Organization of tourism study guide. Alexey Kuskovosnovy tourism. The concept, goals and functions of tourism

Foreword

In Russia, in recent years, there has been a transition from a single-level (specialty) to a two-level (bachelor's and master's) education system, in connection with which in 2009-2011. in a number of areas and specialties, Federal State Educational Standards for Higher vocational education third generation, involving the implementation of a competency-based approach, as well as providing educational institutions significantly greater freedom in terms of development curricula and subsequent organization of the educational process.

GEF VPO in the direction 100400 "Tourism" involves the study of the discipline "Fundamentals of Tourism" (introduction to the direction: tourism, introduction to tourism, basics of tourism activities, organization of tourism activities) as a general professional in a limited amount of hours. However, all existing textbooks and teaching aids for the course of the basics of tourism were developed in the conditions of mass training of students in the specialty 100103 "Social and cultural service and tourism" and for this reason do not take into account the specifics of the educational process within the bachelor's degree.

The discipline "Fundamentals of Tourism" is taught to first-year students and has an introductory, preparatory character, which requires the subject to be systematic and simple in content, and the teachers to have the broadest knowledge in their field, as well as methodological skills and abilities, since for a very limited quantity hours, it is rather difficult for first-year students to understand a large number of publications on tourism issues and the main aspects of its modern theory. All this prompted the authors to prepare a new textbook, systemic in nature, which should serve as a reliable guide for students to the most interesting world of tourism.

Offered to the attention of readers (and we see among them not only students, but also teachers, specialists in the field of tourism and hospitality) the textbook "Fundamentals of Tourism" includes theoretical material, designed in the form of chapters and paragraphs, which are original didactic units and correspond to approximately one examination or standing question. Each chapter ends with a list of control questions and tasks. The work also presents a detailed bibliographic list and a table-reference appendix.

The book is written in full accordance with the content and requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education and is intended for students studying in the direction 100400 "Tourism". It can also be used by students studying in the areas of 100100 "Service", 101100 "Hospitality", 021000 "Geography", students of secondary specialized educational institutions, teachers of universities and colleges, practitioners of the tourist business.

All feedback and comments on the content of the textbook will be gratefully received by the authors by e-mail [email protected] and taken into account in subsequent editions.

Chapter 1. Conceptual framework of tourism

1.1. The concept, goals and functions of tourism

Tourism is a complex socio-cultural and economic phenomenon of our time, various aspects of which are in the field of view of representatives of a number of sciences. Economists, sociologists, teachers, psychologists, historians, culturologists, lawyers, and art critics consider the questions of theory and practice of tourism to be “their own”. This gives rise to the multiplicity of its definitions and manifestations in the surrounding reality.

In modern scientific literature, many approaches to the definition of the concept of "tourism" are described. All of them are considered in detail in the works of I.V. Zorin and V.A. Kvartalnova. One can only say that there are geographic, economic, marketing, industrial and other approaches. In Russia, this concept is enshrined in law. Federal Law of February 5, 2007 No. 12-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Basics of Tourism Activities in Russian Federation“” defines tourism as “temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as persons) from a permanent place of residence for health-improving, recreational, educational, physical culture and sports, professional and business, religious and other purposes without engaging in activities related to generating income from sources in the country (place) of temporary stay."

1. Temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons from their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary residence.

2. Temporary departure of people from their permanent place of residence for vacation, recreational, educational or professional business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence (Recommendatory legislative act “On the basic principles of cooperation between the CIS member states in the field of tourism”, 1994) .

3. Activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year, for leisure, business and other purposes (United Nations Statistical Commission, 1993).

4. A special form of movement of people along the route in order to visit specific objects or satisfy a specialized interest.

5. Type of travel for leisure, educational, business, recreational or specialized purposes.

6. Movement (movement), being outside the permanent place of residence and the aspect of temporary stay in the object of interest. The Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980) proclaimed: "Tourism is understood as an activity of great importance in the life of peoples by virtue of its direct impact on the social, cultural, educational and economic spheres of the life of states and their international relations."

7. A form of mental and physical education, implemented through the social and humanitarian functions of tourism: educational, educational, health and sports.

8. A popular form of organization of recreation, leisure activities.

9. A branch of the economy serving people who are temporarily away from their place of permanent residence, as well as a market segment in which enterprises of traditional sectors of the economy converge to offer their products and services to tour operators.

10. The totality of all types of scientific and practical activities for the organization and implementation of tourist and excursion, resort and hotel business.

The term "tourism" (tourism) was first used by V. Zhekmo in 1830. The word "tourism" comes from the French tour, which means "walk". Until recently, in each country the concepts of "tourism" and "tourist" were defined in their own way. In our country, due to the fact that tourism and sanatorium-resort institutions were managed by different systems, the concept of "tourist" was limited to participants in tourist trips and hikes and was separated from the concept of "vacationer" in sanatoriums, boarding houses and rest homes. In other countries different kinds recreational activities are also often defined by different terms. With the development of tourism in modern world, especially international, and with the creation of international tourism organizations, it became necessary to give a generally accepted definition of the concept of "tourism".

One of the first and most accurate definitions of tourism was given by the professors of the University of Bern, W. Hunziker and K. Krapf, later it was adopted by the International Association of Scientific Experts on Tourism. These scholars defined tourism as a series of phenomena and relationships resulting from the travel of people as long as it does not lead to a permanent stay and is not associated with any benefit.

According to one of the first official definitions adopted by the UN in 1954, tourism is leisure, affecting the promotion of health, the physical development of a person, associated with movement outside the permanent place of residence. A broader description of the concept was presented by the Academy of Tourism in Monte Carlo: “Tourism - general concept for all forms of temporary departure of people from their place of permanent residence for recreational purposes, to meet educational interests in their free time or for professional and business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence.

At the World Conference on Tourism (Madrid, 1981), tourism is defined as one of the types of outdoor activities, which is travel made to explore certain areas, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sports. At the same time, it should be noted that tourist trips will only be subject to the temporal (more than a day) and spatial (moving to another place) criteria.

Tourism is defined in The Hague Declaration on Tourism (1989) as the free movement of people from their place of residence and work, as well as the service sector created to meet the needs resulting from this movement. From a legal point of view, tourism is a set of relationships and services associated with a temporary and voluntary change of residence by a traveler for non-commercial or non-professional reasons.

From the standpoint of economic science, tourism is a large economic system with a variety of links between individual elements within the national economy of a particular country, links between the national economy and the world economy as a whole, as well as the sphere economic activity, including the production and sale tourism services and goods by various organizations that have tourism resources.

In the socio-cultural sphere, tourism is an interpersonal activity of a special kind, which, under the conditions of the internationalization of life, has become a form of using free time, a means of interpersonal relations in the process of political, economic and cultural contacts, one of the factors determining the quality of life.

As a type of leisure activity, tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or locality within their country in their free time from their main work in order to meet the needs for recreation, entertainment, knowledge, health improvement, as well as to solve professional or any or other problems, but without paid work in the place visited.

In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a definition approved by the UN International Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and widely used in international practice: “Tourism is the activity of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment, during a period not exceeding one year in a row, for the purpose of recreation, business and other purposes. There are three criteria in this definition: leaving the usual environment; the temporary nature of the movement; purpose of the trip.

A.Yu. Alexandrova proposes to divide all existing definitions of tourism into two groups:

1) highly specialized (industry), designed to perform private tasks, i.e. used in legal regulation, statistical accounting, social policy etc.;

2) conceptual, serving as the basis for the first group and reflecting the internal content of tourism.

The following can be considered an example of the conceptual definition of tourism: “Tourism is a set of relations and phenomena arising from the movement and stay of people outside their permanent place of residence for reasons unrelated to labor activity, but for the purpose of meeting cultural, health, relaxation, entertainment needs and for the sake of getting pleasure, as well as for other reasons, if they are not related to making a profit.

Let us now give a classic definition: “Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or another area within their country in their free time for the purpose of obtaining pleasure and recreation, health and medical, guest, educational, religious or professional business, but without employment in the place of temporary residence by work paid from a local financial source.

In the process of tourism development, various interpretations of this concept appeared. However, the following criteria are of particular importance.

Change of location. In this case, we are talking about a trip that is carried out to a place that is outside the usual environment. However, people who make daily trips between home and place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, as these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.

Stay elsewhere. The main condition is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long-term residence. In addition, it cannot be associated with labor activity (wage). This aspect should be taken into account because the behavior of a person engaged in labor activities is different from the behavior of a tourist and cannot be classified as tourism. Another condition is that travelers must not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person who stays or plans to stay in a certain place for a year or more is considered a migrant or permanent resident from the point of view of tourism and therefore cannot be called a tourist.

Remuneration from a source in the place visited. The essence of the criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be an activity paid from a source in the place visited. Any person entering a country for work paid from a source in that country is considered a migrant. This applies not only to international tourism, but also to tourism within one country. Every person traveling to another location within the same country (or to another country) to carry out activities paid from a source in that place (or country) is not considered a tourist of that place.

These three criteria underlying the definition of tourism are basic. But there are special categories of people on the move, for which the above criteria are insufficient. These include refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers not formally entering the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.

Here is the definition proposed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in the Field of Tourism: "Tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activity." This definition has a significant similarity with the one given by the professors of the University of Bern, W. Hunziker and K. Krapf.

Many domestic and especially foreign experts consider tourism from the point of view of a systematic approach (Fig. 1.1). According to the Swiss scientist K. Kaspar, the tourism system is based on two subsystems: subject of tourism(tourist as a consumer of tourist services) and tourism object, consisting of three elements - the tourist region, tourist enterprises and tourist organizations.

Rice. 1.1. Model of tourism as a system


Analyzing the concept of "tourism" using a systematic approach, we single out N. Leiper's concept(Professor at the Meissen University of Auckland). He considers tourism to be a system consisting of the following main elements: geographical component, tourists and tourism industry. The geographical component includes three main components: the region that generates tourists; transit region and region of tourist destination. Let's make a small but important digression from the topic.

Destination a territory is called a territory that offers a certain set of services that meet the needs of a tourist, satisfy his demand for transportation, accommodation, food, entertainment, etc., and is the purpose of his trip. Therefore, a destination, in order to be such, must have a certain set of services, sights, and information systems.

A destination can be primary or secondary. Primary destination its attractiveness arouses the interest of customers to visit it, and the main goal at the same time is to satisfy the interest for a certain, fairly long period of time (for example, for a week). secondary destination(stopover) is a place where a stopover is inevitable on the way to the primary destination. The main task of a secondary destination is to satisfy the desires of tourists within one or two days.

Many experts propose to formulate the following postulates to define tourism:

A tourist is one who seeks to satisfy his natural need for travel. The desires and needs of the tourist will determine the destination he chooses to visit and the activity he intends to take part in;

- tourism business involves activities with the aim of making a profit on the production and sale of products and services that meet the needs of tourists;

- for the hospitality industry, tourism mainly acts as a positive factor that allows you to open new jobs and increase the income of the region, but it can have a negative impact on the environment;

- Tourism is considered by national administrations as a factor in the development of the economy, often without taking into account possible negative consequences (direct and indirect damage).

Based on this tourism activities can be defined as a series of phenomena and relationships that are the result of the interaction of tourists, tourism enterprises, hospitality, administration in the process of attracting, accommodating and serving visitors. Then tourism is defined as a set of components: products, services, objects of display and production units offered to individual consumers or groups of consumers who temporarily leave their place of permanent residence and go to certain tourist destinations (destinations).

So there are five distinct important features separating tourism from travel and other activities and processes.

1. Temporary movement, visiting the destination and indispensable return back.

2. Destination - another locality (country), different from the place of permanent residence of a person.

3. The goals of tourism, which are distinguished by a purely humanistic content and orientation.

4. Making a tourist trip in your free time from work or study.

5. Forbidding the tourist to engage in activities in the destination that are paid from a local financial source.

The purpose of tourism is one of the main and defining features of it. In the classical theory of tourism, only six general goals are recognized, according to which tourism is distinguished from travel in general:

– health-improving (restoration of the spiritual and physical strength of a person, as well as treatment);

- cognitive (improvement and deepening of knowledge about nature natural phenomena, past and present of mankind, history and culture of other countries and peoples);

- sports (preparation and participation in competitions and games at the professional and amateur levels, accompanying athletes, as well as participation as spectators);

- professional and business (business trips, participation in conferences, congresses, seminars, exchange of experience, professional training);

- religious (pilgrimage, cult, cultural and historical for the study of religion and cults);

- guest and nostalgic (visiting relatives, places of historical residence).

At the same time, UNWTO specialists have developed a standard classification of travel purposes, the main of which are:

- leisure, recreation and recreation;

- business and professional goals;

- visiting friends and relatives;

- treatment;

- religious and pilgrimage;

– other purposes (eg transit).

At the same time, trips for the purpose of leisure, recreation and recreation account for 50%; business and professional trips - 30%; 10% of tourists visit friends and relatives.

Tourism also performs a variety of functions:

- recovery - liberation of a person from a feeling of fatigue through a contrasting change of environment and type of activity;

- developing - providing opportunities for personal development (broadening one's horizons, creative and organizational activities);

- entertainment - providing vacationers with the opportunity to have fun; this also includes familiarity with the area, its inhabitants, the organization of concerts, sports and other events, outdoor activities;

- economic - manifested through the demand and consumption of tourists, and the needs of tourists are divided into basic, specific and additional; this function ensures the restoration of working capacity, employment of the population, profit;

- social - the growth of the standard of living of the population, the distribution of the budget and the rational use of free time.

Some experts offer a slightly different list of tourism functions. At the same time, its general essence as a phenomenon is preserved. So, A.S. Zapesotsky believes that the most important functions of tourism are health-improving, developing, social status, socio-economic and integration.

Wellness. A variety of impressions and satisfaction of recreational needs of people have a positive effect on their physiological, mental state, working capacity and social activity.

Developing. The involvement of tourists in educational and cultural-educational programs creates conditions for raising their intellectual level, broadening their horizons.

Social status. Tourism is becoming important indicator social status of a person, an indicator of the quality of his life.

Socio-economic. Tourism, being one of the largest and most dynamic industries, ranks second in terms of income after oil production and refining. It provides employment for 6% of the working population of the Earth. This function is also manifested in the fact that people, while resting, thus restore their ability to work, which has not only social significance, but also a direct economic effect.

Integration. Tourism contributes to the development of international economic relations, the emergence of a number of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and unions.

In conclusion, it should be said: for a fairly clear definition of the essence of tourism, it is enough to single out three of its aspects.

Firstly, tourism should be considered as a type of leisure activity for vacationers, i.e. tourists.

Secondly, this is a specific type of business: a set of industries specializing in serving tourists.

Thirdly, tourism is the sphere of activity of enterprises and industries of the service sector and material production serving tourist market. All the most important manifestations of tourism activity will be consistently considered by us in subsequent chapters and paragraphs of the textbook. Next, we should dwell on one more point - on the conceptualization of the concept of "travel" and its correlation with the concept of "tourism".

Travel and tourism. Travel and tourism are very close concepts. There is always a characteristic action that defines and separates the actual travel from other areas of activity - the movement of a person to another locality or country, continent, different from his usual location or residence.

Travel: individual individuals; groups of persons united by a common interest and purpose; entire expeditions, including military expeditions, which may include several hundred or even thousands of specialists; diplomats, migrants and settlers. For some nations, travel is a way of life that has been established for centuries and caused by the climatic features of the area of ​​residence. These include, for example, nomadic tribes. Nomads, along with herds of animals, move annually as pastures are developed, and even the borders of states do not stop them.

Under certain characteristics, conditions of organization and implementation, travel can be an integral part of the tourist service. For statistical purposes, a person traveling is also referred to as a "visitor". The national legislation of some countries gives a clear interpretation of the method of determining the quantitative characteristics of travel. Thus, the US Census Bureau, which is responsible for conducting research on national travel, has given the following definition of travel: "Moving more than 100 miles from the place of permanent residence." However, the Survey of National Travel (1963 and 1967) uses the definition, supplemented by the words "or out of town for one or more nights."

Like the Census Bureau, the US Tourism Data Center excluded the following types of travel from the definition of travel: sea ​​vessels, railway trains, aircraft, etc.; travel of persons between regions, countries for the purpose of work; travel for the purpose of education.

Tourism is a special case of travel. However, it has clear delimitations from the generality, strictly defined characteristics. There are many definitions of tourism in the conceptual sense, and, of course, a person who makes or participates in a tourist trip, tourist trip, hike is referred to as general case tourist. Unlike travel, tourism, a category that is strongly influenced by economics and politics, to top it all, has a dualism of the internal nature of the phenomenon.

V.A. Kvartalnov allocates five main differences tourism from travel .

Firstly, in contrast to travel, tourism is the movement of people in fairly short periods of time. Long journeys are made by units of individuals. Tourism, on the other hand, is a mass phenomenon of the 20th and 21st centuries, which has developed due to the political and economic situation that has developed in a developed society. People working for hire received the right to an annual short (2-3 weeks) vacation. After the Second World War, most of them began to live in prosperity, allowing them to allocate funds for recreation and short-term recreational travel. developed vehicles that ushered in the era of transcontinental flights on aircraft, gave quite an affordable opportunity to visit almost any corner of the world.

According to statistics, the largest share is weekend tourism (2-3 days), followed by small tourist trips (6-7 days), a much smaller share is occupied by tours for 8-12 days. All other, longer, tourist trips fall out of the statistics due to the insignificance of their specific gravity in the general mass.

Secondly, for tourism it is important to determine the category of the place of permanent residence (residence). Tourism involves the departure of people from their place of permanent residence to another area, country for tourism purposes. Movements within the area of ​​permanent residence, such as daily commuting, cannot be classified as tourism, especially in a country where there is a legal institution of propiska, i.e. place of residence registered by the relevant services state power regulating the migration of the population. Another conceptual category - the usual place of permanent residence - is determined by the period during which a person permanently resides there. At the same time, in each point, region, country, among the population, it is necessary to single out persons who can be classified as permanent residents or visitors.

For example, according to statistics domestic tourism it is important to distinguish between categories of the population that follow daily to work at certain time intervals and distances. So, for a small city it will be 20-30 minutes at a distance of several kilometers, for a large city - a trip to work lasting up to 3 hours over a distance of more than 50-100 km. It is also necessary to take into account the minimum period of time when a person is absent from this place, as well as the differences and features of localities and administrative territories.

For a resident of a small village, a 70 km trip will be a long journey. At the same time, in Moscow or Volgograd, this distance is within the city limits. A very difficult question: are summer residents who go to their dachas on weekends over a distance of more than 120 km considered tourists? Few of the owners of summer cottages would agree to call these trips recreation or tourism. For many, this is hard work and one of the few sources of livelihood.

Thirdly, the definition of a period of free time comes from a common understanding of tourism as a way of recreation. It is not quite true for some types of tourism, for example, for professional and business tourism, whose participants most often travel as specialists seconded by the company.

Fourth, the most important category is the purpose of tourism, which makes it possible to clearly identify the types of activities related to tourism and subject to preferential customs, tax and other regimes established by states exclusively for tourism. The main goals of tourism are entertaining (attractive), recreational and educational. The second most important are health and medical, followed by professional business, guest, etc.

Fifth, tourism is an important component of the economy of many states, providing employment for the local population, loading hotels and hotels, restaurants, entertainment events, receipt of foreign currency. Tourism is based on the exploitation of local tourist resources, which brings income to a given area or state.

So, tourism

- a special mass type of travel with a clear certain goals made by the tourists themselves, i.e. activities of the tourist;

- organization and implementation (accompaniment) of such trips - tourism activities.

It is carried out by various enterprises of the tourism industry and related industries. Journey- this is the movement of people in time and space, and a person making a trip, regardless of goals, directions and means of transportation, time intervals, is called traveler.

As a result, four conceptual characteristics (criteria) of tourism can be distinguished, which are incorporated in the definition of this phenomenon, given in the Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation” (as amended on February 5, 2007 G.):

- temporary - movement limited to certain time frames from 24 hours to six months or a year;

- spatial - the movement of citizens in space from the place (or country) of permanent residence to some other place (or country) that contrasts with the place of residence;

- target (motivational) - tourism involves the implementation of trips of citizens with clearly defined goals;

ORGANIZATION OF TOURISM

Approved by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus

as a teaching aid for students of higher education

institutions majoring in Economics and Management

social and cultural sphere"

Edited by Doctor of Economics,

Professor N.I.Kabushkin and Doctor of Economics, Professor A.P.Durovich

Minsk 000 "new knowledge" 2003

UDC 338.48(075.8)

BBK 65.433ya73

A.P. Durovich, doctor of economic sciences, professor - foreword (together with N.I. Kabushkin), § 1.1, 1.2, 1.4-1.6, ch. 2, § 3.1, 3.3, 13.1–13.3 (together with Ch.K. Shulga), 13.4; N.I. Kabushkin, Doctor of Economics, Professor - foreword (together with A.P. Durovich), § 1.3, 4.4; T.M. Sergeev - § 4.1, 4.3, 4.5-4.8, ch. 7, § 9.1 (together with B.S. Stakhovsky), 9.2-9.6, 10.1-10.2, 10.3 (together with A.V. Urupin); H.1VL Biritskaya - ch. 5, 11; GA, Botssarenko, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor – § 3.4, 3.5, ch. 6; N.I. Grishko, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor – § 4.2, 4.7; N.V. Savina - Ch. 8;B.C. Stakhovsky - § 9.1 (together with T.M. Sergeeva); A.V. Urupin, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor - § 10.3 (together with T.M. Sergeeva); M.A. Chelnokov - Ch. 12; Ch.K. Shulga - § 13.2–13.3 (together with A.P. Durovich).

Reviewers: Department of International Tourism of the Belarusian State

University (Head of Department - Associate Professor L.M. Gaidukevich);

Chief Specialist of the Department of Social and Cultural Sphere of the Administration

Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus, candidate of pedagogical sciences,

assistant professor V. I. Monashenka

Organization of tourism: Proc. allowance / A.P. Durovich, N.I. Kabushkin, T.M. Sergeeva and others; Under total ed. N.I., Kabushkina and others. - Minsk: New knowledge, 2003. - 632 p.

ISBN985-475-02I-3.

The main provisions of the theory and practice of tourism organization are comprehensively covered: organizational and legal foundations of activities tourist enterprise, formation, promotion and implementation of tours, accommodation and catering services, transportation, excursion services, insurance, tourist formalities. For the first time, considerable attention is paid to the use of modern information technologies in tourism. Consideration of theoretical aspects is accompanied by examples and practical advice. Applications containing normative, reference and methodological materials are important for understanding the subject.

It is intended for students studying in tourism specialties, practitioners of the tourism industry.

UDC 338.48(075.8) BBK 65.433ya73

Foreword

At the beginning of the third millennium, tourism has become a powerful planetary socio-economic and political phenomenon, which has a significant impact on the world order and the policies of a number of states and regions. It has become one of the most profitable businesses in the world, comparable in terms of investment efficiency to the oil and gas industry and the automotive industry.

In the tourism system, the interests of economy and culture, security and international relations, ecology and employment of the population, hotel business and transport organizations are closely intertwined. The development of tourism is of great importance both for the state as a whole and for the individual in particular.

Sustainable development of tourism is possible subject to a number of conditions, one of which is a high level of professional training of specialists. Their training can be provided in the presence of appropriate educational and methodological literature. However, despite the large number of disparate publications, systematic teaching aids on the organization of tourism is clearly not enough. Meanwhile, the discipline "Organization of tourism" is the base for the training of specialists in economic and managerial profile for the tourism industry. This circumstance prompted the team of authors to prepare this book, which comprehensively reflects the main provisions of the theory and practice of organizing tourism activities. Disclosure of the theoretical aspects of the organization of tourism is accompanied by examples, practical recommendations, illustrations. The textbook contains a large number of applications, including regulatory, reference and methodological materials that are important for a deep understanding of the essence of tourism, tourist terminology, methods and techniques for the effective organization of tourism activities.

The textbook is written in accordance with the requirements of the educational standard and the program of the discipline "Tourism Organization". The study of this discipline should provide for constant consideration of changes occurring (and extremely dynamically) in the general and special legal framework of tourism, the essence and specific content of which must be subject to detailed development (using relevant primary sources) during the educational process and independent work of students . That is why the issues of regulation of tourism activities in legislative and regulatory documents are considered in the book from the most general positions.

The authors express the hope that this publication will be useful not only to students, but also to practitioners in the field of tourism, and also thank you in advance for comments and suggestions that may contribute to the improvement of the manual.

Chapter 1

The essence of tourism and its main socio-economic categories

1.1. Characteristics of the essence of tourism

1.2. Statistical definition of tourism

1.3. Tourism as a socio-economic system

1.4. Factors affecting the development of tourism

1.5. Tourism classification

1.6. Tourism functions

1.1. Characteristics of the essence of tourism

Throughout its centuries-old history, mankind has been characterized by the desire to travel in order to develop trade, and conquer and develop new lands, search for resources, etc.

Journey - a term that characterizes the movement of people in space, regardless of the purpose of such movement. Tourism is a type of travel.

Tourism (fr.tourism, from tour - walk, trip) is a relatively young phenomenon, on the one hand, which became widespread only after the Second World War, on the other hand, it has deep historical roots, since travel has been known since ancient times. In the history of tourism, it is customary to distinguish four stages:

1) until the beginning of the XIX century. - elite tourism, the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourist services;

2) XIX century. - World War I - revolutionary changes in the development of transport, the creation of the first travel agencies;

3) the period between the two world wars - the beginning of the formation of mass tourism;

4) after the Second World War - the current stage - mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

First stage defined as the history of tourism. So, in ancient times, the main motives for traveling were trade, education, pilgrimage, and treatment. Sports trips originated in ancient Greece, when residents from all over the country gathered for the Olympic Games. The early Phoenicians sailed the Mediterranean to the shores of today's Syria and Lebanon, setting up their colonies there and developing trade.

In the Middle Ages, the religious nature of travel increased. Religious beliefs prompted millions of believers to make pilgrimages to shrines: Muslims to Mecca, Christians to Jerusalem and Rome. Medieval churches became the dominant institutions and the only recognized authority in various countries. Monasteries received travelers. Hospitable houses, as a kind of hotel, were maintained by religious orders.

The era of the Renaissance and Enlightenment weakens religious motives and enhances the individual character and educational orientation of trips. Young nobles often went on a kind of "grand tour" around Europe before entering the field of professional or political activity. The British, for example, began the route of such a journey in London, from where they went to France (with a long stay in Paris), and then to Italy. Their return journey ran through Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands.

Until the middle of the XIX century. travel was not an end in itself, but a necessary condition and means to achieve the goal itself (trade, pilgrimage, broadening one's horizons), and also differed by primitive means of transportation.

Second phase in the history of tourism is characterized by revolutionary changes in the development of transport. The inventions of the steamboat, steam locomotive, accompanied by the expansion of the road network, led to greater reliability and speed of movement while reducing travel costs. The improvement in the quality and reliability of transportation, coupled with their reduction in cost, as well as the gradual reduction of working hours, caused a significant increase in traveler flows. In this regard, the first enterprises specialized in serving temporary visitors arose. The first hotels came to replace the modest "guest rooms" in the houses of the clergy, monasteries and religious missions. By the middle of the XIX century. the leisure industry is expanding its scope. The first travel agencies appear, whose tasks included organizing tourist trips and selling them to the consumer. A classic example is a group holiday tour organized by the Englishman T. Cook in 1841. The package of services included a twenty-mile trip by rail, tea and buns on the train, and a brass band. T. Cook created (initially in Leicester, then in London) the first travel agencies. In 1854, following their model, K. Riesel opened the first German travel agency in Berlin. In the second half of the XIX century. Tourist bureaus have been established in many countries around the world. Beginning in 1862, the first catalogs of tourist trips appeared, reflecting the process of expanding tourist demand.

World War I, Great Depression of the 1930s and the Second World War had a negative impact on the development of tourism. However, it was during the period between these wars that mass tourism was born. (third stage), which flourished in the post-war decades.

After the Second World War, tourism becomes really massive. (fourth stage). From a luxury item, it becomes a need for the majority of the population of highly developed countries. The tourism industry is being formed with its institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organization and management. This stage is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of travelers, an increase in the number of tourist enterprises and their production volumes, mass construction of accommodation facilities, tourist infrastructure objects: A feature of modern tourism is a wide international exchange. At the same time, there have been significant changes in supply and demand in the market. This fact gives grounds to assert that mass conveyor tourism has transformed into a mass differentiated one. If the first assumes the impersonality of services based on the homogeneity of the needs and motivations of tourists, then the second is characterized by a variety of services offered and a fairly clearly defined specialization of the tourist offer. The transformation of conveyor tourism into differentiated tourism took place simultaneously with the transition from the seller's market to the buyer's market.

With such a long history, tourism has not yet received an unambiguous definition. As the Russian scientist V.G. Saprunov, there is still no unity of opinion on the problems of interpreting the essence of tourism and its conceptual apparatus. Meanwhile, the question of definitions, i.e. definitions, concepts, terminologies of tourism agreed and accepted as a basis, is a necessary condition for understanding the phenomena and processes characteristic of tourism.

The existing definitions of tourism can be grouped into three groups.

The first includes definitions that characterize tourism as a kind of recreation (extended reproduction of the physical, intellectual and emotional forces of a person),

a system and form of spending free time through the use of the service sector on hikes and trips that combine active recreation and strengthening human health with an increase in its general culture and education. In particular, in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism (Appendix 1), the latter is considered as one of the types of active recreation, which is travel made with the aim of learning certain areas, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sports. Such definitions are of a highly specialized nature and relate only to certain aspects of tourism or its specific features.

The second group of definitions of tourism considers it as one of the forms of population migration, connects it with the act of movement, travel, overcoming space and acts as a tool for tourism statistics (see § 1.2).

And, finally, the third group of definitions characterizes tourism as a complex socio-economic phenomenon, reveals its inner content, expressed in the unity of the diversity of properties and relationships (see § 1.3).

Thus, there are many definitions of tourism, revealing its various aspects. The lack of a unified approach to this issue not only makes it difficult to study the organization of tourism as an academic discipline, but may have adverse consequences in the practical actions of the subjects of tourism activities.

Proc. allowance. - Minsk: New knowledge, 2003. - 632 p.

The main provisions of the theory and practice of tourism organization are comprehensively covered: the organizational and legal foundations of the activities of a tourist enterprise, the formation, promotion and implementation of tours, accommodation and catering services, transport support, excursion services, insurance, tourist formalities. For the first time, considerable attention is paid to the use of modern information technologies in tourism. Consideration of theoretical aspects is accompanied by examples and practical recommendations. Applications containing normative, reference and methodological materials are important for understanding the subject.
It is intended for students studying in tourism specialties, practitioners of the tourism industry.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Preface.
The essence of tourism and its main socio-economic categories.
Characteristics of the essence of tourism.
Statistical definition of tourism.
Tourism as a socio-economic system.
Factors affecting the development of tourism.
Tourism classification.
tourism functions.
Terminology and conceptual apparatus of tourism.
Tourist as a subject of tourism.
Tourist product.
Tourism industry.
Tourist activity.
Tourist resources.
Tourism regulation.
Tourism policy.
Tourism authorities.
Licensing in tourism. Basic provisions.
Fundamentals of standardization in tourism.
Tourism Certification. General provisions.
Organizational and legal bases of activity of the tourist enterprise.
Tourist enterprise as an economic entity.
Definition of missions and goals of the enterprise.
The choice of the organizational and legal form of the enterprise.
Rationale organizational structure enterprise management.
Development of constituent documents, state registration and organizational design of the enterprise.
Tourist office.
Tourism staff.
Termination of the activities of the tourist enterprise.
Formation, promotion and implementation of tours.
Tour - the main product of the tour operator.
Tour design technology.
Tour formation.
Features of planning activities to promote the tour.
Tour implementation.
Accompanying and meeting-seeing services.
Control and evaluation of tour operating.
Accommodation and catering services in tourism.
Accommodation facilities for tourists.
Hotel classification.
Typology of hotels.
The main services of the hotel and their purpose.
Catering in tourism.
Transportation in tourism.
Transport as a means of ensuring tourism activities.
Automobile transportation.
Rail transportation.
Sea and river travel.
Aviation tourist travel.
Tour service.
Concept and complex of tasks of excursion service.
Essence, structure and content of the excursion.
Differentiation of excursion services.
The guide and his role in the tour service.
Contractual relations in tourism.
General characteristics of the contract.
Requirements for drafting contracts.
Contractual relationship between tour operator and travel agent.
Contractual relations between a tourist enterprise and consumers of tourist services.
Contractual relationship between the tour operator and tourism service providers.
Contractual relations between receptive and initiative tour operators.
Tourism insurance.
Tourism safety.
General characteristics of insurance.
Types of insurance used in tourism.
Tourist formalities.
Essence of tourist formalities.
Passport and visa formalities.
Customs formalities.
Sanitary (medical) formalities.
Information technologies in tourism.
Directions of computerization of tourist business.
Information technology in the office of a tourist enterprise.
International booking systems.
Internet/intranet technologies in tourism.
International tourism.
International tourism as a specific form of trade in services.
State and forecasts of development of international tourism.
International tourism organizations.
International tourist exhibitions and fairs.
Applications.
Manila Declaration on World Tourism.
The Hague Declaration on Tourism.
ballroom code of ethics for tourism.
Tourism charter.
Directive of the Council of the European Economic Community "On travel, holidays and trips inclusive" (Extract).
GOST R 50645-94 Tourist and excursion services. Classification of hotels.
GOST R 51185-98 “Tourist services. Accommodation facilities. General requirements» (Extract).
GOST R 50690-2000 Tourist services. General requirements".
Technological map of the tourist route and guidelines for its completion.
Tourist enterprise loading schedule.
Inter-regional harmonization of hotel classification criteria based on classification standards (Extract).
Pictograms in accordance with the system of standardized information.
Abbreviations for the names of international airlines used for international transportation.
Codes of aircraft and transfer international airports.
Classes of service on board air transport.
Card (passport) of the excursion object.
Frankfurt table of price cuts for trips.
Standard contract for the provision of tourist services.
Code of Relations between Hotels and Travel Agencies of the World Federation of Travel Agents Associations (UFTAA) and the International Hotel Association (IHA).
Athens Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and Their Baggage by Sea (Extract).
Agreement and standard contract between the hotel and the carrier (Extract).
International hotel rules.
Directive of the Council of Europe in the field of organization of tourism activities.
Intergovernmental agreement "On cooperation in the field of tourism".
The recommendatory legislative act "On the basic principles of cooperation between the CIS member states in the field of tourism."
Tourism declaration.
Osaka Millennium Declaration.

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Proc. allowance. - Minsk: New knowledge, 2003. - (original 632 pages). PDF -222 pages
Under total ed. N. I, Kabushkina and others.
The main provisions of the theory and practice of organizing tourism are comprehensively covered: the organizational and legal foundations of the activities of a tourist enterprise, the formation, promotion and implementation of tours, accommodation services ...

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Educational and practical guide. BSEU. Minsk, 2007.
For faculty students graduate School tourism".

Essence of tourism
Tourism regulation
Organizational and legal bases of tour activity. enterprises
Formation, promotion, implementation of tours
Accommodation and catering services in tourism
Transportation...

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The file contains the first 2 chapters from the book.
Modern ecological problems, resources and types of ecological tourism in Russia, as well as world regions and centers of ecological tourism are covered. Much attention is paid to the management, ethics and safety of eco-tourism. Each chapter has Control questions and...

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The organization of the tourism industry and hotel industry, tourism services market, state regulation tourism activities, types of tourism (religious, ecological, club rest). The dictionary of tourist terms is given. As an appendix, legislative and regulations, program, test...

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Textbook
Publisher: Finance and Statistics
Year: 2003
ISBN: 5-279-02409-0
Pages: 400
Russian language
Quality: excellent
Format: pdf

The organization of the tourism and hotel industry, the market of tourist services, state regulation of tourism activities, types of tourism are considered...

Emelin S.V. Course of lectures on discipline: Geography of tourism

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Manual for students of the specialty 5.050403 "Organization of service in hotels and tourist complexes"

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