Social adaptation of unemployed citizens. Ways of social adaptation of unemployed citizens

8. Programs of social adaptation of unemployed citizens in the labor market ("Club job seekers"and" New start ").

Special basic programs to promote employment for unemployed citizens "Club of Job Seekers" began to function in the CPC since 1999.

2007-2008 261 people were able to participate in these programs. When forming groups for clubs, the criteria for the selection of unemployed with low motivation to find a job were looked at, as a rule, these are long-term unemployed second group, first-time seekers who do not have a profession and did not start labor activity... Women took an active part in all groups. Youth aged 16-29 - 150 people (62%).

Overcoming the psychological consequences of unemployment, stabilizing the emotional state, mastering effective job search technologies helped in finding employment after participating in programs 100 unemployed (45%), 6 people. went to training, 2 people. participated in public works, 3 people. sent under the program "Youth Practice". Practical experience work of "clubs" as a result, shows the quality and effectiveness of assistance.

Minimize integration time selected categories unemployed citizens into the mainstream of productive activities.

Reduce the syndrome of social maladjustment, restore motivation for employment among citizens who have a long break in work.

Develop independence and entrepreneurial initiative.

The return of citizens to active labor activity will save the federal budget for the payment of unemployment benefits.

9. Rendering assistance to the development of self-employment of the population.

Purposeful and balanced employment policy presupposes a system of measures to create conditions for more full use labor potential and business activity population within the framework of the socio-economic development of the region. Entrepreneurial or creative abilities of a person are manifested in the ability to open their own business or business, as well as in the rational use of labor, land, capital and other economic resources.

2007-2008 more than 2 thousand unemployed people were assisted in organizing entrepreneurial activity, 103 of them. organized their own business. The most actively carried out activities to support entrepreneurial initiatives of unemployed citizens in 2007-2008. (2007 - 40 people (38.8%), 2008 - 33 people (32%).

103 people took up individual entrepreneurial activity without education legal entity.

The most active in organizing their own business are women, more than half of them (60%). The types of activities chosen, as a rule, do not require significant capital investments, and, at the same time, are very diverse.

When organizing own business preference is given to the production and sale of agricultural products on the basis of personal subsidiary plots.

More than half of entrepreneurs (55%) who have started their own business with the assistance of service and employment agencies continue to work successfully.

The main factors hindering the development of self-employment among the unemployed registered with the employment service are:

Absence start-up capital;

Inability to obtain loans from banks due to the high interest rate;

Lack of information about the state of product markets and potential partners.

10. Development and improvement of the quality of the system vocational education unemployed citizens and unemployed people.

The vocational education system is not yet flexible enough to respond to the processes taking place in society. The definition of professions and specialties for which students are trained often takes place without taking into account the real needs of the labor market.

Economic reform also creates new specific requirements for the quality of the labor force, which determine the competitiveness of an employee in the labor market.

These requirements include:

High professional competence, intellectual and creative potential, the ability to perceive innovations and be a participant in innovations,

Adaptation of the employee to rapidly changing production conditions,

Continuous professional development, mastering new knowledge,

Mastering by an employee of several specialties and production operations,

Professional mobility

The presence of high business and personal qualities.

However, at the current stage of the formation of the labor market, most enterprises are not economically interested in improving the qualifications of workers (especially in training young workers), which is due to the growing trend towards self-preservation, the survival of enterprises, when the tasks of the strategy temporarily fade into the background.

Professional training of unemployed citizens, laid off workers and unemployed population has become one of the most important components of an active policy to promote employment of the population.

One of the priority areas of the population employment program is vocational training for unemployed citizens and the unemployed population.

The organization of training is carried out on the basis of contractual relationships with employment centers and free admission of the unemployed population.

The list of professions and specialties offered for training: PC user, hairdresser, tailor, cutter, headdress milliner, electric and gas welder.

Educational plans reflect the characteristics of this institution and are developed taking into account the current conditions and, perhaps most importantly, the mobility of education:

The minimum level of admission to training;

Level of education received;

Contingent of listeners;

Duration and mode of training;

Types of training sessions;

Number of teaching hours.

Thus, the educational process takes into account the possibility of development of each student, depending on his abilities and needs, provides each student with the opportunity to satisfy their professional skills, as well as reorient themselves in the face of changing labor market.

During the reporting period, with the assistance of the CPC, they got the opportunity to acquire a new, master a second (related) profession, improve the qualifications of 564 citizens, of which 260 are unemployed CPs in Kemerovo:

Fundamentals of computer literacy - 152 people, hairdresser - 37 people, tailor - 76 people, cutter - 67 people, headdress milliner - 56 people.

Three people from among those who graduated from the training in the specialty of a milliner and a hairdresser organized self-employment.

Ten unemployed were trained in the basics of entrepreneurship and started their own businesses.

Vocational training of unemployed citizens takes place on the basis of vocational education institutions that were winners of the competition for the provision of educational services... Territorial data banks by professions, specialties, types of work have been created and are constantly being updated. The list of professions and specialties offered for training, educational services are provided to 16 types of activities. Training on them is carried out taking into account the requirements of the labor market and using modern effective technologies and teaching methods.

Special attention paid to the organization of training for citizens in particular need of social protection and experiencing difficulties in finding suitable job. Specific gravity youth (in the total aimed at vocational training) from 2007 to 2008. increased to 88%. Among those sent for training, 80% were women.

The main problems of vocational training of the unemployed are:

Insufficient quality of services provided by educational institutions. Educational establishments those who have experience in teaching adolescents and young people often cannot organize effective training for the adult population;

Poor development of the educational and material base of individual educational institutions accepting for training in the direction of the bodies of the employment service;

Lack of funding for professional development and teaching excellence persons providing training for the adult population;

Lack of a substantiated diagnostic determination of the level and quality of the assimilation of educational material in all forms of education;

Discrepancies between supply and demand for educational services in terms of professional qualifications.

Insufficient funding will be the main problem in 2009 this direction from the federal budget, which will lead to a reduction in the proportion of people in training

The main goal of vocational training is to increase the competitiveness of unemployed citizens, laid off workers and the unemployed by providing them with various educational services based on the coordination of the needs of the individual, employers and the labor market forecast.

The vocational training system is designed to solve the following tasks:

Improving the system of vocational training for unemployed citizens as an integral part of state development policy human resources;

Assistance in the formation of an optimal balance of supply and demand of the professional and qualification structure of the city's workforce

Implementation of a social order for the training of qualified personnel, taking into account the needs of the labor market;

Organization of effective control over the quality of educational services provided, targeted use of financial resources.

Professional training, advanced training, retraining will continue to contribute to ensuring effective, freely chosen employment of citizens, increasing their professional mobility and social security.

Will increase the competitiveness of 10% of registered unemployed citizens.

Among the types of training will prevail:

Retraining of citizens in order to acquire new professions (specialties);

Upgrading the qualifications of individuals to ensure growth professional excellence on the available professions, specialties, the development of progressive technology, labor organization;

Internship of workers and specialists in order to form and consolidate in practice previously acquired knowledge and skills, to acquire professional and organizational skills to perform duties (work) for a higher position (qualification).

In order to provide citizens with the most complete information about available vacant jobs and professions that are in demand on the labor market, and employers - candidates for vacancies, in 2008 the employment services held more than 380 fairs, which significantly exceeds the number of fairs held in 2007-119 ; the number of organizations that took part in holding fairs also increased significantly from 185 (2007 figure) to 683 in 2008.

The number of citizens who visited the fair increased almost 3 times 2007 5616; in 2008-13960. 3622 people were assigned to work.

In 2008, considerable attention was paid to the organization and holding of specialized and thematic fairs of vacancies and training jobs for certain categories of the population.

In almost all regions Russian Federation positive experience has been accumulated in holding specialized job fairs for youth, in the process of which the most complete information of youth on issues vocational guidance, training for professions in demand in the labor market, retraining, legal issues about vacant jobs.

In total, 850 thousand rubles were spent from the federal budget for organizing job fairs and training jobs in 2008.

The share of registered unemployed among the total number of unemployed increased from 23% in 2007 to 27% in 2008. In the work with the population, the employment service bodies paid much attention to initial admission citizens, providing them with consulting services and involving them in active programs promoting employment. During the year, 25.9 thousand people received consulting services, which is 4.3% more than in 2007.

The main clients of the employment service continue to be persons who find it difficult to find work on their own due to low qualifications, short work experience, as well as citizens who are unable to cope with life changes and professional difficulties. More than half of them are persons in special need of social protection.

To expand employment opportunities for citizens and provide services to employers in the selection of the necessary workers, employment agencies in all regions have been working to inform the population and employers about the situation on the labor market by replenishing the bank of vacancies (free jobs).

Mainly working specialties are in demand, they account for 78% to 80% of vacancies.

Social work with unemployed citizens includes psychological support, which implies methods that help professional self-determination, value orientations, increasing competitiveness, and realizing one's own career.

Romm M.V. in scientific publications on the social adaptation of the individual, he wrote that social work is carried out by optimizing the psychological state of a person, resolving or at least reducing the severity of the psychological problems facing him. In his opinion, the main areas of social and psychological support are:

  • - assistance to the full-fledged mental development of the individual,
  • - prevention of possible psychological problems,

assisting a person in his self-knowledge, adequate self-esteem and adaptation in real life conditions,

Formation of the value-motivational sphere,

Achieving emotional stability,

Harmonization of personality and interpersonal relationships.

The state service of psychological support is received by citizens recognized as unemployed in accordance with the established procedure in accordance with the legislation on employment of the population. This service is provided upon a personal appeal of an unemployed citizen with an application form for the provision of public service for psychological support. In addition, an unemployed person can receive psychological support as a result of an offer from a CPC employee to provide an unemployed citizen with state psychological support services. (Appendix 3)

A necessary aspect of the activity social worker is the implementation of preventive measures that help reduce the possibility of unemployment. One such activity is the career guidance of a social worker at school.

Schoolchildren are guided by professions that are generally considered highly paid, relevant, prestigious, including: lawyer, economist, financier, manager, etc. Labor market, employment and wages: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/wages/

In connection with the above, the activities of a social worker should be aimed at informing about the demand for a profession, its prospects, and preparing school graduates for a conscious choice of profession. E.Ya.Butko Features of the development of the system of primary vocational education / E.Ya. Butko // Professional. 1994 No. 3-4 P. 3

The problem of employment of the population should be among the first tasks in any civilized country. Unemployment brings with it the spiritual, moral, moral degradation of people.

Help a person get out of crisis situation, underlies social work... First of all, the unemployed, whose ability to adapt to new conditions decreases, is supported by a social worker. He acts as a mediator - an assistant between the state, called upon to be the defender of the rights of its citizens and the person. The need for such mediation is due to the fact that the state does not always act as the connecting link that guarantees the rights and decent ways its existence. The reaction of a person who does not receive guarantees is antisocial behavior, a psychological crisis.

In accordance with the law "On Employment in the Russian Federation", citizens of our country have the right to free consultation in choosing a profession, vocational training. The social worker acts as a consultant and provides advice on the availability vacancies, about the enterprises where they exist, about the possibility of retraining.

Helping to overcome stressful situations is the first step towards finding a job for an unemployed person. The next area of ​​assistance for a social worker will be training the unemployed in the skills of self-presentation, planning their employment, by prioritizing job search goals.

For the effective inclusion of the unemployed in the labor force, a mechanism is needed that includes the implementation of an active policy by the employment services, enshrined in legal regulations... The activity of a social worker is to apply specific measures to ensure employment, which help restore the unemployed self-confidence, return to active labor activity, as well as to cooperate with society and self-realization.

Social workers organize public Works, temporary employment, internships in order to gain work experience for unemployed citizens, citizens looking for work, including graduates of educational institutions, as well as workers in the event of a threat of dismissal, support citizens looking for work who move to another area for employment in jobs of a permanent and temporary nature, train workers in the event of a threat of mass layoffs, promote the development of small business.

Having studied the concept of unemployment at different stages in the history of the formation of labor in Russia, having also studied the causes of unemployment, its types and the regulatory framework, considering the unemployed as an object of social work, we can conclude that the phenomenon of employment is closely related to the labor market.

Unemployment is not only the poverty of large strata of the population, but also spiritual and moral impoverishment. In this regard, solving the problem of employment of the population is among the priority tasks in any civilized country.

We reviewed the basic theory of working with the unemployed and concluded that understanding the basics is an important component of social work with the unemployed in practice.

V. V. Podshivalov, YarSU

Social adaptation in a broad sense should be understood as the adaptation of individuals and groups to their surrounding social environment (its conditions, norms, values).

The most important thing for the unemployed is social adaptation in the labor market. Social adaptation on the labor market presupposes: cognition and introduction into this environment, acceptance and assimilation of its norms and values, an active attitude of the subject to this environment.

The concept of disintegration is associated with the concept of social adaptation. It means a particularly acute violation of adaptation mechanisms, which can lead to a personality crisis. Personal crisis can be defined as a kind of discontinuity in the linear area of ​​personality evolution. At the same time, there is a binary nature of the vectors of disintegration:

1) positive disintegration when the crisis is a certain condition for the transition to a new quality, a new level of integrity.

2) negative disintegration accompanied by destructive personality changes, a decrease in the level of balance and a tendency towards social autism.

The specificity of the social adaptation of the unemployed lies in the various ways of adaptation, which the unemployed of different types adhere to.

The methods of social adaptation of the unemployed can be conditionally divided into two groups: constructive and non-constructive. The criterion of constructiveness is the focus on the real and positive in the social and psychological aspects of solving a life problem.

Consider non-constructive ways that block a person's exit from a difficult life situation or provide an exit that does not bring him satisfaction.

Rental relationship

A person is in no hurry to take any active steps while receiving unemployment benefits in an amount sufficient for life. In his plans, he directly links the beginning of a job search with a reduction in benefits to an unacceptable level for himself.

Alternative lifestyle

A person “leaves” for family concerns or subsistence farming. The deeper this withdrawal, the more difficult it is then to return to a state of paid employment - primarily psychologically.



Defensive, avoidant behavior

A person tries either not to notice the problems he faced, goes into memories of how good it was at the same place work, does not try to realistically look at the situation, or in every possible way avoids proposals that require efforts from him, a new look.

Chaotic search

Behavior without comprehending the options and consequences of the decisions made. As observations show, if it is associated with a sharp drop wages at a new place of work, a decrease in social status, people eventually develop severe psychological conditions, the accumulation of which can lead to general dissatisfaction and aggressiveness.

Searching in the context of limited awareness

The owners of this form of behavior are ready to act in the direction of solving their professional, labor and life problems, but feel a lack of information. In some cases, this is due to the underdevelopment of social ties, in others - the low quality of the available sources of information.

Productive dependency

Here a special version of relations with the immediate environment takes place. A person does not just delegate responsibility for his fate to his neighbors, he uses their resources, synchronously following them. Parents often find themselves in the role of neighbors, since this method of adaptation is characteristic, first of all, for graduates who find themselves in a zone of uncertainty between graduation and work.

Thus, we have come to constructive ways of social adaptation of the unemployed.

Purposeful use of interpersonal network resources

It includes:

Active "inventory" of the connections of their relatives, old friends, acquaintances, contacting them for help.

Intra-family consolidation (family councils and mutual support of family members).

Building a reference circle, in which mutual assistance and various kinds of exchanges are cultivated; using the environment as consumers of their services and products.

Reputational employment strategy. A person finds a job, having established himself in one of the previous jobs.

Effective concretization of the image of oneself and one's plans

This includes:

Awareness and active use of individual resources. The essence of the mechanism lies in the awareness of their individual properties. The person is supported by the belief that a certain individual characteristic is his strong point... This is accompanied by a willingness to use these individual properties in a variety of endeavors.

Substantiveness of assessments, intentions, plans. The ability to define, concretize your plans and skills in a particular area is an important element in overcoming difficulties. Ability to focus professional experience on a specific problem is the mechanism that translates it into effective behavior.

Accumulation of experience of behavior on free market labor. Trying out various options helps a person to develop a constructive attitude towards failure, to realize his weaknesses and strengths, expectations and requirements for oneself and develop as a result an effective strategy of behavior in the labor market.

Completing the context of the current life situation

Two mechanisms can be distinguished here.

The attitude to a difficult situation as a combination of chances. A person considers the prevailing and emerging circumstances as a source of new or additional chances. For example, work is seen as an opportunity to establish new social connections, receive new information, and so on.

The ability to see many areas of application of their powers. The ability to see the many spheres of application of one's strength allows a person to more easily survive a crisis, which is not perceived as a catastrophe, there is no feeling of a completed path.

So, we found that different types of unemployed are prone to different ways social adaptation, both constructive and non-constructive. The task of social work with the unemployed is to stimulate constructive ways of adaptation with the help of different methods and to increase the adaptive potential of the unemployed. The adaptive potential can be defined as the degree of the subject's latent capabilities to optimally be included in the new or changing conditions of the social environment that surrounds him.

The adaptive potential of the unemployed can be assessed using a system of indicators. It includes two groups of indicators:

1. Static:

a) physiological (health status, vitality level);

b) psychophysiological (level of anxiety, performance);

c) psychological (level of self-esteem, self-control);

d) socio-psychological (the number and stability of social ties, communication, socio-psychological climate in the family).

2. Dynamic:

a) informational (awareness of the state of the labor market, availability of vacancies, requirements of professions, their abilities);

b) operational (mastery of job search skills, negotiating with employers, decision-making);

c) motivational (motivation for employment).

The first group of indicators reflects the static aspect of adaptation - how “comfortable” a person feels as an unemployed person. In general, these indicators depend on how significant the situation of job loss and professional self-realization of the individual is for the unemployed. If the loss of a job is stressful enough, as a rule, there is a decrease in the adaptive capacity according to these indicators. In the case of strong identification, two scenarios are possible:

1) positive disintegration - active search work;

2) negative disintegration - a deepening of the personal crisis.

A variant of "getting stuck" is also possible - a form of adaptation in which a person, due to certain circumstances, cannot find a job and becomes "professional unemployed." The source of existence is not professional activity, and all kinds of benefits, subsistence farming, etc.

The second group of indicators tells how successful the job search will be. It reflects the orientation of the individual to the future, so we designated these indicators as dynamic. They reflect the extent to which a person possesses the skills of effective employment.

This system It is advisable to use indicators to determine the amount and nature of assistance needed for the unemployed to restore the ability to effectively socially function in the labor market and in other spheres of life.

Job search paths:

Across civil service employment.

Recruitment agencies.

Direct contact with the employer.

Personal contacts (relatives, friends, acquaintances).

Mass media (Internet, newspapers, magazines).

Job fairs.

Placing an announcement about your proposal in the media.

An active job search involves the following:

purposefulness of the search (determination of employment options: ideal, intermediate, spare);

study of the bank of enterprises;

systematic work with operational information;

phone calls for good luck;

search visits;

drawing up a job search plan, discussion with a professional consultant of job search tactics;

regularly keeping records of the steps taken to find a job, planning and analyzing their actions;

presentation of oneself: drawing up an autobiography, resume, sending them to companies of interest;

training for another specialty, advanced training;

selection of a suitable job in a specialty, not in a specialty, temporary.

HOW TO PROPERLY DRAW A PERSONAL SUMMARY

Job search is a whole technology. And one of the most successful components of a search is a well-written personal resume. In most cases, it is useless to start looking for a job if you are not ready “ business card applicant ”- resume. After all, one very important point depends on how successfully it is drawn up - whether the employer will agree to invite you to a conversation.

A prepared resume can also serve:

· As a scheme for a short story about yourself;

As information in the conditions competitive selection;

· Instead of a business card when communicating;

· A business "couple" to cover letter when contacting the organization;

· Orientation for friends and acquaintances promoting your employment.

There are three types of CVs most common - chronological, functional, combined:

CHRONOLOGICAL. In this most common type of resume

all work experience is shown sequentially. Places of work (starting with the last one), position, duties performed are indicated. This structure allows you to track the development of your career. A chronological resume wins if the organizations and positions in which you have worked can impress a potential employer, as well as if your work experience shows career growth.

FUNCTIONAL. The main focus of this type of resume is on your

creativity, skills and professional skills. This resume is used less often than the chronological resume, but it wins if you have breaks from work that you would not want to advertise.

COMBINED. Recently, this type of resume has been used most often, in which elements of both chronological and functional resume are combined.

It is important to know the basic rules of resume writing.

The resume should not contain spelling and stylistic errors, as well as typos. Therefore, before sending the document, be sure to let a person who knows Russian well read it.

Do not lie when writing a resume - with the modern level of communication, checking your track record will not be difficult.

The resume should be short but informative. Try that its volume does not exceed one sheet. Use only full job and company names, not abbreviations.

If you are applying for different vacancies, do not write “I can work as a secretary or a customer service manager, as well as a layout designer”. It is best to write a separate resume for each specific case. If you are just undertaking a massive mailing to firms, then you can list all the specialties that you own. But at the same time, you need to think over your goals very well and state them clearly and understandably.

Make sure that the resume is in the same style, without the bells and whistles, and is easy to read. Highlight the required headings using bold. Use the commonly used times new roman or arial in sizes from 10 to 14. For printing, be sure to select high-quality white paper, standard size A 4. Print the original on a laser or inkjet printer only on one side of the sheet.

A photo should be attached to a resume only if it is specifically agreed - for example, for waiters, having a resume with a photo is a rule. In other cases, a resume with a photograph is not a good form.

The state service for the social adaptation of unemployed citizens in the labor market is provided with the aim of reducing the time needed to find suitable work for unemployed citizens and mitigating the consequences of unemployment.

Program participants are given the opportunity to:

Choose the form of classes (group or individual)

Pass computer or blank testing:

Watch videos;

Work with periodicals containing information about free

jobs and vacancies;

Search for a job through informational portal Rostrud "Work in Russia".

Taking into account the characteristics of various categories of citizens, the following programs are used:

Group training programs for the social adaptation of unemployed citizens in the labor market (profile groups: A, B);

The program of group lessons on the social adaptation of unemployed citizens experiencing difficulties in finding a job due to disability, restrictions on work;

The program of conducting classes on an individual basis.

The programs include:

Information blocks (analysis of the state of the vacancy market in the region, available options for employment, vocational training, advanced training, self-employment);

Training blocks (drawing up a plan of specific actions to ensure employment, training in the skills of independent job search, techniques for conducting search phone calls, writing a resume):

Business games to form the skills of successful behavior in the labor market and self-presentation.

 

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