What is the name of the specialty. Professions of the whole world: list, rating. The rarest professions in the world. Ventilation, heating, water supply and sewerage design engineer

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Books

Inspection and adjustment of electrical equipment (PM 02), Natalya Aleksandrovna Olifirenko, Konstantin Dmitrievich Galanov, Inna Vasilievna Ovchinnikova. Tutorial developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary vocational education by profession 13.01.10 "Electrician for repair and ...
Checking and adjustment of electrical equipment PM 02, Olifirenko N., Galanov K., Ovchinnikova I. (author-comp.). The manual was developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary Vocational Education by profession 13.01.10 "Electrician for repair and ...

A lot of boring, sometimes interesting, but, in my opinion, absolutely useless publications have been written about the types of professions. Of course, I got acquainted with them. Basically, two typologies of professions are considered. The first belongs to Professor Evgeny Aleksandrovich Klimov, and the second to J. Holland. I will briefly tell you about them, but I will focus on the third option.

Yes, yes, now another, in my opinion, the most successful classification of professions, which focuses on strategically important aspects, will appear on the Web. But let's start with Klimov and Holland.

Classification of professions according to Klimov E.A.

So, Professor Klimov structured the professions in a bundle:

Person + object of labor.

Human Is a subject of labor (one who works), and object of labor Is what or with whom this person works. Evgeny Alexandrovich identified five objects of labor:

1. Human.
2. Nature.
3. Technique.
4. Sign.
5. Artistic image.

The result is the following types of professions:

Man is man. These professions are aimed at working with people. These include: teachers, doctors, journalists, hairdressers, etc.
Man is nature. Here we are talking about those professions whose representatives are associated with nature. These can be gamekeepers, gardeners, agronomists, ecologists, etc.
Man is a technique. Representatives of this type of profession are directly related to technology. For example, mechanics, technologists, engineers, plumbers, washing machine repairmen, etc.
Man is a sign. We are talking about people working with sign systems (numbers, codes, letters and other symbols). This category includes programmers, accountants, financiers, analysts, etc.
Man is an artistic image. This includes various creative professions such as artist, actor, singer, composer, director, etc.

This is how the classification of professions according to Klimov looks like. In my opinion, it is imperfect, if only because in real life one profession may contain signs of several types. For example, a sales representative in the process of work encounters equipment (drives a car), works with sign systems (prepares reports in Excel), communicates a lot with people (his suppliers and customers), and also often holds corporate events in nature, where bawls songs with a guitar (home-grown singer). This is such a "vinaigrette" offered to us by modern realities. Where are we going to record this patient?

I think everyone will agree that this typology is rather weak. Let's move on to J. Holland's version.

Psychological classification of professions by personality type

In his theory, J. Holland tries to convey one interesting idea. There she is:

The effectiveness and success of a person depends on how well the profession suits his personality type.

This idea, in my opinion, is quite interesting, but absolutely useless. I'll explain why a little later. Well, now more about Holland's psychological classification.

1. Realistic type Are people of action. They are not emotional, they are not afraid to take risks and make decisions, they understand technology - in general, they are typical representatives of male professions.
2. Intelligent (research) type Are people mental labor... They are prone to self-study, analytics, observation, and various research. They will be comfortable working in think tanks, research institutes, marketing companies, etc.
3. Social type Are people oriented towards communication. They easily establish contacts, know how to negotiate, are able to convince, love to work in a team. The most suitable areas for them are social activities, teaching, medicine, work in the service sector.
4. Standard (conventional) type Are people focused on clearly structured activities. They adhere to generally accepted norms and traditions, are focused on performing specific tasks, are diligent, executive, love to work with sign systems, are often uncommunicative and uncommunicative. As a rule, their professions are related to calculations and documentation: accountants, financiers, notaries, programmers, librarians, etc.
5. Artistic (artistic) type Are creative people. They rarely focus on social norms, are quite emotional and sensitive, like to be in the spotlight, have their own (often complex) outlook on life, as well as sharpened intuition and a rich imagination. They work in the field of art (actors, artists, musicians, etc.), they can also be good bloggers, speakers, and successfully conduct presentations.
6. Entrepreneurial type Are natural-born managers and businessmen. You can find out more about them from the publication:. Such people go into business, politics, advocacy, journalism, etc.

This is what J. Holland's psychological classification of professions looks like. In general, it is interesting - it provides some food for thought and analysis, but I think that in practical terms it is not useful at all. The fact is that:

A person subconsciously himself is guided by professions corresponding to his personality type.

If you are a fidget, then you are unlikely to be interested in the profession - an accountant. The intellectual is not eager to be a special forces soldier, the born actor dreams exclusively of the stage. In general, I think that J. Holland's theory is unsuitable for practical career guidance.

Friends, do you hear a drum roll somewhere in the distance? Yes, yes, now the fun begins! I will tell you about the strategically important types of professions. You are ready? Then I start!

Types of professions by qualification

This classification is mentioned in passing in various textbooks and publications. Strange, but for some reason no one focuses attention on her. In my opinion, it is this classification that is the most important and practically useful. That is why I decided to correct the situation and tell you about it in detail.

So, I would like to receive from my profession at least a decent salary and respect from the management. Now the important point:

The workforce of any company can be divided into three groups: high-value employees, mid-level specialists, and bananas.

It is according to these criteria, I believe, that professions should be classified, friends! Remember:

The size of your salary and the degree of your importance depend on only one thing - how valuable a specialist you are.

All these lyrics about personality types and objects of labor are inherently analytical information dust.

Let's take a closer look at the above groups.

1. Valuable employees - these are personnel, the preparation of which requires years and decent financial investments. For example, an advanced programmer. Well, you can't learn to program well in three months. The situation is similar with surgeons, dentists, lawyers, chief accountants (please do not confuse with ordinary accountants), jewelers, designers, etc.
Do you understand who we are talking about?
We are talking about specialists who find it difficult to find a replacement!
Such people are appreciated and respected. They are paid well. They are cherished and tried to keep. And the most important thing:
They are not afraid of being fired, because they are always in demand!
2. Intermediate specialists- these are personnel that take a little time to prepare. For example, salesperson, sales manager, driver, bricklayer, plumber, seamstress, director. Yes, yes, the directors are part of this particular group.
We are talking about professions that can be quickly mastered.
Naturally, the employer has "room for maneuver" here. You can find a new seller or driver relatively quickly. However, no one will do this unless absolutely necessary, since these specialists, although not valuable, are still qualified.
3. "Bananas" Are unqualified personnel. For example, janitors, movers, couriers, auxiliary workers and, of course, "bananas". How difficult do you think it is to find a person wearing a banana costume and handing out leaflets to passers-by on the street? The answer to this question leads to the conclusion:
People in these professions have the lowest value in the labor market.
Yes, a loader can earn good money, but this money is given to him by hard work. Well, and, if necessary, the employer will be able to quickly find a replacement for him.

So, friends, you have met three typologies of professions. It remains to analyze them thoughtfully and make your choice. By the way, about the choice! Do you know that there is a problem of choosing a profession? Surely many of you are now racking their brains over the questions: “Who to be? What to do? How to make a living? " let's consider

Content

Modern professions for girls and men are not very different from each other in modern world: it is no longer accepted to divide work by gender. However, prestigious women's professions may differ in their own unique requirements for candidates: there are functions that are easier for a woman to perform. Job for girls can be intellectual or applied (for example, a hairdresser).

What are the professions for girls

Lots of profitable professions differs in a peculiar set of requirements, but they can ensure stable career growth and high salaries. The following list of directions and specialties is suitable as an interesting job for women:

Make-up... Work as a make-up artist may require only the completion of special courses, however, for successful career knowledge will come in handy foreign languages(to get acquainted with new trends) and continuous professional development.
Consulting, accounting. For the inexperienced, the secretary job is a classic example of the female profession. Graduates can work as economists, lawyers, tourism managers.
Journalism... This field of activity is suitable for young girls with good communication skills. It is a popular area in many universities in the country.
Technical specialties... Work can be associated with hard physical labor, unusual for a profession for women, or it may require a lot of perseverance, the ability to work with your hands, and focus. This includes the vacancies of a seamstress, machine operator. They will not be offered a high position here, but permanent employment is guaranteed.

Highly paid

Specialties with high pay are also distinguished by high requirements for applicants. Such work can be associated with a large number of stressful situations, difficult conditions. labor activity... For girls include:

IT specialist;
senior store manager, point of sale;
legal adviser;
service quality auditor;
doctor narrow specialization;
logistics expert;
cosmetologist.

Promising

Open opportunities career growth not represented in all works. Such vacancies are distinguished by great competition, high requirements, have many areas of rise in career ladder... Specialties are considered promising:

pharmacist;
sous-chef of the restaurant;
photographer;
choreographer;
machine operator, production line.

Prestigious

Many specialties for girls are often distinguished by their prestige. There can be a tough selection for such vacancies, it is difficult to get there, but the result is worth it. The list of professions for girls looking for a highly paid, interesting, prestigious job is wide:

lawyer;
economist;
medical representative;
interior designer;
fashion designer;
TV or radio host;
fitness instructor;

Fashionable

Many courses for girls will help you get a job in the most fashionable specialties. Their key feature is low educational requirements, but increased skills for communicating with clients. Interesting professions for women and fashion trends may require and receive a complete higher education... Among them:

dancer;
singer;
HR manager;
art consultant;
painter;
stylist;
brand manager.

In demand

There are specializations for women only, or best suited to their psychology. There is no big competition for these vacancies. have a narrow focus, specific working conditions. For example:

nurse;
waitress;
Secretary;
conductor;
dispatcher of the carrier company;
operator contact center;
teacher, educator.

Good work for women is often very popular. And girls, when faced with a choice of profession, are guided by whether it is widespread, fashionable. Many popular professions and good job for women, they require the ability to find a common language with the client, to attract his attention. List current professions will provide wide choose areas of activity:

actress;
journalist;
psychologist;
fashion designer;
advertising manager.

Professions of the future for girls

In the future, the list of popular professions for women may change. This means that it will become unprofitable to work as an accountant, and the position of a manager in any area will cease to be so in demand. Changes are taking place due to the inevitability of technical progress, the loss of relevance for many specialties that will be replaced computer programs... Based on this, you can compile a list of species employment relevant in the near future:

nurse;
expert on alternative types energy;
breeder;
urbanist;
an expert in the field of settling religious conflicts.

The best professions for girls

Due to some psychological characteristics and predispositions, women and men have different specializations. The best spheres of activity for ladies are considered to be everything related to creativity, and some industries technical specialties, not associated with hard physical labor. This category includes humanitarian and creative fields of activity, office work with papers, all types of consulting that require direct communication with clients.

Creative

Specializations closely related to creativity are better suited to girls due to their greater predisposition to emotional empathy, the ability to correctly convey their own emotions. Among these professions there are many promising areas for women with good taste in the field of modeling and art. The fair sex will not remain indifferent to acting. The following creative majors can be great choices for women:

actress;
singer;
fashion designer;
painter;
Art Director;
interior designer.

Technical

The field of activity of many girls is closely related to the production of equipment, work at the factory, setting up the equipment, which is responsible for the stable stamping of the same type of parts. This includes the work of a production operator, a system administrator at large enterprise, head of a team of workers, research worker:

tower crane operator;
machine operator;
research institute employee;
driver's assistant;
architect;
IT specialist.

Humanities

Working with documentation, management, operating laws, translating texts or direct speech, conducting legal advice requires relevant knowledge, higher education in the humanities and takes a lot of time and effort. However, a significant part of the professions closely related to legal services busy with girls. This work requires concentration, can have a tough work schedule, but in return offers career prospects up to regional leaders, directors of an enterprise, firm, corporation. It can be:

advocate;
notary;
legal consultant;
simultaneous translation specialist.

Working specialties for women

Women workers are not that uncommon. The list of specializations related to manual labor, but suitable for the fair sex, does not differ with a large selection. Such areas of employment will offer work immediately after graduating from school or completing specialized courses, graduating from technical schools, colleges with an abbreviated program. The standard working day in this area is 12 hours with a 2/2 schedule with rare exceptions. Female workers can be useful in the following areas of activity:

Cook;
seamstress;
hairdresser;
housemaid;
driver on public transport;
foreman.

Office professions

The office sphere of activity is considered one of the most suitable for women, as it provides a convenient work schedule, decent wages, great career opportunities, communication with colleagues, for the most part who share the interests of each other. This work may not be enjoyable, but it also does not require special skills (in starting positions to study on the spot). More serious work requires special education:

Secretary;
accountant;
CFO;
HR manager;
marketing specialist.

The predisposition of the fair sex to communicate when working with people and a craving for self-expression make them excellent workers in the field of marketing, art, consulting, simultaneous translation, journalism. The most interesting are the following areas of employment:

Journalism... Processing and collecting information, providing it to a wide audience, communicating with interesting people - all this makes this specialization ideal for girls hungry for communication, striving for self-development.
Psychology... The overwhelming majority of women are characterized by explicit empathy, empathy, sympathy. Such qualities are inherent good psychologist who is able to put himself in the shoes of another person in order to sort out his emotions, help him through difficulties, cope with the problems that have piled up.
Stylist, beautician, nutritionist... The ability to take care of oneself and feel beauty is developed in girls much better than in men, so you can graduate from hairdressing courses. Ladies are excellent stylists, beauty salon workers, fashion designers, interior designers.

What profession to choose a girl

The choice of specialization depends on many subjective factors inherent in any person. For women, the key features when choosing a field of activity are:

Age... In this case, the law has a great influence: it is more difficult for minors to find a job, even with official permission from their parents. Very young girls are reluctant to take because they have no work experience. Until a certain age (up to 22-25 years old), it is worth considering the position of a waitress, conductor, secretary.
Character warehouse, way of thinking... Not all representatives of the fair sex are bright empaths. This means that working within a large team can be a burden for them. For closed, calm girls, the positions of a seamstress, an operator-engineer, an IT specialist, and a job related to a computer are suitable. More open - the profession of an actress, singer, TV or radio host, stylist, tourism manager.
Work experience, education... It will not be difficult for a person with great experience to change one position to another: employers are always ready to accept a person who is well versed in their work. A person without experience is another matter. Immediately after school, without experience, education, a girl can get a job as a model, maid, waitress, secretary, nurse.

The leaders in the amount of wages in Russia are traditionally considered to be managers. According to the recruiting portal Superjob, offers for top managers - directors of organizations and heads of main business areas - start at 220-250 thousand rubles.

The upper bar is usually hidden behind the phrase "by agreement". This means that the salary depends on the qualifications of the applicant and will be supplemented by a bonus system for achieving certain results.

In some positions, the earnings of managers are close to a million rubles.

In second place are highly qualified IT specialists. Recruiters assure that this direction is more promising. A mobile application development specialist with proven experience can, after 3–4 years of work in the industry, apply for a salary, to which a manager grows in 10–12 years.

Also among the most highly paid specialists includes airline employees. For managers (for example, technical director) offer from 300 thousand rubles, to the commander of the aircraft - from 350 to 470 thousand rubles or more, to the head of the flight attendant service - from 150 thousand rubles. In addition, airlines typically provide employees with annual performance bonuses.

Recently Aeroflot introduced lump sum payments when employing flight personnel: the pilot-in-command receives 650 thousand rubles, the second pilot - 350 thousand rubles.

Highest paying jobs in Moscow in July

Marketing Director / Head of Marketing at pharmaceutical company- up to 300,000 rubles.
Financial director of the group of companies - from 260,000 to 300,000 rubles.
Director for accounting, reporting and tax planning - up to 230,000 rubles.
Head of the procurement department - from 200,000 to 350,000 rubles.
Director for external logistics - from 200,000 to 300,000 rubles.
Lead Python / TeamLead developer - from 140,000 rubles.

Top 10 industries with the highest average earnings according to Rosstat

Financial and insurance - 68,593 rubles ( average salary the highest paid workers in the industry - 253 668 rubles).
Extraction of minerals - 66,973 rubles (197,326 rubles).
Fishing and fish farming - 64,425 rubles (266,058 rubles).
Activities in the field of information and communication - 57,601 rubles (207,307 rubles).
Research and development - 57,516 rubles (176,438 rubles).
Professional scientific and technical activities - 56,250 rubles (199,302 rubles).
Production of coke and petroleum products; chemicals and chemical products; medicines and materials used for medical purposes - 53,341 rubles (183,803 rubles).
Repair and installation of machinery and equipment - 47 354 rubles (132 395 rubles).
Construction - 45,941 rubles (139,270 rubles).
Metallurgical production, finished metal products, except for machinery and equipment - 44,162 rubles (116,307 rubles).

Who has the best prospects

Good salaries can be received by both non-narrow (like, for example, pilots) and not the most experienced (like managers with long experience) specialists.

Superjob analyzed the offers of employers for employees with at least average qualifications and work experience from one to three years.

This is what the top 10 professions with the fastest growing salaries look like.

Oracle developer.
Annual salary growth: 21%.
Average earnings: 100,000-120,000 rubles.
Foreign exchange specialist.
Annual salary growth: 20%.
Average earnings: 55,000–70,000 rubles.
Chief designer.
Annual salary growth: 19%.
Head of Software Testing Department.

Average earnings: 120,000-165,000 rubles.
International lawyer.
Annual salary growth: 18%.
Average earnings: 80,000-120,000 rubles.
Head of Internet projects.
Annual salary growth: 17%.
Average earnings: 100,000-150,000 rubles.
Java programmer.
Annual salary growth: 14%.
Average earnings: 100,000-130,000 rubles.
Tax lawyer.
Annual salary growth: 13%.
Average earnings: 70,000-110,000 rubles.
PHP programmer.
Annual salary growth: 12%.
Average earnings: 90,000-120,000 rubles.
Systems Analyst.
Annual salary growth: 11%.
Average earnings: 90,000-140,000 rubles.

As for the prospects, the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation found out that the most demanded employees today are qualified workers of metalworking and engineering production, high-level specialists from the field of science, culture, construction, transport (in particular, pilots) and lawyers.

Every year the labor market changes, so it is difficult to predict what the most popular professions will be in 10 years. The directions that will lead in Russia by 2019 can only be assumed, because the need for professionals depends on several factors.

Top 10 most demanded professions in Russia in 2019

It is possible to accurately answer the question of what are the most popular and highly paid professions in Russia from two positions: in terms of government orders for specialties and in research. By the number of budget (free) places in the country's universities, it is easy to guess which specialists are in greater demand now.

According to independent research, the demand for workers directly depends on the rate of development of a particular industry, the level of wages, and the shortage of specialized workers.

Based on these indicators, it is possible to predict which professions will be in demand in Russia by 2019.

Engineers and technicians

The development of technology and the automation of processes requires a strong engineering corps, which creates a need for qualified personnel. In-demand technical professions:

design engineer;
design engineer;
technologist;
Electrical Engineer;
heating engineer;
oil and gas engineer.

Medical staff

The profession of a doctor is always in demand and prestigious. Pediatricians and therapists are in the lead in terms of vacancies, but this area of medicine is facing a severe shortage of personnel. Most requested medical professions in Russia with high competition:

surgeon;
resuscitator;
gynecologist;
cardiologist;
dentist;
ophthalmologist;
otolaryngologist;
gastroenterologist;
uzist;
nutritionist.

Education workers

There are few highly qualified specialists left in the field of pedagogy. Most of the teachers are still cadres of the Soviet school. For this reason, the demand for workers of various pedagogical specialties in Russia is high. Popular professions in education:

foreign language teacher;
teacher of algebra, geometry;
teacher of the Russian language, literature;
IT-teacher;
chemistry teacher;
Physics teacher;
psychologist.

Information technology is only gaining popularity, so most Russian workers IT-spheres are self-taught who do not have documentary evidence of knowledge. This is due to the fact that public education still little adapted to the requirements of modern IT technologies.

Nonetheless, the computer industry is one of the highest paid workers.

In-demand IT professions:

programmer;
Web Designer;
System Administrator;
layout designer;
tester.

Nanotechnology and robotization engineers

These are the professions of the future, so it is difficult to find professionals in these industries today. The promise of nanotechnology is incredible - it encompasses:

energy;
telecommunications;
medicine;
space;
ecology;
Agriculture;
food industry.

Nanotechnologists investigate materials at both the atomic and molecular levels. Today, scientists are especially in demand who are engaged in the following areas:

microelectronics;
solar energy conversion;
creation of light-emitting devices.

With regard to robotization, this specialty involves the design and subsequent operation of manipulators and intelligent robots. Such systems are needed in industry and high-tech technologies, where human work is impossible. Robotics are programmers, cybernetics, engineers all rolled into one.

Marketers and PR-managers

Marketing is a widespread and demanded type of activity. Professionals study the markets, predict customer requests, analyze the work of competitors, and develop business on the Internet. Marketing is directly related to advertising and PR, because any, even the smallest company needs to promote its own products or services. There are many popular and highly paid professions in this area:

manager contextual advertising;
e-mail - marketer;
coach-trainer;
copywriter;
logistics manager (transport management);
Art Director;
creator (creative director);
product manager (market analysis).

Service workers

The list here is huge. A service worker is a popular creative profession for girls and guys who are just starting their professional path. High demand for specialists different directions due to the rapid development Russian business... Professions in the service sector that are popular among the population:

visagiste;
stylist;
hairdresser;
waiter;
tourism manager;
masseur;
realtor.

Construction and design specialists

A study of labor market trends showed that due to large-scale construction projects initiated by the state, there is a shortage of construction and design workers. Highest demand noted in the profession:

architect;
interior designer;
geotechnician;
hydraulic engineer;
designer;
mason;
installer;
a carpenter;
welder;
painter-plasterer.

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