Technical modernization of the agro-industrial complex. "technical and technological modernization, innovative development". The role of ethics and ecology

PROBLEMS OF TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF RUSSIA

A. A. Burmistrova, N. K. Rodionova, I. S. Kondrashova

The article deals with the main problems of technical and technological re-equipment Agriculture. The main approaches to solving this problem are presented. Particular attention is paid to the need to create conditions for a large-scale transition to new technologies.

Key words: agro-industrial complex, technological modernization, machine-technological development.

Agriculture is a consumer of the products of many industries and services, providing employment for millions of people of working age; the food security of the country and the living standards of the population directly depend on the state of the agro-industrial complex.

Currently, the agro-industrial complex is going through a difficult period of reform. Despite the difficult economic situation, the industry grew by 1.2%. It should be emphasized that in recent years the processes of horizontal and vertical integration have intensified in the agrarian sector of the economy, large integrated complexes and cooperative associations of small forms of agribusiness are being created. They bear the main load on the production of agricultural products.

At the same time, the agro-industrial complex continues to be one of the most problematic areas of the Russian economy. The most pressing issue for the country's agriculture is the general technical and technological lag behind its main competitors in the global food market. According to some estimates, it reaches almost 20-30 years. Expensive technologies have been left to modern Russian farmers and livestock breeders as a legacy from the past.

Formation of the course of modernization, announced by the President of Russia D. A. Medvedev in 2010, became the main event for the national economy. At present, agriculture is faced with the task of technical re-equipment and industrial development, for the solution of which it is necessary to create high-tech production, corresponding to the

time requirements for the level economic efficiency.

The Russian agro-industrial complex must go through a real technological revolution. This is clearly evidenced by the experience of countries with a developed agrarian sector.

We also have positive examples. Some farms of Tatarstan, the Krasnodar Territory, Rostov, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Kursk and other regions have been very successful in no-till farming and are building world-class livestock breeding complexes. However, modern technologies have not yet reached the majority of farms in the Russian hinterland.

Therefore, on a new round of agricultural reforms, there is an acute need for the production and dissemination of technical and information media modernization of agro industrial enterprises.

But the innovative development of the agro-industrial complex is hampered primarily by the low technological level of industry, including agricultural engineering. It is in this relationship that we must look for ways to modernize agriculture.

Solving the problems of agriculture is directly related to the transfer of the industry to modern agro-industrial technologies. It is necessary to introduce the latest scientific developments in the agricultural sector as soon as possible. Increasing the technological level is becoming a strategic factor in strengthening the competitiveness of agriculture, and for specific Russian agro-climatic conditions - one of the basic conditions for the stability and sustainability of the agro-industrial complex.

It is the modernization of the technological base that lays the material foundations for improving the comfort of rural life, for expanding access to information and, in general, for improving the quality of life in the countryside.

Technological, technical re-equipment immediately pays off. Suffice it to say that the use of new equipment allows farms to significantly increase labor productivity and just as significantly reduce the fleet of tractors and agricultural machines, and reduce fuel costs in the industry as a whole by 20%. That is, we are talking about significant cost savings, because in the machine-technological sphere, from 40 to 60% of the costs of final agricultural products are formed.

However, conservation agriculture is still carried out on only 15% of agricultural land, since agricultural producers do not have enough resources for large-scale technical re-equipment. The industry does not use effective market regulation mechanisms. Their development is hindered by the financial insolvency of a significant part of the farms, as well as the incompleteness in reforming land relations.

The level of integrated mechanization in potato and vegetable growing, the most technologically complex sub-sectors of agricultural production, is very low. The equipment of farms with machinery is currently 50-60%, which leads to a violation of the technologies for cultivating many crops and the timing of field work.

With the available favorable landscape resources of the country, the technological modernization of the agro-complex makes it possible, first of all, to significantly raise the level of productivity in crop and livestock production and approach the world average in terms of this indicator. The implementation of the new technological policy will make it possible by 2020 to raise labor productivity in the industry by at least four times. This requires the introduction of system technologies based on highly effective knowledge.

A distinctive feature of new crop and livestock technologies is the development of methods for managing the production process in agricultural production. This cycle of agricultural production is not yet given due attention and, as a result, it is not possible to ensure a high competitive level of productivity of plants and animals.

Most agricultural producers use two-cycle technologies - such as "sowed - harvested", without managing the production process during the growing season and maturation of plants. The greatest success in the economics of production can be ensured precisely by the impact on agricultural objects in the process of their cultivation and use. This has been proven by science, domestic best practice and the operation of foreign agriculture.

It is in this process that the bulk of innovations are contained: from the use of space monitoring and geographic information systems to on-line monitoring of crops. Even with simpler methods of managing the production process without high costs and with the available tools (equipment, chemicals, varieties, etc.), it is possible to multiply the efficiency of using energy, material, technical, biological and financial resources.

Its key areas of development are already visible: biotechnology based on the achievements of genetic engineering, nanotechnology, systems artificial intelligence and global information networks. Thus, together with the institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, we have obtained herbicide-resistant forms of wheat, clonal rootstocks of apple and pear trees, strawberries with increased resistance to gray mold. Domestic devices for qualitative and quantitative analysis of DNA and RNA have been created, which, in terms of test systems, are not inferior to foreign ones, but exceed them in certain parameters.

Scientific institutions of the Russian Agricultural Academy are actively conducting biotechnological research in the field of animal husbandry and poultry farming. Seven types of transgenic farm animals have been obtained and are being studied. Transgenic chickens were obtained for the first time. In the field of cell engineering, methods have been developed for in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes, which make it possible to obtain embryos for transplantation. Methods for molecular monitoring of the genome have been developed, which make it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of selection in animal husbandry. A cycle of works on the use of biotic microflora to eliminate lysine deficiency in animals has been completed.

First stage modernization of agriculture can be provided with agricultural technologies developed in regional research institutes and agricultural universities, using the experience of advanced

farms. These technologies are presented in the categories of normal, intensive and, to a certain extent, high-intensity (precise). They are determined by varieties (respectively, tolerant, plastic and intensive), natural resource potential (climate, soil, relief, etc.), production and resource potential (availability of production resources, professional level of commodity producers), economic structures.

Technology related in single system agrolandscape management through crop rotations, tillage systems, fertilizers and plant protection, i.e. they are an integral part of adaptive landscape farming systems, however, they have an individual value determined by the characteristics of the variety, since each type of it corresponds to a certain production process control system and structural model agrocenosis.

From right choice the level of intensification strongly depends on the effectiveness of agricultural technologies. Intensive and high agricultural technologies are possible in favorable climate conditions and soil fertility. With the deterioration of these conditions, they become more costly. For them, varieties with high genetic potential are used that can use a large amount of nutrients. Such technologies are designed in ecologically homogeneous fields or, most often, in the production areas of fields.

The task is to help science realize its potential, commercialize developments, and ensure their mass promotion. However, appropriate conditions must be created for this. At the same time, the ratio of government spending on science to GDP is only 0.29%. And given the low profitability of agricultural producers, the prospects for modernization remain at least difficult.

We emphasize once again that the key task for the modernization of the agro-industrial complex is the task of equipping farms with modern equipment, the share of which so far does not exceed 20-30%, and for some types of equipment it is even less. First of all, this concerns tractors and grain harvesters. Due to the high intellectual rent, it is not economically feasible, and hardly possible, to saturate your agriculture with only foreign equipment. Therefore, we have one way - to develop Russian agricultural engineering at the modern world level.

The main requirement for the re-equipment of the agricultural sector is not so much the quantitative compensation for the loss of machinery and agricultural equipment, but the introduction of new modern technology, advanced energy-saving technologies, and the highly efficient use of material and energy resources.

The problem of energy efficiency in agriculture is very relevant. This problem has been singled out by the President of Russia as a priority. The transition of agriculture to an innovative type of development is hampered primarily by its low energy supply. Now there are 128 horsepower per 100 hectares of sown area. instead of the technologically necessary 350 hp Therefore, the agricultural producer needs machines with increased energy saturation - tractors with a capacity of 300500 hp, combines with a capacity of 300-350 hp, multifunctional units that are not inferior to foreign analogues in terms of technical reliability, i.e., MTBF of at least 800-1000 hours instead of the current 200-250 hours.

So without machines of a new technological generation - highly reliable, productive, labor-saving - it is difficult for domestic agricultural engineering to compete with foreign firms.

To solve the problem of machine-technological development of agriculture, along with the modernization of the production base of agricultural machinery, it is extremely important to form an engineering and technical service sector in the countryside. This will make it possible to ensure the complete technical readiness of the units, which so far does not exceed 70-80% of the total number of equipment.

At present, the engineering and technical support of the majority of agricultural producers in Russia does not meet modern requirements and became a deterrent to further growth in agricultural production and its quality, labor productivity and innovative development of the industry. This problem is becoming more and more aggravated in connection with the entry into the agro-industrial complex of complex and expensive imported equipment, for which many farms do not have technological conditions for ensuring its high-performance operation, and in repair enterprises - technical service and repairs.

Recently, due to the growth of import supplies, there has been an active displacement of growth

Russian agricultural machinery - the share of imports in the sales of tractors in the country as a whole is more than 45%. At present, the upward trend in the share of imported equipment continues. At the same time, there is an accelerated disposal of domestic agricultural machinery - the disposal is ahead of the receipt by 2.3-5 times, depending on the region. In such conditions, repair, technological and service enterprises must carry out a comprehensive technological modernization - this will help to make the necessary transition to a new technological level that ensures 100% quality and post-repair service life of expensive and technically complex modern agricultural machinery.

A number of technological sections are needed that provide high-resource repair of complex components and assemblies of domestic and foreign equipment at the modern technological level. The repair center should be equipped with the latest repair and technological equipment of foreign and Russian production, in technological process the most reliable solutions should be used, allowing the repair of any complex units of domestic and foreign agricultural machinery.

Such a repair center can become the basis of a systematic approach to ensuring high performance, a high level of technical readiness of equipment and resource saving at the regional level.

Technical and technological modernization of the agro-industrial complex of Russia requires the availability of highly qualified personnel. The insufficient level of development of human capital in the agro-industrial complex is especially evident in the discrepancy between the quality and structure human resources innovative needs:

Along with the development of technology and technology, significant changes are needed in the direction of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel (to work on 1000 hectares of grain with modern equipment and technology, only two, but highly qualified workers are enough; loose content cows, one qualified worker can serve at least 60 heads, etc.);

Rural personnel are aging, the shortage of specialists is increasing (less than 40% of farms are provided with highly qualified agronomists,

animal engineers, mechanics and economists with higher education);

The institutional environment for the innovative development of the agro-industrial complex is not developed, which, for example, is manifested in the backwardness of consulting and research and development institutions. While one highly qualified consultant may well replace the work of the relevant specialists of 10-12 medium-sized farms in terms of its effectiveness.

Technological and technical re-equipment of the industry will require, especially at its initial stages, the active participation of the state, its budgets and regulatory authorities in stimulating modernization processes. Together with business, the state, as a matter of priority, will need to build an effective system for the innovative development of agriculture, stimulate the participation of agricultural science and educational system in this process, modernize the domestic agricultural machinery and engineering infrastructure.

The state leadership pays attention to the development of the agro-industrial complex, summarized the best domestic and Foreign experience, the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex" and the five-year state program for the development of agriculture, including in terms of machine and technological modernization, were adopted. The production of a number of samples of modern technology has been launched.

The plans to support domestic agricultural engineering also include measures to direct budget funds allocated to support agriculture exclusively for the purchase of domestic equipment, the provision of state funds for the development of agro-leasing services, as well as an increase in import customs duties on new and used imported agricultural equipment.

The modernization of agriculture cannot be carried out on the basis of predominantly foreign equipment and technologies, they are much more expensive due to intellectual rent. Russian agricultural science has accumulated a lot of practical solutions for agricultural producers.

Now it is necessary to create conditions for a large-scale transition to new technologies, and civil society institutions must contribute to the development of such a set of measures that will allow our agricultural economy to

to become high-tech, cost-effective and competitive.

Literature

1. Bessonov V. A. Transformational recession and structural changes in the Russian agro-industrial complex // Scientific works. M., 2011. No. 30.

2. Kablov E. N. The sixth technological order // Science and life. 2010. No. 4.

3. Mamontov V.D. To the question of the need for technical re-equipment of industrial enterprises // Socio-economic phenomena and processes. Tambov, 2011. No. 12.

4. Sayapin A. V., Kozodaeva O. N. Status and prospects for the development of peasant farms in the region: production and financial and investment aspects // Socio-economic phenomena and processes. Tambov, 2010. No. 5.

5. Sayapin A.V., Kozhevnikova T.M., Belchenko O.A. Past and present of the agrarian economy of the Tambov region // Socio-economic phenomena and processes. Tambov, 2011. No. 11.

6. URL: http://www.agronews.ru

7. URL: http://www.vniitsh.ru

PROBLEMS OF TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL MODERNIZATION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX IN RUSSIA

A. A. Burmistrova, N. K. Rodionova, I. S. Kondrashova

In article the basic problems of technical and technological reequipment of agriculture are considered. The basic approaches to the decision of this problem are presented. Special value is given to the necessity of creation of conditions for large-scale transition to new technologies.

Key words: agro-industrial complex, technological modernization, machine-technological development.

AT NATURAL CONDITIONS republics when applying modern technologies high results can be obtained in agriculture and animal husbandry. However, most regions and agricultural enterprises are still working significantly below their capabilities, which is explained by the imperfection of their organizational structures and implemented production technologies. And worst of all is the situation with the economy of the agro-industrial complex. The management mechanisms formed at the stage of the revival of the Belarusian village ensured a significant increase in the gross output of the agro-industrial complex, but turned out to be insufficiently effective for solving the most urgent problem - strengthening the economy of agricultural organizations. The lack of financial resources has now become the main obstacle to the full implementation of production programs industry, and consequently, its further development.

Are there real opportunities in the republic to significantly strengthen the agrarian economy? Definitely - YES. The state policy pursued in the country has made it possible to create a solid foundation for achieving this goal.

Highly productive domestic varieties of agricultural crops have been created, their seed production has been established, cultivation technologies have been developed for any soil conditions.

The technologies for intensive livestock breeding of highly productive breeds of dairy cattle have been studied and tested, new dairy farms are being built and existing dairy farms are being reconstructed with the installation of technical means world-class quality and the use of modern technologies.

Agricultural engineering is being strengthened, producing the most sophisticated equipment for the countryside, which fully makes it possible to re-equip agriculture with the latest technical means that are not inferior to foreign counterparts. You can not blame the lack of diligence and the Belarusian peasant.

What do we lack? First of all, understanding the current situation when the agro-industrial complex of the republic becomes a subject of the world food market with all the ensuing consequences. And most importantly: without the timely adoption of proper measures in connection with the entry of the republic into Customs Union, and through it, in fact, in the WTO, in the short term, the situation will inevitably become more complicated.

In the future, Russia will be obliged to sell us energy resources at world prices, and this will significantly increase the cost of agricultural production, sharply worsen the base economic growth. In addition, food from European and other countries will be supplied to the Belarusian market through Russia at prices that could make domestic agricultural products lose their competitiveness. The import customs tariff will cease to play the role of the main mechanism for protecting the domestic market.

The entry of Belarus into the Common Economic Space predetermines the need to coordinate the mechanisms of management in the agro-industrial complex, first of all, the unambiguity in the level and direction of state support for agricultural producers.

PROCESS reducing state subsidies for production costs in the agro-industrial complex will not be easy, because due to the high and versatile state support in recent years, agricultural producers of the republic have formed a predominantly dependent mentality in relation to the state budget, while issues of their own agrarian economy have faded into the background. Therefore, there is no alternative to intensifying the production of competitive products on the markets, mainly on the basis of the competent and highly efficient use of internal reserves, and there is no noticeable increase in profitability on this basis for the domestic agro-industrial complex. Already within the next 2-3 years, it is necessary to significantly restructure the agricultural sector, prepare it for effective functioning in the conditions of a single European and world food market. Hence, the most important task of agricultural producers is to do in 2-3 years what they have not done before in decades - to learn how to work on the principles of self-financing in the conditions of new mechanisms of state support. It's not easy to solve, but possible through a full-scale modernization of all areas of production of the agricultural industry, on this basis, to achieve a significant increase in the efficiency of using natural resources, strengthening the infrastructure of the agro-industrial complex, further step-by-step reforming it by improving the organization of production, and actively introducing technical and technological innovations.

The complex nature of measures aimed at improving the economic efficiency of agricultural organizations requires at the current stage the adjustment of almost all areas of the agro-industrial complex. The most important of them, which constitute an integral system of organizational and technological measures to be unconditionally implemented, were considered at a meeting at the Ministry of Agriculture and Food with the participation of the head of state and supported by him. Their main essence is a deep modernization of agricultural production, which provides for an output in the near future of 60 thousand dollars per worker. This is what we need to do together. What is to be done for this?

1. The economy of an industry cannot work if its personnel composition is assessed only on the basis of production indicators. This aims to achieve results at any cost, does not encourage agricultural producers to use economically viable management mechanisms that increase the economic sustainability of enterprises. As a result, according to the results of the production activities of agricultural organizations and regions, there is no direct relationship between the level of gross output and indicators of economic efficiency of management. On the contrary, it is possible to give examples when the regions that are the best in terms of the results of production activity have low economic indicators. Thus, in 2011, the Minsk region ranked first in the republic in terms of the production of basic types of products per 1 point-hectare of agricultural land, and in terms of net profit it turned out to be below the average. (Table 1).

Production of main products and net income per 1 hectare of agricultural land in 2011

Areas

Production of main types of products per 1 hectare, kg

Net profit per 1 hectare (system of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food), thousand rubles.

grains

Milk

Raising livestock and poultry (in live weight)

Brest

Vitebsk

Gomel

Grodno

Mogilevskaya

By republic

Therefore, as the main criterion for evaluating the work of agricultural organizations and regions, it is proposed to introduce an objective economic indicator - profit per 1 hectare of the cadastral valuation of agricultural land, adjusted for the objective conditions for its formation (for example, joining unprofitable farms). This will create a mechanism economic evaluation results of management on the land, orienting agricultural producers to strengthen the economy, encouraging to increase agricultural production exclusively on an innovative basis through the use of the most cost-effective organizational, technical and technological approaches recommended by science and best practices.

2. It should be clearly understood that the economic mechanisms of management and the rate of profit in agricultural organizations can work successfully if their leaders are personally interested in these processes. The current remuneration mechanism is somewhat cumbersome and complex, not always accessible and understandable to an ordinary worker, and even to individual managers. The main thing is that it does not stimulate either the managers or the labor collectives of enterprises to achieve high economic indicators.

Therefore, in order to improve the wage system in agricultural organizations, to realize the potential of employees' personal interest in financial results The Ministry of Agriculture and Food, together with the National Academy of Sciences, will soon develop an appropriate Regulation, which will be submitted to the Government for approval. I believe that it should provide for the creation of an economic and legal environment in which not only the manager, but also each employee could legally provide himself with highly professional work decent level material well-being. For these purposes, it seems appropriate official salary managers and specialists of agricultural organizations to calculate based on the volume products sold taking into account the objective conditions of management, primarily the cadastral valuation of farmland. In addition to the monthly salary, give the right to the heads of agricultural enterprises at the end of the year to distribute in the normative manner a part of the profits received in the form of bonuses, which should be quite high. For newly elected heads of unprofitable farms, proceed from the decrease in loss for the year worked.

Undoubtedly, the wages and wages of the labor collective should be tied to the economic results of labor at each production site, and even better at the individual level. This should be achieved through the introduction of strict mechanisms for commercial economic accounting, without which it is now impossible to talk about a significant strengthening of the economy of agricultural organizations. Already today, it is necessary to set the task, based on a sharp increase in the economic efficiency of the work of agricultural organizations, to reach an average monthly salary in the agricultural sector of $500 at the stage of completion of the Sustainable Rural Development Program, and in the future see the goal of $1,000.

A certain reserve in the formation of the wage fund is the long overdue reduction in the number of administrative staff in organizations, taking into account the current potential of information systems and by improving the organization of production. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food, together with the National Academy of Sciences, will have to develop standards for this position.

3. It is necessary to optimize the structure of production, deepen the specialization of the industry, taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the regions and giving real priority to livestock. It accounts for about 60 percent of the value of all products produced by agricultural organizations, 79 percent of the proceeds from the sale of products and more than 90 percent of food exports.

Further development should be given to pig and poultry farming. At the same time, taking into account the situation on the world market for pork, the prospects for a sharp increase in its production in Russia, the main consumer of our exports for this product, I believe it is inappropriate to launch the construction of new pig-breeding complexes. It is necessary to significantly reconstruct the existing ones, equip them with modern energy-saving equipment, resource-saving technologies for growing and automated systems production process control. This will help increase the volume of pork production with technology that provides daily productivity for growing and fattening 650-700 grams at feed costs of 3.0-3.2 centners of feed units.

A similar situation is developing in the poultry industry. In 2020, industry enterprises should produce 625,000 tons of poultry meat in live weight and increase its exports to 150,000 tons. The average daily growth of broilers should be 65 grams, or 30 percent more than received in 2010. Feed costs for the production of one centner of broiler weight gain should be reduced to 1.6 centners, or 20 percent by 2011.

WITH CONSIDERING a significant advantage in the soil-climatic zone of the republic, the potential of grass resources over grain crops and the prospects for the development of world food markets, a paramount role should be given to the development of dairy and beef cattle breeding. The main criterion will be a significant increase in livestock density. By 2020, it is necessary to bring the number of cattle to 100, and cows to 30 heads per 100 hectares of agricultural land, the productivity of the dairy herd on average in the republic should be at least 6500 kilograms, the weight gain of fattening cattle - up to 1 kilogram. For comparison, I note that in 2011 the density of cattle in the republic was 52 heads, cows - 17 heads. The milk yield from a cow was 4522 kilograms, the average daily weight gain of cattle was 606 grams (table 2).

Planned number of dairy cows in agricultural organizations of the Republic of Belarus in 2015-2020

Areas

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

thousand heads

percent by 2014

thousand heads

percent by 2015

thousand heads

percent by 2016

thousand heads

percent by 2017

thousand heads

percent by 2018

thousand heads

percent by 2019

Brest

Vitebsk

Gomel

Grodno

Mogilevskaya

By republic

But many of our farms have a high density of livestock, but they do not receive products, which will have to be dealt with.

4. Increasing the milk and meat productivity of livestock requires a revision of the structure of fodder production. Recall that in 2010 the republic milked less milk from a cow than in 2009. In 2011 - less than in 2010. Today, with a certain positive trend, it will provide only half of the planned increase in milk yield from a cow. And this despite the fact that in recent years there have been no significant problems with feed, and in the Gomel region, silage production significantly exceeded the need. So what's up? With what will we come to the end of the Sustainable Rural Development Program in 2015?

Unfortunately, being unrelated to economic indicators, the production of the republic has chosen the most costly and most harmful to the health of animals of all possible types of feeding for both dairy and beef cattle - silage-concentrate.

Imperfect fodder production is the main reason for the short period of productive use of the cow. In private yards in the years of our youth, the cow, fed mainly on hay and chopped straw, was kept for at least 10 years, practically “not communicating” with the veterinarian. The long period of her reproductive life is also predetermined by physiology: a cow genetically reaches its maximum productivity with the birth of the sixth calf. At present, a cow is exploited on new farms for 2-3 years, and in the last year of her life, more often this is an inferior animal with paralyzed legs. Over 400,000 cows and about 170,000 heifers, or 570,000 broodstock, drop out in the republic every year. The number of cows of two regions is cut out, and mainly of the most productive age.

A paradoxical situation has arisen in the reproduction of livestock. With quite sufficient supply of feed (in feed units), in 2011, 232 thousand cows did not come into heat for insemination within the standard period, 145 thousand were inseminated three or more times. Over the past three years, the output of live born calves per 100 cows has decreased from 84 to 79 heads. Last year, almost 25,000 pregnant cows were handed over to meat processing plants.

An analysis of the biochemical parameters of the blood of cows with milk productivity above 6,500 kilograms, carried out by the Belarusian State Veterinary Center for the Republic, showed that there are practically no healthy animals among them.

In addition to the shortage of products, the current system of feeding livestock leads to difficulties with the renewal of the dairy herd. The current level of reproduction of young cattle with an extremely short duration of productive longevity of cows is no longer enough to restore the livestock and fill new and reconstructed dairy farms. Importing heifers is a costly undertaking. How can the problems of “big milk” be solved with such methods of running the dairy industry? And what does world experience teach?

IN 1970 The average milk yield per cow in the United States was 4,300 kilograms. And for ten years, until 1980, it remained at the same level (4300-4500 kilograms). During this period, corn silage occupied 70 percent of the voluminous feed in the feed rations, as is now the case with our medium-sized farms in terms of milk productivity of cows. The current situation in dairy production has forced American farmers to reconsider their positions in fodder production, to sharply increase the role of alfalfa in livestock feeding. As a result, the average milk yield per cow in the country increased to 5,911 kilograms by 1985, to 6,643 by 1990, and in 1999 it exceeded 8,000 kilograms. With a steady 1:1 ratio of corn silage to alfalfa haylage in the dry matter of the ration, cow productivity in the United States is now at 9,300 kilograms. Why not an example for borrowing this experience in our republic?

No less instructive than the American is the experience of the Leningrad region, which was told on May 31 of this year by Belorusskaya Niva.

I understand that this is not quite modest, but for the sake of the cause, I will cite my own experience. The dairy herd of the Pravda-Agro agricultural branch of the Dzerzhinsky agricultural complex in the Dzerzhinsky district in 2008, based on corn silage, had a milk yield of 4988 kilograms per cow. In 2009, 20 percent of the structure of grass fodder was haylage from legumes, milk yield increased to 6280 kilograms. In 2010, haylage accounted for 30 percent of the structure of grass feed - milk yield was 6,632 kilograms, in 2011, respectively, 40 percent and 7,757 kilograms, although the productivity of cows decreased in the whole republic in these years. During the year, 1,200 hectares of corn were replaced by alfalfa. This year, cows receive 50 percent of corn silage and 50 percent of alfalfa haylage in the structure of grass feed. According to a very realistic forecast for the year, the productivity of cows will reach 8100 kilograms.

Interesting results at the district level are given in table 3. Here, in 2010, all districts, except for Kletskoye, which received more than 6 thousand kilograms of milk from a cow, had an approximately equal ratio of the production volumes of green mass of perennial grasses and corn. The Kletsk district took a landmark for corn, and look how it ended. The cost of milk and meat is the highest here, and cattle breeding as a whole brought a huge loss instead of profit. In the group of districts that received milk yields of less than 3,500 kilograms, clear advantage in fodder production has corn, but Postavy stands out. There are twice as many herbs here. However, their effectiveness turned out to be low due to the unsatisfactory botanical composition: legumes in the structure of crops occupied only 28.4 percent. And silage made from cereal grasses, and even those that are almost always harvested late, is no better than corn silage.

Information on the productivity and efficiency of animal husbandry in certain regions of the republic in 2010

Districts

Production of green mass, tons

Milk yield per cow, kg

Cost of 1 ton of milk, thousand rubles

Profit/loss (-) from the sale of milk, million rubles

perennial herbs

corn

Districts that received more than 6000 kg of milk from a cow

Nesvizh

Grodno

Berestovitsky

Districts that received milk yield from a cow less than 3500 kg

Dokshitsky

Rossony

Shumilinsky

Krasnopolsky

Postavsky

Klimovichsky

Khotimsky

Ushachsky

What more evidence needs to be given in favor of the effectiveness of grass seeding? Instead, the area under grass crops is constantly decreasing, and corn is increasing, despite the lack of the volumes of organic and organic crops necessary for this crop. mineral fertilizers, cleaning equipment. The more corn is sown for silage, the lower its productivity. This is especially clearly seen in the example of the Gomel region. When cultivating it within reasonable limits in 1986-1990, the region ranked first in the republic in terms of green mass productivity, and with an increase in the sown area by an average of 2009-2012, the region turned out to be the last in terms of the productivity of this crop.

Of course, corn silage should retain its rightful place in the livestock feed production system, at one time it saved this industry from starvation. But now it is necessary to work with this culture competently in order to optimize the fodder economy of the republic, taking into account the current situation, when a cow needs to be fed in order to get milk from it. But what will corn silage cooked at the end of October, and even in November, from lignified stalks give?

BEST, the world's most competitive dairy products are grass-fed. Calculations show that with a competent structure of grasslands in meadows and arable land, optimization of the technology for the production of their green mass in the republic, only in this area it is possible to obtain about 17 million tons of full-fledged fodder units that do not require enrichment with protein. This is enough to produce 9 million tons of cheap milk and 900 thousand tons of cattle meat, if this feed is distributed equally between the two types of products. I believe that with the real inclusion of economic mechanisms of management, and there are no other ways now, this potential will be fully utilized. Alfalfa, clover, its mixtures with cereals should take their rightful place in grass forage production.

5. The basis of agricultural activity is land. All the omissions in the agricultural sector will inevitably have a negative impact on animal husbandry. It is the beginning of an agrarian economy. However, in recent years, and even decades, very little attention has been paid to the crop rotation system of agriculture, as a result, the placement of crops on arable land has a random character without taking into account their biological requirements. Not having business case The structure of sown areas has led to the fact that good predecessors for grain crops, primarily winter crops, have actually disappeared. The worst situation has developed in the Vitebsk and Gomel regions, where even wheat has to be sown after grain crops. I believe that this factor is the main reason for the lowest yield of grain crops in both regions. Thus, according to the Scientific and Production Center for Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, when re-sowing grain crops, as well as using cereal perennial grasses as a precursor for them, the yield of winter wheat decreases by about 40 percent, triticale - by 30 and winter rye - by 15 percent. Therefore, the optimization of the structure of the sown area, the restoration of the crop rotation system on this basis, is the main and uncontested reserve for improving the economy of crop production.

IN AUTUMN Last year, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus developed a program to improve the structure of sown areas for the 2012 harvest, taking into account the increase in the economic efficiency of agriculture in general and the qualitative improvement of the fodder base for livestock in particular. In the final version, the developed materials were submitted to a wide production meeting in Smolevichi with the participation of Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and with the presence of chairmen of all regional and district executive committees. All participants of the meeting unequivocally approved the proposals of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and the Ministry of Agriculture and Food. But practically the opposite was done: the corn crops were increased, perennial grasses were reduced. I take the liberty of asserting that there will be no more such amateur performances. The key to this is the approval of our approaches by the head of state. We will have to turn to him for help when ignoring our proposals, if we do not find mutual understanding at the regional level.

6. Improving the infrastructure of the livestock industry. In the current five-year plan, 16 sectoral and regional programs are being implemented, within the framework of which further modernization of agricultural production is being carried out. The most important and costly objects in cattle breeding. In the period up to 2015, it is planned to build 711 dairy farms here.

An extensive program is planned for updating the infrastructure of the industry for the period 2016-2020. It plans to build 933 livestock complexes in dairy production and 115 complexes for fattening cattle, having allocated 123 trillion rubles for these purposes at current prices, of which at least 30 percent will be the farms' own funds.

In addition to new construction, by 2015 almost all of the current livestock buildings and complexes suitable for the introduction of modern technologies will have to be reconstructed.

Under the current conditions, the regional executive committees, together with the district executive committees, independently form lists of production facilities planned for modernization. And, of course, they bear full responsibility for their implementation on time and the achievement of the planned program parameters.

Each project for the construction of new dairy farms should have as an integral part a fodder production program that provides for the provision of livestock with complete feed in the amount of full demand and without the involvement of additional protein raw materials. Without the implementation of this program, developed on the basis of the proposals of agricultural science, it will not be possible to achieve the desired success in cattle breeding.

Separately, there is a program for the reconstruction of dairy farms this year, where today the state of affairs is far from desirable. What kind of purposeful work and concentration of forces can we talk about if, while fulfilling the instructions of the head of state on the reconstruction and modernization of 1 dairy farm in each farm, no effective measures were taken in most regions for six months. Whatever the assurances of the Vitebsk Regional Agricultural Food Administration, but in 2013 on 123 farms cows will be milked in buckets, and this is the day before yesterday. Extremely low rates of work in this direction in the Gomel region. Here, only on October 24, a list of farms to be reconstructed and a range of equipment were approved. And the Vitebsk, Minsk and Grodno regions are still raising questions about revising the range of ordered equipment.

7. Targeted measures to strengthen the economy of agricultural organizations. Of course, all economic entities of the agro-industrial complex should receive further development, but the mechanism for strengthening the economy in them should be determined by their current state. Ultimately, the gap between underperforming and successful organizations will have to be narrowed to the maximum. Thus, the variation in grain production per 1 hectare of sowing in 2011 was in the range of 92.1-116.2 kilograms, in 2012 - 91.4-136.4. For milk, respectively, in 2011, 20.6-32.3 kilograms, for 9 months of the current year - 16.7-26.9. In the context of regions, this variability is much greater. There is a huge difference in economic indicators farm work. According to the results of the first half of this year, 363 of them (29 percent) formed 68 percent. of all revenue and 76 percent of profit, and 906 (71 percent) respectively - 32 percent of revenue and 24 percent of profit. Consequently, it is the second group of farms that is the main reserve for further increasing production volumes and strengthening the agricultural economy. And work with it must be given paramount importance in order to bring them to the level of successfully operating farms.

According to the current financial condition and the scale of upcoming measures to strengthen the economy, agricultural organizations can be divided into 3 groups in terms of revenue from product sales: the first (high level) with revenues of over 15 billion rubles, the second (medium) - with revenues of 5-15 billion and the third (low level) - up to 5 billion rubles.

Farms with a high level of production and efficiency, about 30 percent can now continue their intensive development, focusing on strengthening infrastructure and innovative technologies approaching the average European level of efficiency of agricultural production. The work should be aimed at achieving by 2015 revenue per employee of 60 thousand dollars, added value

To address the issues of technical modernization, since 2013, a measure of direct support for the agricultural machinery industry has been introduced into the State Program for the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex - subsidies to equipment manufacturers. It played a serious role, but failed to radically reverse the situation with the shortage of agricultural machinery. So, today farmers have 428,000 tractors, 125,000 grain harvesters and 17,000 forage harvesters, which is at least 25% less than necessary for seasonal field work in optimal agrotechnological terms, Dzhambulat Khatuov said.

At present, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, the most effective tool state support for the technical modernization of the agro-industrial complex is preferential leasing. According to the analysis conducted by the department together with the Ministry of Industry and Trade, while maintaining existing support measures under Government Decree No. 1432, the annual need for subsidies from 2019 to 2025 may increase from 19.6 billion rubles to 38.9 billion rubles.

In this regard, in order to improve the efficiency of the use of federal budgetary funds and based on world experience, the Ministry of Agriculture considers it necessary to determine the leasing supply of agricultural machinery and equipment as a priority measure of state support. This mechanism it is proposed to include the project "Technical modernization of the agro-industrial complex" in the passport and begin its implementation no later than 2020.

“The new leasing product will be an interest-free installment plan for a period of 5 years with a 20% advance payment. Under such conditions, even small ones will be able to update the fleet of vehicles. farms who failed to do this even with a discount,” said Dzhambulat Khatuov.

This advantage allows farmers not to withdraw funds from circulation, but to direct them to further business development, which makes it possible, among other things, to upgrade 4 times more conventional units of equipment at equal costs. At the same time, the emphasis in state support will be shifted towards stimulating effective demand, rather than production.

“The need declared by the regions for the purchase of equipment on the terms of preferential leasing in the next 3 years is 33.8 thousand units for 139 billion rubles. This indicates the demand for the proposed support mechanism,” said Dzhambulat Khatuov.

According to the First Deputy Minister, with annual state co-financing of 8 billion rubles, leasing companies will be able to supply 29.3 thousand vehicles over 3 years, meeting the needs of the regions by 86%. At the same time, Russian machine builders will be able to plan more efficiently production processes, and only modern domestic technology, or having no analogues in the country. In addition, it is proposed to increase the leasing range by expanding the types of equipment supplied, which will allow farmers to purchase exactly the equipment that they really need.

According to the Ministry of Agriculture, in order to achieve the targets, it is also necessary to improve the mechanism for preferential lending for the purchase of new equipment. The agency proposes to increase its term from 5 to 8-12 years, which will make it possible to build a more convenient loan repayment schedule and reduce current expenses borrowers.

Vladimir Kashin also noted the advantages of supplying agricultural machinery with the help of preferential leasing in his speech. According to the parliamentarian, thanks to the availability of the proposed mechanism, farmers will have the opportunity to multiply their equipment with modern machines.

Given this, the Ministry of Agriculture proposed to update the agricultural development program, extending it until 2025. The total amount of funding for the state program from the federal budget from 2013 to 2025 will be 3.42 trillion rubles, another 477 billion from regional budgets and 300 billion from extrabudgetary sources.

Particular attention in the documents is given to the technical modernization of the industry. Indeed, until recently, the degree of wear of equipment in the agro-industrial complex was estimated at the level of 70%, and the need for equipment was satisfied by no more than half. To speed up the process, the state program "Technical Modernization of the Agro-Industrial Complex", which subsidizes manufacturers of agricultural machinery, will also be updated. From 2013 to 2018, the amount of funds transferred under it amounted to over 44 billion rubles. This made it possible to supply agricultural producers with more than 27,000 units of agricultural machinery.

Now the program will also be extended until 2025. Within its framework, the coefficient of renewal of tractors in agricultural organizations in 2020 should be 2.9 percent, grain harvesters - 4.7, forage harvesters - 4.3 percent.

In general, the rate of equipment replacement can be increased, some experts believe.

Now the share of imported equipment, despite its higher price and complex service, exceeds 65 percent; over the past year, the share of Russian equipment has grown by only 3.7 percent. To solve this problem, within the framework of the forecast of the Ministry of Agriculture, measures will be taken to support domestic agricultural engineering. It is planned that the sales volume of tractors will reach 12.5 thousand by 2021, 13.4 thousand by 2025, and 14 thousand units by 2030. Accordingly, the market for combine harvesters will reach 7100, 7600 and 8100 units, - Viktor Kidyaev, first deputy head of the United Russia faction in the State Duma, comments.

The Ministry of Agriculture plans to submit the updated state program to the government by the end of the year. At the same time, it is noted in the document, in case of allocation of additional funds for state support investment activity and technical modernization, it is also planned to capitalize Rosselkhozbank and Rosagroleasing.

Recall that earlier the need for additional capitalization of Rosagroleasing was already mentioned by Alexei Lavrinenko, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Agrarian Issues, as well as Mikhail Shchetinin, representative of the Altai Territory in the Federation Council, who proposed to allocate 30 billion rubles to organizations that ensure the modernization of farms in the regions of the country this year.

According to experts, the results will not keep you waiting. For example, this year Udmurtia resumed participation in the program for updating the agricultural machinery fleet, which is being implemented by Rosagroleasing. 12 agricultural enterprises of Udmurtia became recipients of equipment under the federal leasing system. In total, under the Rosagroleasing program machine and tractor park Agro-industrial complex of the region this year will be updated by 13 units of domestic production. Rosagroleasing is especially proud of the results of its work in the Saratov Region, where, despite the annual drought, despite the annual drought, due to the supply of equipment, Rodina LLC was able to increase grain production by 50 times in 6 years.

And in the Predgorny district of the Stavropol Territory, a dairy complex is being built - the Agrofirm Selo Voroshilova plans to build a complex with a carousel-type milking parlor for 2.7 thousand heads of dairy herds. According to the head of the regional Ministry of Agriculture Alexei Rudenko, the new dairy the complex will increase the production of high-quality milk in agricultural organizations up to 20 percent.

In the Leningrad region last year, a number of companies also decided to increase the production of raw milk by increasing the number of livestock and modernizing production facilities. For 1 billion rubles, it is planned to solve the problem of shortage of raw materials for the dairy industry in the region. Raw milk is more expensive here than in other regions.

In addition, five investors in the region have thought about creating cheese factories in the Leningrad region worth 2 billion rubles. Now this niche in the region is practically not occupied. Moreover, according to regional officials, investors will be able to count on compensation for direct costs incurred at the expense of the regional budget.

Thanks to new technology, a farm in the Saratov region has increased its production volumes by 50 times in 6 years
In general, according to the rating of investment activity of regions for September 2018, the first place in terms of investment in the agro-industrial complex (26 percent of the total) was taken by the Lipetsk region. The Angel Yeast dry yeast plant is scheduled to be launched in October - November 2018. Angel Yeast will produce fodder, food and alcohol instant yeasts, as well as raw materials for the production of medicines. At the final design stage, the ZGPC KornBioTech plant for deep processing of corn in the village of Kazaki, Yelets district, Lipetsk region. The company will specialize in deep processing of corn and the production of corn starch, the basis for the manufacture of oil, gluten, ingredients and finished feed for animals and birds In addition, the Chernozem Vegetables agricultural firm received a loan from the Russian Agricultural Bank in the amount of 1.7 billion rubles for the construction of the second stage greenhouse complex in the Usmansky district of the region.

In second place is Primorsky Krai with 18 percent of investments in the agro-industrial complex. Here, the production of "Rusagro" was launched in the "Mikhailovsky" ASEZ in Primorsky Krai. This is the largest project in Russia for the construction of pig farms with a capacity of 82,000 tons, feed production and a meat processing complex. The first products will appear in early 2019, and the company plans to reach full capacity in 2020.

In addition, the regional administration, Rosselkhozbank JSC and NK Lotos LLC entered into a trilateral agreement on cooperation in the implementation of a large-scale investment project to create a greenhouse facility worth about 3 billion rubles. And in the ASEZ "Nadezhdinskaya" they will create the production of biotechnological feed. The company intends to produce biotechnological fodder proteins, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes and products based on them to develop the region's fodder base.

 

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