-submarine (5 launchers per side) missile-torpedo 533-mm RPK-6M "Waterfall" missile-torpedo systems, which missile-torpedoes can hit enemy submarines at ranges of up to 60 km. A small-sized torpedo UMGT-1 is used as a combat head. The rocket dives into the water, takes off into the air and delivers the torpedo to the target area, and then it's up to the UMGT-1, which again dives into the water.

To repel an enemy torpedo attack, the "Peter the Great" cruiser has an RKPTZ-1M "Udav-1M" anti-torpedo complex (10 guide tubes, automatic conveyor reloading, reaction time - 15 seconds, maximum range - 3000 m, minimum - 100 m, rocket weight - 233 kg).

The rocket launchers on Peter the Great are located as follows: one 10-tube RBU-12000 (firing range - 12 km, projectile weight - 80 kg) is equipped in the bow of the ship on a rotating platform, two six-tube RBU-1000 “Smerch-3” ( range - 1000 m, projectile weight - 55 kg) - in the stern on the upper deck on both sides. General ship countermeasures include two paired 150-mm PK-14 launchers (fired jamming complex), anti-electronic traps, decoys, and a towed decoy torpedo target with a powerful noise generator.

Two Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters are based on board the cruiser.

Radar facilities REP / EW TARKR "Peter the Great" include 16 stations of three types. General ship tracking, tracking and target designation facilities consist of two space communication stations (SATSOM), four space navigation stations (SATPAU) and four special electronic stations. The airborne situation is monitored by the all-weather three-dimensional radar "Fregat-MAE", which detect targets at ranges of more than 300 km and altitudes up to 30 km.

There are also three navigation stations on board, four electronic fire control systems for onboard weapons, helicopter flight controls and a friend or foe identification system.

The ship's sonar system includes a sonar with a hull antenna for searching and detecting submarines at low and medium frequencies and a towed automated sonar system with an antenna of variable immersion depth (150-200 m) at medium frequencies.

Service history

On October 27, 1996, in the bow engine-boiler room, there was a rupture of a steam line under pressure of 35 atmospheres and a dry steam temperature of 300 degrees C. Two sailors and three workers of the delivery team were killed. Investigating the cause, it was found that the burst pipe was installed in 1989 and the thickness and grade of steel did not correspond to this project. In March 1998, the nuclear-powered cruiser was transferred to the Navy under the name "Peter the Great".

Despite the fact that the term warranty obligations The Baltic shipyard ended, the enterprise, for the first time in world practice, continues to carry out maintenance of the cruiser. This decision was made by the command of the Navy due to the fact that the ship's personnel did not have sufficient skills to maintain and operate the cruiser equipment. Under the terms of the state contract, the Baltic Shipyard continued technical support of Peter the Great until the first scheduled repair in 2008.

On the night of August 12-13, 2000, the cruiser was the first to spot and anchor at the crash site of the Kursk submarine, while awaiting rescue ships. The cruiser also patrolled the area during the rise of the Kursk from the depths.

Took part in the filming of the film "72 meters" (2004).

In October 2008, sailed through the Strait of Gibraltar to the Mediterranean Sea.

In December 2008, he took part in the joint naval exercises of the Russian Federation and Venezuela "VENRUS-2008", which started on December 1, 2008 in the Caribbean. The detachment also includes the anti-submarine ship "Admiral Chabanenko".

According to RIA Novosti, on February 13, 2009, the cruiser detained 3 Somali pirate ships in the Gulf of Aden. Some analysts point out that hunting small pirate ships is not quite the job for which a heavy nuclear cruiser is designed.

March 30, 2010 TARKR "Peter the Great" left Severomorsk to conduct exercises in a long distance maritime zone(the senior of the campaign - Captain 1st Rank S. Yu. Zhuga), this marked the start of the largest Russian Navy exercises in the world's oceans in recent years. The cruiser must sail across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and arrive at Far East, where from June 28 to July 8, 2010, the exercises dedicated to the 150th anniversary of Vladivostok took place. The hike of "Peter the Great" lasted until November 2010. On April 4, the cruiser successfully passed through the English Channel, on April 7, together with the Baltic Fleet patrol ship "Yaroslav the Wise" - through the Strait of Gibraltar and entered the Mediterranean Sea, after which the ships dispersed. On April 13-14, "Peter the Great" called at the Syrian port of Tartus. On April 16, she passed through the Suez Canal to the Red Sea, proceeding further to the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, sailing together with the missile cruiser Moskva of the Black Sea Fleet.

For 16 years, the cruiser has covered 140,000 miles.

On July 28, 2012, by the order of the President of the Russian Federation, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser Peter the Great was awarded the Order of Nakhimov “for courage, dedication and high professionalism shown by the ship's personnel in the performance of combat missions of the command.” On January 10, 2013, President V.V. Putin, during his visit to Severomorsk, presented the award to the cruiser commander. The order naval flag with the image of the Order of Nakhimov was raised on the ship.

From September 3, 2013 to October 1, 2013 he made the Arctic cruise as part of a detachment of ships and vessels of the Northern Fleet, covered 4,000 miles.

In 2018-2021, repairs and deep modernization will take place, after completion renovation works over the same type "Admiral Nakhimov".

TTX

Main characteristics

Displacement: 23750 t (standard); 25 860 t (full)
-Length: 262 m; (230 waterline)
-Width: 28.5 m
-Height: 59 m (from the main plane)
- Draft: 10.3 m
-Engines: 2 boilers, 2 nuclear reactors
-Power: 140,000 hp with. (103 MW)
-Propeller: 2 propellers
- Travel speed: 32 knots
-Swimming range: not limited (at the reactor); 1000 days on boilers at 17 knots
-Swimming autonomy: 60 days
-Crew: 635 (105 officers, 130 warrant officers, 400 sailors)

Armament

Artillery: 1 х 2 AK-130
-Anti-aircraft artillery: 6 x ZRAK "Kortik"
-Missile armament: 20 x P-700 "Granit" anti-ship missiles; SAM S-300F "Fort" (48 missiles); SAM S-300FM "Fort-M" (46 missiles); 16 x PU SAM "Dagger" (128 missiles) 6 x 16 SAM "Kortik" (144 missiles)
-Anti-submarine weapons: 1 x RBU-12000; 2 x RBU-1000
-Mine-torpedo armament: 10 x 533 mm TA; (20 torpedoes or PLUR "Waterfall")
-Aviation group: 3 x Ka-27

Some classes and types of warships raise high expectations among society, and the allegedly huge combat potential is reflected in high-profile nicknames, such as, for example, “killer of aircraft carriers” - this is how Project 1164 missile cruisers are called in the press. opportunities? Are they capable of destroying the most powerful warships of our time - the American heavy aircraft carriers (AVT)?

High hopes are really pinned on Project 1144 heavy nuclear missile cruisers (the most famous of which is Peter the Great), Project 1164 missile cruisers and Project 949A submarines (of the Kursk type). But are they capable, acting as part of a group of two or three ships (as is the case today when our Navy performs various tasks of supporting Russian diplomacy and showing the flag), destroy or at least disable an American aircraft carrier?

Let's turn to the main tactical and technical characteristics of these ships.

OUR OPPORTUNITIES

The Project 1164 missile cruiser with a displacement of more than 11,000 tons has as its main armament the P-1000 Vulkan strike missile system with ammunition for 16 anti-ship missiles. The maximum firing range is 550 kilometers.

The main anti-aircraft armament of the ship is represented by the Fort (S-300F) multichannel complex with a firing range of up to 90 kilometers.

Project 1144 heavy missile cruiser with a displacement of more than 25,000 tons is equipped with Granit anti-ship missiles with a firing range of about 500 kilometers. The ship has 20 such missiles on board.

As the main anti-aircraft armament, the ship has two multi-channel "Fort" complexes, similar to those installed on the Project 1164 cruisers.

Both ships provide for the basing of Ka-27 helicopters, which can be used to issue target designation to the main missile system at a distance of up to 300-400 kilometers.

According to Western experts, the destruction or incapacitation of such ships requires a hit from four to six Harpoon anti-ship missiles or two or three Tomahawks.

The Project 949A submarine has as its main armament the Granit missile system, similar to that installed on the Project 1144 cruisers.

The main search tool for surface ships on this submarine is the hydroacoustic complex.

Unified combat system

American aircraft carriers almost always operate as part of aircraft carrier strike groups or aircraft carrier strike formations. The typical composition of such a group includes one aircraft carrier, six to eight surface ships of cover, including two or three missile cruisers of the Ticonderoga class and the same number of Orly Burke-class URO destroyers, as well as two or three nuclear submarines, mainly of the type "Los Angeles".

An aircraft carrier formation can include up to two to four aircraft carrier strike groups operating in a single combat formation.

Currently, the core of the American aircraft carrier fleet consists of ships of the Nimitz type of various modifications. With a displacement of about 95,000 tons, they have an air group as their main weapon. carrier-based aviation a total of up to 100 units of various aircraft.

The typical composition of the aircraft carrier's aircraft wing includes 48 attack aircraft-fighters F / A-18C, E, F and D, 10 Viking anti-submarine aircraft, four - six tanker aircraft, the same number of electronic warfare aircraft, four reconnaissance aircraft, four - radar patrol and controls of the E-2C "Hawkeye" type, 10-16 anti-submarine and search and rescue helicopters.

The aircraft carrier's wing forms the basis of the strike power of an aircraft carrier strike group and provides all types of its defense.

Missile cruisers and URO destroyers are the backbone of the aircraft carrier group's defense system.

Missile cruisers of the "Ticonderoga" type with a displacement of about 9600 tons have as their main armament different kinds missile weapons, located in two universal vertical underdeck launchers Mk-41 with a total capacity of 122 cells.

Typical missile loadings include 26 Tomahawk cruise missiles, 16 ASROC PLURs and 80 Standard-2 missiles. In addition, the ship has 16 Harpoon missiles in deck launchers.

The Orly Burke-class URO destroyers are similar in composition and armament to the Ticonderoga-class cruisers, differing from them only in a reduced amount of ammunition. So, these ships have 96 cells of universal vertical launchers.

Both types of ships are equipped with the Aegis combat information and control system.

Aircraft carriers, cruisers and destroyers have a well-developed system of electronic countermeasures, which allows them to significantly reduce the likelihood of being hit by anti-ship missiles.

It can be assumed that in order to disable or destroy an American aircraft carrier, it will be necessary to hit four to seven heavy Russian anti-ship missiles. A similar figure for cruisers and destroyers will be from one to three units.

The Los Angeles-class multipurpose nuclear submarines have 12 launchers capable of accommodating Tomahawk anti-ship missiles and four torpedo tubes with 24 torpedo ammunition.

Solving the problem of fighting enemy surface ships, an aircraft carrier strike group is capable of striking carrier-based aircraft of up to 40 aircraft at a distance of 600-800 kilometers and Tomahawk missiles up to 500-600 kilometers from the center of the order, having up to several dozen such missiles in a salvo ...

The anti-submarine defense of an aircraft carrier strike group is being built to a depth of 600 kilometers or more from the aircraft carrier. Anti-aircraft - up to 700 kilometers from the center of the order. Its basis in the far and middle zones is made up of carrier-based fighter aircraft, capable of fighting against supersonic cruise missiles. In the near zone, the basis of the air defense system consists of multi-channel anti-aircraft fire weapons of collective defense escort ships.

In general, the US aircraft carrier strike group is a single combat system, in which heterogeneous forces and means operate under the control of a single automated system control of a ship formation, solving in a single complex all the tasks of defense and offensive assigned to it.

The probability of defeat is zero

In order to hit an aircraft carrier from an aircraft carrier strike group, our naval group, led by a missile cruiser or a missile submarine, must ensure timely detection of the aircraft carrier group and classify it, approach the range of missile weapons, while maintaining combat capability, and obtain target designation with the location of the aircraft carrier in the warrant and launch missiles, which, having overcome the opposition of air defense and electronic warfare means, must hit the aircraft carrier.

Let's consider the possibilities of implementing this complex of events.

The own capabilities of a naval group consisting of a missile cruiser and one or three escort and support ships for conducting reconnaissance are actually limited by the limits of the radio horizon, that is, several tens of kilometers.

Helicopters on board ships are of little use for searching for enemy ship formations in large areas due to the insufficient number of these machines on board the formation ships (maximum two helicopters on the largest ship) and a short range. They can be effectively used only in the interests of issuing target designation and then at an incomplete range for the use of missile weapons.

The reconnaissance capabilities of Project 949A missile submarines are much wider. With the help of their hydroacoustics, they can detect the noises of aircraft carrier groups over a hundred nautical miles away. That is, when the submarine is in the far zone of the anti-submarine defense of an aircraft carrier group, where there is a certain (albeit small) probability of its destruction.

However, it is impossible to classify and even more to determine the combat order of the enemy's formation with the identification of the main order from such a distance. It will be necessary to get close to the enemy up to several tens of nautical miles. That is, to enter the middle zone of the enemy's anti-submarine defense, where the probability of its destruction is already very significant.

When these cruisers were created, that is, under the Soviet Navy, their activities were supposed to be carried out with the support of the naval reconnaissance system in the ocean (sea) theater of operations. It relied on a developed system of radio and radio technical intelligence, the basis of which was ground centers located not only in the USSR, but also in other states. It also had an effective naval space reconnaissance system, which allows not only to detect and monitor enemy ship formations, but also to issue target designation to missile weapons practically throughout the entire water area of ​​the World Ocean.

Each of the ocean-going fleets had one or two reconnaissance aviation regiments at their disposal, the basis of which was aircraft, which made it possible to conduct reconnaissance in the distant sea and ocean zones - Tu-95RTs and Tu-16R.

Finally, the large and combat-ready nuclear submarine fleet made it possible to keep at sea from 10 to 30 or more nuclear submarines on a permanent basis, which also solved the tasks of reconnaissance of enemy naval formations.

Such a reconnaissance system made it possible to identify and track American aircraft carrier formations from the moment they left the base.

Today, of all this power, only a limited number of nuclear submarines and a significantly reduced system of radio and electronic intelligence, which have also lost all their foreign centers (in particular Lourdes in Cuba and Cam Ranh in Vietnam), remain. From the reconnaissance aviation of the oceanic zone, only a few aircraft remained. These forces do not allow us to conduct effective reconnaissance of important areas of the seas and oceans, all the more to provide our compound with the required amount of intelligence data for an effective strike on an aircraft carrier.

A different picture is emerging for an aircraft carrier formation, which is only capable of controlling the air and surface space to a depth of 800 kilometers or more on its own.

Having such superiority, the aircraft carrier formation will be able to prevent our missile cruisers at the range of a missile salvo, striking them with impunity (even without being detected) by carrier-based aircraft and long-range missiles.

In this respect, the position of the missile submarine is much better. She is able to detect and covertly approach the enemy aircraft carrier formation. However, the likelihood of its detection and destruction is very high.

But even if we provide proper intelligence information, our small ship formation will need to get close to the aircraft carrier formation at a missile range.

Having superiority in the range of use of carrier-based aircraft, the enemy will inflict air strikes against our formation with a composition of up to 40 aircraft, of which about 25 are equipped with two Harpoon missiles. Attack aircraft and missiles will be covered by electronic warfare aircraft.

A salvo of 40-50 cruise missiles, our ship formation will not be able to reflect.

In these conditions, the most powerful air defense systems of our ship formation "Fort" will be able to destroy only a few missiles each. The means of self-defense of each of the ships, even in the best case, will destroy one or two missiles, some will be taken away for interference. As a result, more than two dozen missiles will hit their targets. It is safe to say that in the end, our ships, including the missile cruiser, will be sunk with a high probability.

If this is not enough, the blow can be repeated.

That is, our ship connection will not even be able to come within the range of rocket fire.

The conditions for overcoming enemy opposition for the Project 949A missile submarine are significantly better. However, in this case, the likelihood of her death before reaching the position of using weapons is significant.

If we assume that our missile cruiser or missile submarine reached the position of the salvo and fired it, then the chances of hitting the aircraft carrier are still small.

A salvo of 16, 20 or 24 missiles against a ship formation saturated with multi-channel air defense systems, covered by air combat patrol fighters with powerful electronic warfare equipment, is unlikely to reach the target.

Two or three missiles can be destroyed by fighters. Each of the missile cruisers and URO destroyers is capable of hitting several missiles. If we consider that the number of ships that are able to take part in repelling a missile strike can be three or four or even more, it becomes clear that literally a few missiles will remain unaffected. They will be destroyed by anti-aircraft means of self-defense or electronic interference will lead away from the target.

The chances of hitting even one missile are very slim.

Thus, it can be stated that even if its missiles are successfully launched at an American aircraft carrier formation, the chances of a Russian missile cruiser of hitting it are negligible. And taking into account other factors, they are practically reduced to zero.

How to equalize forces

So, a powerful balanced enemy grouping, numbering about a dozen warships, several submarines and about 100 aircraft, is opposed by only two or three Russian warships.

Comparison of the performance characteristics of American cruisers of the Ticonderoga class and URO destroyers of the Orly Burke class with our ships shows that they are at least as good as the Russian cruiser of Project 1164 and, if inferior, only slightly to the cruiser of Project 1144.

At the same time, against six cruisers Russian Navy, half of which are incapable of combat, the United States is capable of deploying about 50 warships of equal value.

Therefore, the raids of the small Russian groups warships sent to remote regions of the World Ocean and hot spots have almost exclusively political significance. Their military influence is negligible.

To successfully counter the US aircraft carrier group, our fleet must oppose it with an adequate operational force.

Its strength should be comparable to the aircraft carrier group: one to three missile cruisers of projects 1164 and 1144 guarded by five to eight destroyer-class surface ships, a large anti-submarine ship, a frigate, three to six missile submarines of the 949A project, four to five multipurpose submarines at support of a two- or three-regiment division of naval missile-carrying or long-range aviation, at least a squadron of reconnaissance aircraft in the oceanic zone. In the Northern Fleet, a Project 1143.5 aircraft carrier may be included in the strike group. With its introduction, the combat strength of the strike group of surface ships can be reduced by 20-30 percent.

Such a group is able to form a missile salvo, equivalent to the American one: 40-50 missiles or more. In a battle with an American aircraft carrier formation, our group is capable of crushing it and destroying the aircraft carrier. However, at the same time, it will itself suffer very tangible losses and will need to restore its combat effectiveness.

Each of our ocean-going fleets will be able to create only one such formation (if the ships' combat capability is restored). The Americans are able to put up against each of them at least four aircraft carrier groups.

The shipbuilding program of the USSR made it possible to maintain the parity of naval weapons with the United States at an acceptable level. The cruisers mentioned above were introduced into our fleet almost simultaneously with the American Ticonderogs.

By 1991, our fleet had five aircraft-carrying cruisers, one of which was a full-fledged aircraft carrier. It was planned to build three more by 2000 nuclear aircraft carriers type "Ulyanovsk".

Russia could, possessing a powerful fleet, guarantee to defend its interests practically on a global scale. Today she is deprived of this opportunity. This is the price of market reforms.

Russia is the birthplace of many unique projects, including the surface nuclear fleet... The brightest representative - the nuclear-powered missile cruiser "Peter the Great", today is the most protected and powerful strike ship in the world. It is equally effective against any type of target, and it is no coincidence that the project of this cruiser was named "Orlan" - a strong bird of prey, depicted, by the way, on the US coat of arms.

Dignity nuclear ships obvious - an incomparable advantage in range, speed and, of course, navigation autonomy. These factors forced the Soviet leadership to start in 1960 research work on the creation of heavy nuclear surface combat ships. The first drawings soon appeared. The nuclear-powered combat missile ship began to be created at TsKB 53, today it is the Northern PKB. The first Orlan was laid down, later renamed the Kirov heavy missile cruiser, in 1973.

The history of the appearance of the TARKR "Peter the Great"

The main danger for the country at that time was the atomic submarines of a potential enemy. In the opinion of the country's leadership, constant control and surveillance of them, and, if necessary, destruction was only within the power of large nuclear anti-submarine ships. When designing, the designers had to solve a number of the most difficult tasks. One of them was supplied by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, Admiral Gorshkov, who expressed concern that both reactors could fail at once on a long voyage, and also indicated that the ship needed a backup power plant.

As a result, a solution was found - in addition to the two nuclear reactors of the Orlan-class cruiser, it was decided to mount two steam boilers, which is why the heavy missile cruiser acquired two chimneys, which can be seen by looking at the drawings. The admiral's decision turned out to be far-sighted, of which the sailors had to be repeatedly convinced in the campaigns.

The main strike complex was also decided not immediately. Heavy at first rocket ship project "Orlan" was planned to be equipped with subsonic anti-ship missiles "Malachite". But the armament had weak characteristics - first of all, the small firing range of 120 km did not suit the military, so they decided to place significantly more advanced Basalt missiles in eight launchers on the sides.

However, soon the military industry created supersonic cruise missiles"Granite", which were immediately delivered to nuclear submarines. Granite is an extremely intelligent anti-ship missile, suitable for targets at low and ultra-low altitudes. A flock of such missiles is capable of exchanging information with each other, independently detecting and distributing targets against which strikes will be delivered.

Features of the strike and defensive weapons of the cruiser

On submarines "Granite" starts from launchers filled with water. To save time, the heavy nuclear-powered ship "Peter the Great" received the same blueprints - for the first time in the world, the main strike complexes were located below deck. Because of this, to launch the rocket into the launchers, it was necessary to pump outboard water. This, however, took only a few seconds. Twenty missiles can deliver 15 tons of nuclear charges to the enemy AUG at once, while shooting down Granit is an extremely difficult task even for the most modern systems Air defense.

The first of the Project 1144 Orlans, the Kirov nuclear-powered missile cruiser, left the Baltic Shipyard in May 1979. Later, 4 more similar nuclear-powered ships were laid at the same plant. The last one was just "Peter the Great", laid down, almost completely built and launched in the USSR as the TARKR "Andropov", and completed and tested in Russia. True, due to the general lack of funding, the ship was practically abandoned for a long time - the birds had already begun to build nests on the superstructures of the nuclear-powered ship that were most convenient for them. What has not been forgotten is the renaming of the ship. It was at this time that the nuclear-powered aircraft-carrying cruiser was named "Peter the Great". Completion of the ship continued in 1995.

The Russian TARKR "Peter the Great" has the following characteristics:

• full displacement over 26,000 tons;
• crew - 727 people plus flight personnel 18 people;
• the mines of the main strike armament - KR "Granite", are located under the deck in the bow of the ship;
• in the aft part there is a helicopter hangar and the main power plant - two fast neutron reactors of 300 MW each, as well as an auxiliary unit - a pair of oil steam boilers.

Armament of the cruiser "Peter the Great"

The main armament of the cruiser - 20 supersonic anti-ship missiles P-700 "Granit", developing a speed of 2.5 M and weighing 7 tons each. They are capable of hitting targets at a distance of 600 km with a high-explosive warhead weighing 750 kg or a nuclear charge with a capacity of 500 kt.
Anti-aircraft systems - the FORT-M or S-300 FM bow complex with 46 missiles, as well as one complex with 48 S-300 F. missiles. In addition, there is the Dagger short-range complex - a development of the Osa-MA system installed on the early "Eagles". The anti-aircraft armament is reinforced by the Kortik anti-aircraft missile and artillery complex, which can hit targets with missile weapons at a distance of 8000-1500 m, and artillery weapons - from 1500 to 500 m.

The artillery part of the armament is a double-barreled 130-mm artillery turret mount for engaging sea, coastal and air targets. Can act as completely automatic mode together with the radar, and manually. The rate of fire of the installation is 20-35 rounds per minute, the range is 22 km. The ship also has a pair of six-barreled 30-mm rapid-fire automatic cannons AK-630AD.

Anti-submarine weapons of the cruiser "Peter the Great" - the "Volgopad-NK" system consisting of twenty anti-submarine missiles or torpedoes, the "Udav-1" complex with 40 anti-submarine missiles. This type of weapon also includes RBU-1000 missile and bomb installations and three Ka-27PL helicopters equipped with anti-submarine weapons.

In a word, the nuclear-powered aircraft-carrying cruiser Peter the Great is a real beauty and pride of the Russian fleet. This is the most powerful combat unit, the last of the 1144 Orlan project, and in the 21st century it is capable of defending the interests of our country anywhere in the world ocean.

Cruiser video

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Heavy nuclear missile cruiser (TARKR) pr. 1144.3 "Peter the Great" is a technically and combat-wise super complex system equipped with the most modern means of destruction, navigation, target designation, reconnaissance and control. Many experts consider this ship to be even more complex than nuclear submarine missile carriers. We have been working on its creation in our country for 12 long years. Established for the needs of the Pacific Fleet under the name "Yuri Andropov", in 1998 it became part of the Northern Fleet of Russia under the name "Peter the Great". On April 9, 1998, an act of acceptance of the nuclear-powered cruiser into the Russian fleet was signed. On April 18, in a solemn atmosphere, the St. Andrew's flag was raised on board the Peter the Great.

The ship belongs to the 3rd generation nuclear-powered missile cruisers, and is the world's largest non-aircraft-carrying combat ship. TARKR "Peter the Great" is designed to destroy large surface targets (single and group), to protect fleet formations from submarine attacks and air attacks in remote areas of the world's oceans. In total, according to the 1144 Orlan project, 4 ships were built, in addition to Peter the Great, these are cruisers: Kirov (Admiral Ushakov), Frunze (Admiral Lazarev) and Kalinin (Admiral Nakhimov). Currently, only one ship of this type is in service - "Peter the Great", while all 3 TARKR pr. 1144 will be returned to the fleet after repairs and modernization.

The heavy nuclear-powered missile cruiser "Peter the Great" has a standard displacement of 23,750 tons, the total displacement of the cruiser is 26,390 tons. The ship has the following dimensions: overall length - 251.2 meters, waterline - 230 meters, width - 28.5 meters, draft - 10.3 meters. The height of the ship is 59 meters from the level of the main plane.

The main power plant of the cruiser is atomic with 2 fast reactors. The total capacity of the unit is 600 MW; there are also 2 main turbo-gear units (GTZA) with a capacity of 70,000 hp each. everyone. In the standby version, they can receive steam from 2 steam boilers operating on fossil fuels... Conjugation atomic power plant with oil superheaters increases the overall power of the power plant and the speed of the cruiser. For comparison, "Peter the Great" is able to provide heat and electricity to a city of 150-200 thousand inhabitants. Two propeller shafts transmit rotation to 2 five-blade propellers. Maximum speed the course of "Peter the Great" - 32 knots (almost 60 km / h). Two reserve steam boilers are able to provide the ship with a speed of 17 knots and a cruising range of at least 1000 nautical miles.

The crew of the nuclear-powered missile cruiser consists of 610 people (112 officers), who are accommodated in 1,600 different rooms, including 140 single and double cabins for officers and warrant officers, as well as 30 cockpits for sailors and foremen (for 8-30 people each). In addition, the ship's crew has 15 showers, a sauna with a swimming pool, two saunas, a two-level medical block, isolation hospitals, X-ray and dental offices, an operating room, a pharmacy, an outpatient clinic, a gym equipped with various simulators, 3 cabins for officers, midshipmen and admirals, a lounge with a piano and billiards, as well as its own ship's TV studio. Length 49 corridors battleship is more than 20 km., while the ship has 6 decks and 8 tiers. The height of its superstructures is equal to the height of a 7-storey residential building.

The protection of the TARKR provides for the implementation of measures to reduce its radar signature. In addition, by measures of structural local protection, the protection of the cellars for storing shells, anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles was strengthened. The autonomy of the ship for food and food supplies is 60 days, for fuel - 3 years (for nuclear reactor unlimited).

The main armament of the missile cruiser is the Granit anti-ship missile system (created by NPO Mashinostroyenia). The cruiser has 20 SM-233 launchers with advanced P-700 Granit high-precision cruise anti-ship missiles. PU are mounted under the upper deck of the ship, with an elevation angle of 60 degrees. The maximum missile launch range is 550 km, the missile flight exclusively along a low-altitude trajectory is 200-250 km. The speed of the rocket is 1.6-2.5 Mach. The length of the P-700 rocket is 10 meters, the diameter is 0.85 meters, and the launch weight is 7 tons. The missile can be equipped with a conventional warhead (750 kg. Explosives), a nuclear monobloc (500 kt) or a fuel-air warhead to create a volumetric explosion.

Rockets "Granite" have a multivariate target attack program, as well as increased noise immunity and are designed to strike at naval group targets. When performing salvo firing, one of the missiles flies at a high altitude in order to increase the detection range of the enemy, exchanging the information received with the rest of the missiles, which can literally traverse the water surface. In the event that the leader rocket is shot down by the enemy, one of the auxiliary missiles can automatically take its place. Over-the-horizon guidance and target designation can be carried out using Tu-95RTs aircraft or Ka-31 helicopters, as well as specialized space reconnaissance and target designation systems.

The ship's anti-aircraft defense is provided by an analogue of the S-300 land complex called the S-300F "Fort". The ship has 12 launchers and 96 vertical launch missiles. In addition, the ship's air defense includes an autonomous shipborne anti-aircraft system "Blade" ("Dagger"). Each of the 16 under-deck drum-type launchers is equipped with 8 solid-propellant single-stage remote-controlled missiles 9M 330-2, the total ammunition is 128 missiles. They are unified with the Tor-M1 ground forces missiles.

In addition, the heavy nuclear missile cruiser is equipped with the Kortik anti-aircraft missile and artillery system, which provides the ship's defense against a number of "precision" weapons, including anti-radar and anti-ship missiles, aerial bombs, helicopters and aircraft, and small vessels. In total, the ship has 6 ZARK "Kortik", each of them has 2x30-mm six-barreled artillery mounts AK-630 M-2 with a total rate of fire of 10,000 rounds per minute, as well as 2 blocks of 4 two-stage 9M311 missiles with non-contact fuse and fragmentation-rod warhead. These missiles are unified with the missile of the 2S6 Tunguska army air defense system. The control system of the Kortik air defense missile system includes radar and television systems, which are interconnected by means of AI elements. 2 ZARK installations are installed in the bow of the cruiser on both sides of the Granit launcher, and 4 more - in the stern of the main superstructure.

In addition, "Peter the Great" is armed with 130-mm multipurpose twin artillery mounts AK-130 (barrel length 70 calibers, ammunition - 840 rounds), maximum firing range up to 25 km. Rate of fire - from 20 to 80 rounds per minute. AK-130 uses 27 kg shells, which can be equipped with different types fuses: shock, remote and radio fuses. The ready-to-fire ammunition stock is 180 rounds. The gun mount is controlled by the MR-184 fire control system, which allows you to simultaneously track and fire 2 targets.

Also, the TARKR is armed with 2 anti-submarine (5 launchers on each side) missile-torpedo 533-mm complexes RPK-6M "Waterfall", the missile-torpedoes of which can hit enemy submarines at a distance of up to 60 km. To combat enemy torpedoes, the cruiser has an anti-torpedo complex RKPTZ-1 "Udav-1M" (10 guide pipes, reaction time - 15 s, automatic conveyor reloading, maximum range - 3000 meters, minimum - 100 meters, missile weight - 233 kg ).

In addition, the Peter the Great TARKR is equipped with rocket launchers, which are located as follows: one ten-tube RBU-12000 (projectile mass 80 kg, firing range 12,000 meters) is located in the bow of the vessel and is installed on a turntable, 2 more six-tube RBU-1000 "Smerch-3" installations (projectile weight 55 kg, firing range - 1000 meters) are installed in the aft part on the upper deck from each side.

The general ship countermeasure system includes 2 paired 150-mm PK-14 launchers (fired jamming complex), decoys, anti-electronic traps, and a decoy towed torpedo target equipped with a powerful noise generator. Also on board the cruiser are 2 Ka-27 anti-submarine helicopters. The electronic stuffing of the heavy missile cruiser includes 16 stations of 3 types. General ship tracking, targeting and tracking equipment consists of 2 space communication stations (SATSOM), 4 space navigation stations (SATPAU), as well as 4 special electronic stations. The air and surface conditions are constantly monitored by 2 all-weather three-dimensional radars "Fregat-MAE" (manufactured by the Salyut plant). These stations are capable of detecting a target at a distance of up to 300 km and at altitudes up to 30 km.

Also "Peter the Great" is equipped with 4 radio electronic systems onboard fire control, 3 navigation stations, a friend-or-foe identification system, helicopter flight controls. The cruiser's sonar system includes a sonar with a hull antenna, which is installed in a bulb fairing, to search and detect enemy submarines at low and medium frequencies, as well as an automated towed sonar system with an antenna of variable immersion depth (150-200 meters) and working at mid frequencies.

Sources of information:
-http: //www.arms-expo.ru/049050054056124051056057049.html
-http: //shipandship.chat.ru/military/001.htm
-http: //military-informer.narod.ru/PetrVelikiy.html
-http: //ru.wikipedia.org

 

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