A means of preventing the deterioration of the quality system is to conduct. Quality audit. Structuring the quality function

Quality Management Test Final Control (Witte) 98%
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Select one answer:
Saveability
Undetyability
Maintainability
durability
Transportability

Select one answer:

Marriage estimates










4. Stock
Select one or more answers:






Select one answer:
Role of manual
Policy and strategy
Business results
The role of owners of the company

Select one answer:



Analysis of documents


Select one answer:
Creative
Research
Special
general

Select one or more answers:
Phased innovations
Bankruptcy organization
Projects breakthrough
Reorganization of the structure


Select one answer:
Quality planning

Saving quality
quality assurance
Improving quality

Select one or more answers:






Select one answer:






Select one answer:






Select one or more answers:

Product exploitation

Stages of product development


Select one or more answers:



Process management
Ensuring self-sufficiency

Select one answer:



Reorganization of the company


Select one answer:
Related
Temporary
Basic
Permanent
Proven

Select one answer:





18. The advantages of the RMA:
Select one or more answers:






Select one or more answers:


Universal quality control



Select one or more answers:
organizational
Market
Universal
Proven
Basic

Select one or more answers:
Industry standards
Quality policy
Laws of the Russian Federation
Standards of the company
Technical conditions

Select one answer:





23. The Deming Cycle includes:
Select one answer:


Rate - decide - do



Select one or more answers:

Focus Group Works

calculating cost
Input control

Select one answer:
Forecasting



Consumer poll

Select one answer:
Certification
Control
Internal audit
Inspection
self-esteem

Select one answer:
regularity
Warfish
uniformity
independence
Documenting

Select one answer:






Select one or more answers:
project documentation
Production costs


technical task

Select one answer:

1. Product property to maintain performance for some time or work - this is:
Select one answer:
Saveability
Undetyability
Maintainability
durability
Transportability
2. Analysis of the cost of compliance and inconsistencies in the quality of processes is a method:
Select one answer:
Definitions of losses due to poor quality
Marriage estimates
Cost costs related to processes
Calculation costs for quality
Definitions of losses due to high quality
3. The main contribution of Japanese quality management:
Select one or more answers:
Wide use of standardization
Reduction costs for marketing research
Increased quality costs
governmental support Quality projects
Stimulating demand for company products
4. Stock product quality start starts with:
Select one or more answers:
Organizational and technical preparation of production
Representative information about the quality of competitors
Selection of high-quality suppliers
Estimates of the accuracy of metrological equipment
Objectivity of consumer perception
5. The model of the European Prize in Quality does not include such an evaluation criterion as:
Select one answer:
Role of manual
Policy and strategy
Business results
The role of owners of the company
6. The main goal of the internal audit:
Select one answer:
Proof of inconsistencies
Check knowledge of documents by staff
Check the adequacy of documents by international standards
Analysis of documents
observation of the department
7. The reasons that arise as a result of accidental impact on the process:
Select one answer:
Creative
Research
Special
general
8. Improving the quality of the processes is carried out by:
Select one or more answers:
Phased innovations
Bankruptcy organization
Projects breakthrough
Reorganization of the structure
Processing business processes
9. The market study is implemented within the quality function:
Select one answer:
Quality planning
Design of consumer quality
Saving quality
quality assurance
Improving quality
10. Metrological support allows:
Select one or more answers:
Control all stages of production
Guarantee unity and measurement accuracy
Conduct control with minimal cost
Play measurement results
influence consumer behavior
11. Quality preservation feature assumes:
Select one answer:
Development of quality improvement methods
Constant support for established and changed requirements
Development of design requirements for quality
Development of consumer requirements
assessment of quality compliance with requirements
12. The main factors affecting the process:
Select one answer:
External and internal Environment
Competitors, suppliers, consumers
People, Machines, Material, Method, Environment
Finance, people, equipment, managers
Goals, Tasks, Structure, Technology, People
13. Basic quality preservation events are:
Select one or more answers:
Statistical process management methods
Product exploitation
Research and preparation of production
Stages of product development
Conducting internal audit and self-esteem
14. The key factors of universal quality management are:
Select one or more answers:
strategic planning Quality
Continuous improvement of quality of work
Maximilization of current profits
Process management
Ensuring self-sufficiency
15. Quality is a set of product properties required for:
Select one answer:
Satisfying customer needs
ensuring high personnel motivation
Attracting the interest of state bodies
Reorganization of the company
psychological impact on the head
16. Have a seasonal impact on consumer value:
Select one answer:
Related
Temporary
Basic
Permanent
Proven
17. Approval "Quality Management is the implementation of responsibility" means:
Select one answer:
Use of authoritarian control methods
Refusal of additional stimulation of employees
Establishing the rules of development higher than that of competitors
Development of an additional document management system
Increase the ability of all employees to fulfill the requirements for quality
18. The advantages of the RMA:
Select one or more answers:
Reducing defects at the manufacturer
Reducing defects at the consumer
Increase the design stage
Complication of technical specifications
Ranking of defects in the degree of importance
19. List the quality management concept:
Select one or more answers:
Classical School of Management
Statistical quality control
Universal quality control
Doctrine "Human Relations"
Universal quality management
20. A comprehensive consumer quality study includes the study of values:
Select one or more answers:
organizational
Market
Universal
Proven
Basic
21. The external documentation on quality includes:
Select one or more answers:
Industry standards
Quality policy
Laws of the Russian Federation
Standards of the company
Technical conditions
22. Reducing the volume of input control is justified:
Select one answer:
satisfying customer needs
using new production technologies
improving product quality
Errors of continuous control
Dorganiza 100% control
23. The Deming Cycle includes:
Select one answer:
Plan - Perform - Check - Correct
Motiviruy - Planning - Control
Rate - decide - do
Perform - Think - Fill - decide
Plan - Organize - Check - Motivate
24. The formation of the design quality of the product begins with:
Select one or more answers:
Design documentation
Focus Group Works
Development of technical specifications
calculating cost
Input control
25. Consumer quality planning ends:
Select one answer:
Forecasting
Assessment of opportunities and threats
Analysis of strong I. weak Parties
structuring consumer requirements
Consumer poll
26. Preventing quality deterioration is:
Select one answer:
Certification
Control
Internal audit
Inspection
self-esteem
27. The principle of auditing on a single officially established management of the enterprise is expressed by the procedure:
Select one answer:
regularity
Warfish
uniformity
independence
Documenting
28. The main functions of quality management are:
Select one answer:
Production Organization Function, Market Study Function, Planning Function
Planning, Improvement, Provision
Analytical function, control function, promotion function, audit
Planning, Design, Ensuring, Control, Conservation and Improvement
production function, commercial function, competitiveness management
29. The formation of design quality is carried out on the basis of:
Select one or more answers:
Project documentation
Production costs
fulfillment of customer requirements
Changes in manufacturing policies
Technical task
30. Kaizen-cycles include a phased sequence of cycles:
Select one answer:
Punishment - Offer - Motivation - Training
Motivation - Offer - Remuneration
Offer - Support - Remuneration - Motivation for participation
Remuneration - Motivation - Proposals
Training - Remuneration - Support - Motivation

1. Product property to maintain performance for some time or work - this is:
Select one answer:
Saveability
Undetyability
Maintainability
durability
Transportability
2. Analysis of the cost of compliance and inconsistencies in the quality of processes is a method:
Select one answer:
Definitions of losses due to poor quality
Marriage estimates
Cost costs related to processes
Calculation costs for quality
Definitions of losses due to high quality
3. The main contribution of Japanese quality management:
Select one or more answers:
Wide use of standardization
Reduction costs for marketing research
Increased quality costs
State support for quality projects
Stimulating demand for company products
4. Stock product quality start starts with:
Select one or more answers:
Organizational and technical preparation of production
Representative information about the quality of competitors
Selection of high-quality suppliers
Estimates of the accuracy of metrological equipment
Objectivity of consumer perception
5. The model of the European Prize in Quality does not include such an evaluation criterion as:
Select one answer:
Role of manual
Policy and strategy
Business results
The role of owners of the company
6. The main goal of the internal audit:
Select one answer:
Proof of inconsistencies
Check knowledge of documents by staff
Check the adequacy of documents by international standards
Analysis of documents
observation of the department
7. The reasons that arise as a result of accidental impact on the process:
Select one answer:
Creative
Research
Special
general
8. Improving the quality of the processes is carried out by:
Select one or more answers:
Phased innovations
Bankruptcy organization
Projects breakthrough
Reorganization of the structure
Processing business processes
9. The market study is implemented within the quality function:
Select one answer:
Quality planning
Design of consumer quality
Saving quality
quality assurance
Improving quality
10. Metrological support allows:
Select one or more answers:
Control all stages of production
Guarantee unity and measurement accuracy
Conduct control with minimal cost
Play measurement results
influence consumer behavior
11. Quality preservation feature assumes:
Select one answer:
Development of quality improvement methods
Constant support for established and changed requirements
Development of design requirements for quality
Development of consumer requirements
assessment of quality compliance with requirements
12. The main factors affecting the process:
Select one answer:
External and internal Environment
Competitors, suppliers, consumers
People, Machines, Material, Method, Environment
Finance, people, equipment, managers
Goals, Tasks, Structure, Technology, People
13. Basic quality preservation events are:
Select one or more answers:
Statistical process management methods
Product exploitation
Research and preparation of production
Stages of product development
Conducting internal audit and self-esteem
14. The key factors of universal quality management are:
Select one or more answers:
Strategic quality planning
Continuous improvement of quality of work
Maximilization of current profits
Process management
Ensuring self-sufficiency
15. Quality is a set of product properties required for:
Select one answer:
Satisfying customer needs
ensuring high personnel motivation
Attracting the interest of state bodies
Reorganization of the company
psychological impact on the head
16. Have a seasonal impact on consumer value:
Select one answer:
Related
Temporary
Basic
Permanent
Proven
17. Approval "Quality Management is the implementation of responsibility" means:
Select one answer:
Use of authoritarian control methods
Refusal of additional stimulation of employees
Establishing the rules of development higher than that of competitors
Development of an additional document management system
Increase the ability of all employees to fulfill the requirements for quality
18. The advantages of the RMA:
Select one or more answers:
Reducing defects at the manufacturer
Reducing defects at the consumer
Increase the design stage
Complication of technical specifications
Ranking of defects in the degree of importance
19. List the quality management concept:
Select one or more answers:
Classical School of Management
Statistical quality control
Universal quality control
Doctrine "Human Relations"
Universal quality management
20. A comprehensive consumer quality study includes the study of values:
Select one or more answers:
organizational
Market
Universal
Proven
Basic
21. The external documentation on quality includes:
Select one or more answers:
Industry standards
Quality policy
Laws of the Russian Federation
Standards of the company
Technical conditions
22. Reducing the volume of input control is justified:
Select one answer:
satisfying customer needs
using new production technologies
improving product quality
Errors of continuous control
Dorganiza 100% control
23. The Deming Cycle includes:
Select one answer:
Plan - Perform - Check - Correct
Motiviruy - Planning - Control
Rate - decide - do
Perform - Think - Fill - decide
Plan - Organize - Check - Motivate
24. The formation of the design quality of the product begins with:
Select one or more answers:
Design documentation
Focus Group Works
Development of technical specifications
calculating cost
Input control
25. Consumer quality planning ends:
Select one answer:
Forecasting
Assessment of opportunities and threats
Analysis of the strengths and weaknesses
structuring consumer requirements
Consumer poll
26. Preventing quality deterioration is:
Select one answer:
Certification
Control
Internal audit
Inspection
self-esteem
27. The principle of auditing on a single officially established management of the enterprise is expressed by the procedure:
Select one answer:
regularity
Warfish
uniformity
independence
Documenting
28. The main functions of quality management are:
Select one answer:
Production Organization Function, Market Study Function, Planning Function
Planning, Improvement, Provision
Analytical function, control function, promotion function, audit
Planning, Design, Ensuring, Control, Conservation and Improvement
Production Function, Commercial Function, Competitive Management
29. The formation of design quality is carried out on the basis of:
Select one or more answers:
Project documentation
Production costs
fulfillment of customer requirements
Changes in manufacturing policies
Technical task
30. Kaizen-cycles include a phased sequence of cycles:
Select one answer:
Punishment - Offer - Motivation - Training
Motivation - Offer - Remuneration
Offer - Support - Remuneration - Motivation for participation
Remuneration - Motivation - Proposals
Training - Remuneration - Support - Motivation

Other questions and answers key look in the file!

Exercise 1

Question 1. What is the term definitely defined a long-term quality management and organization of work on enterprise control compliance with state standards of manufactured products?

1. Quality management

2. Universal quality management

3. Certification

4. Standardization

5. Metrology

Question 2. What is the term designate the relationship between dependent and independent variables expressed in the form of a table, text, graphics?

1. Property

2. Principle

4. Characteristic

5. Need

Question 3. What is the term to designate the result of activities or the processes of internal activities of enterprises?

3. Products

5. System

Question 4. What does the set of organizational structure, methodologies, processes and resources necessary for the implementation of the general management of quality?

1. Quality system

2. Quality level

3. Relative quality

4. Characteristic

5. Process

Question 5. What place in the world occupied Russia in terms of the quality of life of the population in 1994?

Task 2.

Choose the right answer to the question.

Question 1. At what stage is the quality of products formed?

1. Conclusions of the supply contract

2. Manufacturers

4. Quality control

5. Design

Question 2. From whose positions was the quality of products in the conditions of a command and administrative economy?

1. Consumer

2. Management of the company

3. Higher Management Organ

4. Ministries

5. State Standard of the Russian Federation

Question 3. What is the name of the science of the methods of measurement and quantitative assessment of the quality of products and services?

1. Mechanics

3. Qualmetry

4. Marketing

5. Electronics

Question 4. What contributes to improving the quality of products produced by domestic producers?

1. An increase in goods import

2. Reducing competitiveness

3. An increase in the gold stock

4. Growing export opportunities

5. efficient use natural resources

Question 5. What is compared in the process of checking the quality of product products manufactured?

1. Similar products of other enterprises

2. Design data

3. Standards of the company

4. Control sample

5. Standard (standard)

Task 3.

Question 1. How many international standards of the 9000 x series on quality systems have been developed and approved in 1987 by the Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization?

3. Four;

Question 2. How many stages of the life cycle of products provide for ISO standard?

Question 3. Decision making in the management of product quality at the enterprise is based on control, accounting and:

1. Analysis;

2. Planning;

3. forecasting;

4. Marketing;

5. Design .

Question 4. How many fundamental conditions are formulated in modern management Quality?

4. Twelve

Question 5. From the production of which type of product should begin development of production?

1. technological;

2. Dear;

3. less labor-intensive;

4. Located in demand;

5. To which technical documentation has been developed.

Task 4.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. On the basis of which document was carried out at the beginning of the century, the consumer received information about the quality of goods?

3. Specifications;

4. Drawing;

5. Manufacturer's guarantees.

Question 2. What is the name of the figure in international business, but a form similar to the former "quality mark"?

1. Mausoleum;

2. Acropolis;

3. Eiffel Tower;

4. Pentagon;

5. Elephant tumper.

Question 3. Name an example of the oncoming (bottom-up) vertical product quality management:

1. The system of low-door labor;

2. Scientific organization of work on the improvement of engine motors;

3. Quality mugs;

4. Comprehensive quality management system;

5. Noctooth production of products.

Question 4. How many stages of the development of quality systems can be allocated in the history of the XX century?

4. eight;

5. Nine.

Question 5. On what cycles is the system of comprehensive quality management?

1. Feigebaum;

2. Proudhon;

3. Isikawa;

4. Deming;

5. Bogolyubova.

Task 5.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. Who is the coordinating federal executive authority in such areas of activity as standardization, certification, metrology?

1. State Committee on Science and Technology;

2. Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation;

3. Ministry of Labor and social issues RF;

4. Gosstroy RF;

5. State Standard of the Russian Federation.

Question 2. What management methods are the scientific basis of modern technical control?

1. Delphi;

2. Balance:

3. Mathematical statistical;

4. Complex analysis;

5. Prediction.

Question 3. What approach to optimizing processes ensures statistical regulation of processes?

1. Random

2. Individual;

3. Complex;

4. Systematic:

5. Permanent.

Question 4. How many stages have historically occurred when assessing product quality?

2. three;

3. Four:

Question 5. What is the first stage of product quality assessment?

1. Definition of the nomenclature of certified products;

2. Acquisition necessary to control the quality of equipment;

3. The choice of the range of quality indicators;

4. Training of the staff of the Technical Control Department;

5. Drawing up an inspection plan.

Task 6.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. What is the system of the organization of low-door production (BIP) gained distribution in our country in the 1950s?

1. Leningrad;

2. Volgograd;

3. Saratov;

4. Minsk;

5. Kaliningrad.

Question 2. What method of controlling product quality in enterprises was the main one when using the BIP Saratov system?

1. solid;

2. Selective;

3. Lack of control;

4. Self-control;

5. Brigadier.

Question 3. What was the main criterion for the application of a comprehensive product quality management system:

1. Compliance with the quality of products to the highest achievements of science and technology;

2. Compliance with the quality of the labor result of the established requirements;

3. Compliance with the achieved level of the engine is the scheduled value;

4. Compliance with the quality of the first industrial products established requirements;

5. Compliance with world quality standards.

Question 4. The purpose of which product quality management system was to ensure the production of excellent quality products, high reliability and durability?

1. Canarspi;

Question 5. What system of product quality management covered many types of work at the study and design stage and at the stage of operation?

1. Canarspi;

Task 7.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. How much percent was the warranty period of operation of the engine as a result of the use of the quality management system of the norms?

Question 2. In which year, the basic principles of a unified system of state-owned product quality management were developed and approved by the State Standard?

Question 3. What unit at the enterprise coordinates the planning of quality activities?

1. Planned department;

2. Technical department;

3. Technological department;

4. Design department;

5. Quality assurance department.

Question 4. Who at the enterprise is responsible for the practical use of the product quality management system?

1. Chief Engineer;

2. Director;

3. Deputy. Director for Quality;

4. Head of the Technical Control Department;

5. Head of the Technical Department.

Question 5. In what plan is fundamentally important for the ISO 9000-1U94 system, is the newly introduced provision that all the work performed by the organization is considered as a set of interrelated processes?

1. Methodological

2. Technical

3. ideological

4. Technological

5. Economic.

Task 8.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. The credo of prosperous firms around the world - the buyer's conquest is made through:

1. Low prices;

2. Quality;

3. design;

4. Low labor intensity;

5. Product efficiency.

Question 2. How many companies in the world have certified quality systems?

Question 3. To increase what results of enterprises aim is to improve the quality of products manufactured?

1. Technical

2. Technological

3. Economic

5. Design

Question 4. How many percent of the supply contracts in Russia provide confirmation of the availability of a quality assurance system corresponding to the ISO series 9000?

Question 5. How many enterprises in Russia have passed certification of quality systems?

Task 9.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. In which city was the first universal quality management forum in 1994?

1. London;

2. Paris;

3. Moscow;

4. Milan;

5. Khartoum.

Question 2. What are the agreements concluded by the Russian Federation at the Government Level?

1. State;

2. International;

3. ministerial;

4. Interregional;

5. Industry.

Question 3. What affects, first of all, on the process of implementing universal quality management?

1. Public opinion;

2. State of the economy;

3. Market relations;

4. The legislation of the country;

5. Desire of enterprise managers.

Question 4. What methods are used to analyze and regulate processes at all stages of product life cycle?

1. Statistical;

2. Analytical;

brain teaser;

3. Planning;

4. Engineering and mathematical.

Question 5. What methods include methods of product quality assessment?

1. stimulation;

2. Control;

3. Motivations;

4. self-control;

5. Statistical.

Task 10.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. In what year in Japan in enterprises formed "Quality Circles?

Question 2. What system of organization of relationship contributes to improving the work of the enterprise at the expense of the competent leadership and the conscious behavior of each employee of the company?

1. controlling;

2. Democratic;

3. Corporate culture;

4. Scientific;

5. Technological.

Question Z. What is prerequisite Transition to the enterprise to self-control of products?

1. Retraining staff;

2. Change of technological mode;

3. Improving the quality of technical documentation;

4. Stimulating enterprise management;

5. Development of a system for promoting workers.

Question 4. What methods of product quality management are recognized as an important condition for increasing product profitability?

1. self-control;

2. statistical;

3. Economic and mathematical;

4. Social;

5. Technical.

Task 11.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. What data are used when building a histogram?

1. Accounting;

2. Analytical;

3. generalized;

4. Measured;

5. Cumulative.

Question 2. What method of product quality assessment is used when you need to install how much oscillations are caused by random changes?

1. Control map;

2. Temporary rows;

3. Pareto diagram;

4. Histogram;

5. Scattering diagram.

Question 3. What analysis allows you to conduct control cards?

1. economic efficiency;

2. technical feasibility;

3. Demand on produced products;

4. process capabilities;

5. The causes of marriage.

Question 4. How many types of control cards is used to characterize high-quality signs of products?

3. Four;

Question 5. What method of assessing product quality is used when it is required to determine what is happening with one of the variables, if another variable changes?

1. Control map;

2. Temporary rows;

3. Pareto diagram;

4. Histogram;

5. Scattering diagram.

Task 12.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. What term denotes the verification of the compliance of the monitoring object of the established technical requirements?

1. Organization of control; technical control; control for compliance with GOST;

2. Evaluation of product quality;

3. Documentary control.

Question 2. What are the efforts of the world's leading firms in the field of product quality control?

1. Improving control methods;

2. Developing an effective system for promoting workers for a decline in marriage;

3. Marriage warning;

4. Changes in punishment for admitted marriage;

5. Improving the technological regime.

Question 3. The purpose of which control method is to eliminate random changes in product quality?

1. Gnoseological;

2. Analytical;

3. statistical;

4. Mathematical analysis;

5. Social.

Question 4. In what form of the plans of statistical control of a batch of products the number of steps of control is specified in advance?

1. Single-stage;

2. two-stage;

3. multistage;

4. Sequential;

5. Discrete.

Question 5. What is the probabilistic indicator of the statistical control plan?

1. Operational characteristic;

2. The level of product quality;

3. production volume;

4. The coefficient of use of production facilities;

5. labor productivity.

Task 13.

Mark the correct answer in the response card.

Question 1. What kind of is the operational characteristic for selective control plans?

1. broken line;

2. straight line;

3. Stump;

4. Smooth curve;

5. Intermittent line.

Question 2. What control procedure continues until a defective instance appears in the sample?

1. solid;

2. Discrete;

3. technologically necessary;

4. Experimental statistical;

5. With a weakened mode.

Question 3. What are the names of the control cards that are used when making decisions on product quality control mode?

1. Registration;

2. Cumulative;

3. Double cards;

4. Simple,

5. Complex.

Question 4. From what document on the quality of product quality is the transformation of opinions and assumptions in facts begins?

1. Histogram;

2. Scattering diagram;

3. Control map;

4. Checklist;

5. Chart Pareto.

Question 5. What is the quality control method used when you need to prevent the relative importance of all problems in order to identify the starting point for solving problems?

1. Histogram;

2. Scattering diagram;

3. Control map;

4. Checklist;

5. Chart Pareto.

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Quality management at the enterprise is carried out on the basis of the enterprise standards regulating the system-wide issues of information support, the procedure for the development, design, approval and implementation of enterprise standards, as well as the introduction of state and industry standards; holding "quality days"; The work of various commissions (on the culture of production, the permanent commission on quality and other). Special standards establish qualitative signs of raw materials, materials, component products, which increases the responsibility of suppliers. They record the technical and operational parameters of the manufactured products, determine the methods of testing, the rules for acceptance of products. The standards of the enterprise determine the quality management mechanism, which includes the following steps: Collecting, processing and analysis of product quality information, as well as the analysis of product quality information, as well as the progress and condition of technical and other processes affecting product quality; Comparison of the actual results of the activities of various enterprise units in the field of product quality with the requirements of standards; preparation and decision-making on quality improvement issues; Organization of planning and preventive measures.

In the standards of the enterprise there are provisions on promoting product quality issues, recommendations on the development of forms and methods of material and moral promotion of the collective and individual employees of the enterprise. Indicators incorporated in standards make it possible to correctly assess the contribution of each Contractor to solve the problem of improving product quality and thereby give the basis for the right remuneration of workers who pass high quality products.

The standards of the enterprise oblige all employees of the enterprise to constantly increase their skills, make it possible to use all material and labor resources With the greatest efficiency, in a timely manner to focus the attention of workers, engineering and technical workers on the use of additional production reserves. Enterprises are required to produce products in full compliance with standards, for the release of products with deviations from standards, the company is responsible.

Functional quality systems are the execution of management and all divisions of their functions and tasks in order to ensure product quality. This consists of the meaningful side of the system activity, that is, what it is intended for.

At the same time, in the implementation of the functions of the quality system in one way or another, almost all enterprise divisions are involved, each of which solves its tasks.

In this regard, there is a need to perform auxiliary tasks for servicing the quality system itself. These tasks include: conducting internal inspections and the commissioning of the system, coordination and methodical support of the work of units in the quality system, the organization of the activity of quality circles, as well as product certification and quality system.

The weightability of meaningful activities in relation to the service activities of the system itself shows how rationally the quality system is organized. Therefore, it should be feared to excessive ancillary activities. In sociology, this phenomenon is known as the "expression of the bureaucracy", when any system is closed on self-service, to the detriment of the performance of the technical functions for which it was created.

In accordance with the recommendations of ISO 9000 standards, head of the quality system and the representative of the enterprise management should be responsible for its effective functioning. As a rule, it is directly subject to the quality service and the unifying department of quality management, the department of technical control, metrological service, Centrally Factory Laboratory and Standardization Service.

Quality Responsibilities includes how to perform

other tasks, quality services:

Organization of work in quality - development and improvement of the quality system

Development of policies and quality planning

Control of the quality of development, manufacture and testing of finished products

Metrological provision of production

Conducting work on standardization and control rate

Introduction of claim work

Preparation of events and organizational administrative documents in the field of quality, control and analysis of their execution.

Checking the functional quality system

Organization of work on product certification and quality system

Methodical guidance when training personnel quality issues

Of course, problems with quality may arise in the enterprise - marriage. Sometimes it is inevitable in some situations, but special areas for working with quality control are fighting this problem is currently very successful.

Of course, with an increase in the costs of managing the quality of marriage costs will decrease. However, this does not mean that the enterprise should unlimitedly increase the cost of quality. It is necessary to constantly analyze the cost management costs, the costs of marriage and the total costs of the enterprise, because With an unreasonable increase in quality costs, there is an increase in total costs.

Costs of quality control and marriage costs can be applied to the same schedule, as is done in Figure 1.3.

Fig. 1.3.

The intersection point of these two curves is usually a point of minimum costs. But in practice it is not easy to get an approximate assessment, since many other variables have to take into account. However, this task is the most important task for the manual. In many firms, such calculations are not produced, although the calculation of costs for quality can be a source of huge savings.

Current management Quality systems

Current quality management of quality systems is associated with controlling technological processes. The control parameters of the technological process are determined. The output beyond the permissible range of control parameters can lead to the release of defective products. Deviations of parameters occur under the influence of random factors. Statistical methods are used to control the quality of technological processes.

The quality system is created and implemented as a means providing a certain policy and achieve the goal.

The policy of the enterprise in the field of quality is formed by the highest leadership of the enterprise.

The quality system includes: quality assurance; quality control; Quality improvement. It is created by the management of the enterprise as a means of implementing quality policies.

The customer (consumer) and supplier (manufacturer) function function in the quality system.

The quality system that ensures the policy of the enterprise and the achievement of a quality goal includes:

1. Marketing, search and study of the market.

2. Design and / or development of technical requirements, product development.

3. Material and technical supply.

4. Preparation and development of technical processes.

5. Production.

6. Control, testing and examinations.

7. Packaging and storage.

8. Implementation and distribution

9. Installation and operation.

10. Technical assistance in service.

11. Recycling after use.

Primary is the formation and documenting The management of the company (enterprises) quality policies.

When forming policies, there may be the following directions:

Improving the economic situation of the enterprise by improving quality;

Expansion or conquest of new markets;

Achieving the technical level of products exceeding the level of leading enterprises and firms;

Defection of defectiveness, etc.

Quality policy should be set forth in a special document, framed in the form of a program.

The overall quality management system may have subsystems for separate species Products or company activities.

Quality assurance activities include:

Planning and design;

Design of technological processes and preparation of production;

Manufacture;

Quality checking;

Prevention of quality deterioration;

After-sales service;

Obtaining information from the consumer;

Check quality assurance system.

Modern quality management methods are becoming increasingly used in Russian enterprises. However, there is still a lag from foreign firms.

The first editions of the international standards of the ISO series 9000 came out. By the beginning of the 1990s, the certification of quality systems abroad was massive. In Russia, the first certificate for the quality system was issued in 1994

From the mid-1990s, specialists and practices abroad are associated modern methods Quality management with TQM methodology - universal (comprehensive, total quality, quality management.

Certification of the quality system is to confirm its compliance with certain requirements that the manufacturer has assumed (independently or under the influence of external circumstances, for example, at the request of the customer).

Quality requirements are defined by the International Organization for Standardization (MOS or ISO) - English. International Standard Organization - ISO. Quality requirements are contained in ISO 9000 ISO standards:

1. ISO 9000 "General management of quality and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for choosing and use."

2. ISO 9001 "Quality system. Model for quality assurance during design and (or) development, production, installation and maintenance.

3. ISO 9002 "Quality system. Model for quality assurance during production and installation."

4. ISO 9003 "Quality System .. Model for quality assurance during final control and testing."

5. ISO 9004 "General quality management and quality system elements. Guidelines".

The basis of the State Standardization System of the Russian Federation (GSS) is five standards:

1. GOST R. 1.0-92 " State system Standardization of the Russian Federation. Basic provisions.

2. GOST R. 1.2-92 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. The procedure for developing state standards."

3. GOST R. 1. 3-92 "State system of the Russian Federation. The order of coordination, approval and registration of technical conditions."

4. GOST R. 1.4-92 State system of the Russian Federation. Standards of the enterprise. General provisions."

5. GOST R. 5 - "State System of the Russian Federation. General requirements To the construction, presentation, design and content of standards.

In Russia, there are three state quality standards:

1. GOST 40. 9001-88 "Quality system. Model for quality assurance during design and (or) development, production, installation and maintenance"

2. GOST 40.9002-88 "Quality system. Model for quality assurance during production and installation."

3. GOST 40.9003-88 2 Quality system. Model to provide quality with final control and testing. "

The work on certification of quality systems in Russia is conducted - regional authorities of the State Standard, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Certification, Russian Maritime Register of Shipping and a number of other independent bodies and associations. In Europe, the compliance of the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, Switzerland, Germany, Finland and other countries, which united in the European network, and then turned into an international network. This ensures mutual recognition of certificates and makes it possible to enterprises not to carry out without the need of multiple assessments of quality systems by various organizations. Certification of products and quality systems firmly entered world work trade relations in connection with this, for Russian enterprises external economic activity, certification of products and quality systems, is becoming essential for the admission of their products to the external market. When choosing an organ for certification, the main criterion should be its international authority to ensure that the certificate obtained from it has provided widespread recognition of high quality products in the markets. Thus, mandatory certification allows legal grounds supply products to sales markets, and voluntary certification of products and systems, quality gives an enterprise an advantage in a competitive struggle and contributes to an increase in the price and volume of sales of their products. Certification of products and quality systems, tracking and strict execution current legislation In the field of quality are important areas of work in the process of product quality management.

Products subject to mandatory certification cannot be implemented without certificates of relevant standards. Such products without a certificate can not be advertised and imported into the territory of Russia. Voluntary certification of products and quality systems increases the competitiveness of manufactured products in the market. Without the organization of work on compulsory certification of products without knowledge and implementation of the legislation in the field of quality operating in Russia and in countries - imported products, as well as international regulations, the successful activities of the enterprise in the internal and foreign markets are impossible, since In the sale of products, the company will constantly encounter on very serious, and sometimes on irresistible obstacles.

One of the most important areas in the activities of enterprises in quality management is tracking and unconditional performance of current legislation in the field of quality. Responsibility for violation of legislation is, first of all, the availability of socially significant mandatory requirements for the safety of products for the population and the environment, as well as legal relations between consumers and quality suppliers.

RF Law "On Consumer Protection"

This law requires the seller (manufacturer) to ensure that the goods are safe and meets the mandatory requirements of the standards and the terms of the contract.

When selling goods with disadvantages, the consumer has the right to demand from the seller or free elimination of deficiencies, or replacement to a similar product. The seller is obliged to satisfy the requirements of the consumer, if he (the Seller) does not prove that the shortcomings in the product arose due to the consumer's fault.

This law provides for mandatory certification of products if safety requirements for the population and the environment have been established.

The Law "On Consumer Protection" except General provisions includes sections:

Protection of consumer rights when selling consumption goods

Protection of consumer rights "On the performance of work (provision of services)."

RF Law "On Providing Unity of Measurements"

Many quality indicators exist in the form of specific quantitative characteristics, therefore the unity and accuracy of measurements of these characteristics are essential when quality management, when the results are expressed in legal units and measurement errors do not go beyond installed borders. This law is precisely establishing the order, ensuring the unity and accuracy of measurements and aimed at protecting the rights of citizens from unreliable measurement results.

The law provides for public administration The unity of measurements by the State Standard of Russia establishes metrological services, state metrological control and supervision, the procedure for checking measurement tools, their calibration and certification.

From July 1 of this year, laws "On certification of products and services" and "On standardization" are canceled. They replaced the law "On Technical Regulation". This law cancels compulsory certification to the majority of goods, since the previously existing system did not provide for due measure the safety of food. Now declarations of conformity are introduced, responsibility for which manufacturers will carry. Safety requirements will be contained in "Technical Regulations". They will be developed for 7 years. And before their entry into force, previously adopted regulatory documents will continue. The Law "On Technical Regulation" suggests that the manufacturer is fully responsible for its quality. Gosty formally did not have the strength of the law, the technical regulations after their statement approval it will be. These regulatory documents will determine the requirements for the safety of goods. State standards will continue, but will be a recommendation. To identify dangerous goods will be tracked, CSM, SanEpidemadzor. If a suspicion is suspicion that the goods can be dangerous for the life and health of consumers, the manufacturer will have to present test protocols. Their manufacturer can spend either on their own or in an accredited laboratory.

Thus, to control the quality will now be at the stage of circulation of goods. Although there will be no mandatory certification, according to the developers of the law, the manufacturer does not make sense to risk their money, because the product feedback can ruin it. The law provides for the possibility of voluntary certification - to increase the prestige of the brand.

The law "On the responsibility of the manufacturer for the release of defective products" is the most important legal act aimed at protecting the EU countries from the spread of poor-quality products, the law "On the manufacturer's responsibility for the release of defective products" has become adopted on July 25, 1985 (hereinafter referred to as the law). All States members of the EU were prescribed for three years from the date of its publication (30.07.85) to bring their legal and administrative acts regarding responsibility for the issuance of defective products, in accordance with the specified law. This law establishes the presumption of the guilt of the manufacturer for damage resulting from a defective product. The victim consumer should no longer prove that the products are made with violations, it is enough to indicate a defect in products and a causal connection with the damage incurred, as well as the amount of damage. The manufacturer knows its production well and if he does not manage to bring evidence of his innocence (and jurisdiction makes very high demands), then he is responsible for the damage. Thus, in accordance with Article 3 of the Law, this situation is not possible when in the event of damage or harm to persons due to defective products legally produced or supplied to the EU, there would be no responsibility for defective products and is simultaneously subject to the right to the right to EU territory.

According to fundamental principles The new concept, the Council of Europe issues the harmonization directives, which establishes the minimum product requirements, as well as the order of its input. EU Directive is a legislative act that prescribes all States to EU member states to bring national legislation in line with the requirements of this Directive. States Parties are obliged to implement EU directives into national legislation. Harmonization directives pursue the goal, which is to make it possible to immediately get the opportunity to settle the problems of moving a certain product group in the EU by introducing unified requirements For all countries of the participants without constant mutual agreement. Introduction to the appeal of products falling under the EU Directive (and, therefore, and automatically under the national legislation of each of the participants' countries) is unacceptable without complying with the fundamental claims of the relevant law. If the products are fully or partially affected by any EU directive, it is said that this product enters the legislatively regulated area. The manufacturer of such products when entering it into circulation in the EU territory declares its exceptional responsibility that this product complies with all the provisions of directives and marks this product to the sign.

Head of the Center for Development and Audit Regulations of the Technological Audit Department of the Deputy General Director for the Quality of Concern " Tractor plants»

With the word "quality", different people have different associations. According to GOST, quality is compliance with the requirements. And if, for example, a person in the hairdresser was touched smoothly and neatly, but Nahamili, or he did not like how he began to look, because he did not listen to all his wishes. Will it be a qualitative service provided or not? .. may say that the consumer has become a capricious. But in fact, he has the right to be satisfied or dissatisfied. Moreover, now there is from what to choose. If the hairdresser is one, the client will not go anywhere and will come here for the second time. But if there are several salons with a similar price level, then the first hairdresser has every chance of losing the client forever.

Also with products, including tractor equipment. If the tractor owner does not suit something, even if the lack of air conditioner in the cockpit, and even more so, if you have to stand it because of the machine failures and carry losses, it means there is a risk that the next time it will turn to another manufacturer. That is why it is important to find out the need and evaluate satisfaction for all criteria. The machine must be reliable, convenient to perform basic functions, including maintenance, allow you to use additional features, for example, the maximum large line of attachments. With all this there should be an adequate price and decent service.

Natural selection no one canceled - the strongest survivors. Namely an enterprise that will be able to satisfy any consumer requests, and even anticipate them. At the same time, the quality stability is important. After all, there are such manufacturers passenger carsWhich, when buying a car from a party released, for example, in September, after an audit of the certification organization, there are no complaints about the car. And to the car of the same model released in January, after the New Year holidays, - claims at least debugs.

In the concern "Tractor Plants" perfectly understand that quality stability is an important success factor. And product quality begins with the quality of management, for it is possible to manage correctly only within a well-built system. Therefore, in the production business units of the concern, the quality management systems (in some places there are already a business management system), which ensure the creation of the highest possible product in all respects. These systems include all processes of creating products - from determining what the consumer wants to receive and work with suppliers before assessing consumer satisfaction with the product. Everything important processes The concern is rigidly regulated, and the deviation from them entails measures to motivate workers.

Great importance is paid to warning, preventive action. This is a set of measures aimed at overcoming the problem that has not yet arisen, but there is a high probability of its occurrence, or it is in its infancy. Everyone understands the need for medical prevention: "To drink Borjomi late when the kidneys refused." So in production with product quality. If the marriage went to the consumer, the company's image will be significantly undermined, and the consumer is irrevocably lost. Yes, and economic damage is great. After all, the further products are undergoing the production stages, the more expensive is a marriage company. Losses in the subsequent stages of product manufacturing due to poor quality on the earliest increase in geometric progression. Stop the process in the first stage - the plant will lose, for example, one hundred rubles, and the manufacturer's image does not suffer. And if no one will stop the marriage over the entire production chain, then the losses will be hundred thousand rubles - a thousand times more! This is a colossal difference.

What can be done to prevent violations? Any competent managers will say: "It is necessary to eliminate the root cause." And the reasons may be somewhat. In accordance with the well-known Isica chart, or "4m", the groups of reasons are the following: person, machine, material, method. The first element is a man. Often we hear: "You can not do anything, the human factor." Everyone knows that where there is a person - there is the possibility of mistakes, violations of technology, which means there is a threat to quality.

How to exclude, or reduce the likelihood of errors? In the Tractor Plants Concern, various methods are used to prevent violations of technology and the maximum prevention of inconsistencies.

In the production process, to minimize the human factor, i.e. To achieve high stability of sizes in the processing of responsible products, modern equipment with software control, robotic equipment are used. So, at OJSC InterTractor, spars, pushing the bars of industrial tractors, components for excavators are processed on the Japanese Robotic Welding Complex FanUC.

For example, eliminate the influence of such reasons such as forgetfulness, the inattention of the performer or the desire to make faster, methods called "error protection" helps. Devices or procedures that prevent error appearing, making it impossible or uncomfortable incorrect operation of the operation, the Japanese are called "while yoke". These methods are now successfully used with us.

For example, in the forgerating production of the Cheboksary aggregate plant, which is included in the concern, automatic devices for the rejection of heated blanks having a temperature with a deviation from the one that is specified in the technology is applied.

Or, for example, in OJSC Sareks, in OJSC Promteractor to minimize errors when assembling the tractor nodes, the accommodation of components - the tractor complex consists of a set of revolving containers (cassettes) containing components for one tractor. This allows you to implement the principle of "exactly during", preventing errors when assembling.

Where "protection against error" is not applicable or economically inexpedient, the system of technological audit, technical control and acceptance by inspectors of the management company remains effective. This system can be compared with a multistage filter. It, as a water filter, caresses unnecessary - inconsistencies on the path of materials and parts for finished products. Quality filters help reduce the defects of finished products almost 50 times - eliminate costs for hundreds of millions of rubles.

There are several control stages in the concern enterprises. The first - when conducting input control (for suppliers, which have not yet proven itself, as reliable) in laboratories performing analyzes of the chemical composition, structure and properties of materials. Responsible components are tested, which are imitation of the workload during operation. For example, at the Vladimir motor-tractor plant, generators, starters, nozzles, fuel pumps, filters, temperature sensors and other purchased products are tested.

There are similar stands in the "Volgograd Machine-Building Company" VGTZ ", which are tested by pneumotors, hydraulic distributors, hydraulic cylinders, voltage converters, etc. At OJSC InterTractor Tests Pumps, Hydraulic Motors, Control Blocks and Other Nodes, to CJSC InterMractor-Car Test brake cylinders, autoretulators, connecting sleeves and other nomenclature. The same control procedures are at the rest of the concern.

Further, in the production process, all products are monitored by the Contractor. Separate products (at the request of the customer, as well as those that are allocated as "problematic" objects) are controlled by repeatedly independent of the production department of technical control, laboratories. All responsible details have personal or brigade stamps. Therefore, there is practically one hundred percent traceability of the performer.

Moreover, in some enterprises, controls with the use of high-precision measuring equipment. Machining machines allow you to check the complex details of various configurations, including in automatic control mode. For example, on LLC "Promteractor-Proglit", specialists of the SW make frozen products with a complex shape and large-sized using the "measuring hand" - the CIMCore Infinite coordinate and measuring manipulator. The device has a wide range of measurements and has a mobile design that allows it to be installed on any smooth metal surface. It allows you to combine the mathematical three-dimensional model of the product with the actual form of the measured product and obtain data on the deviation value at any point of the surface.

At OJSC Krganmashzavod, coordinate measuring machines have long been used, for example, Accura 10. Measurements of products of varying complexity and forms are made here: Carter, balancing, brackets, flanges, gears, gears, crank and many others.

Also control and measuring machines are used on the "Prommettractor", Cheboksary Aggregate Plant and other concern enterprises.

The next stage of multistage control is output control. Before the finished products proceed to the consumer, it is experienced. For example, the main nodes of the tractor are transmission, onboard transmissions, leading bridges are mandatory running on the stands. Finished equipment is also tested on a stand with monitoring of operating parameters and running on specially created polygons.

We give an example of checking the finished equipment in Sarex OJSC:

the first step is a visual inspection of the tractor (ICE, cab, transmission, pneumatic system, etc.); Step two - the brake system is tested; Step Three - the parking brake is tested; Steps Fourth and Fifth - PVM tests and blocking the reverse bridge differential; Sixth - There is a check on the movement along the uneven road; seventh - tested zNU (hydraulic system); the eighth - the power take-off shaft is tested; The ninth is a test with load trolleys and step tenth ends on the test track. Thus, the so-called validation is performed - confirmation that the technique can be used in real operating conditions.

To identify flaws during the test, of course, better than them will be found by the consumer during operation, but still not so effectively than to eliminate the problems in the early stages of manufacture.

It is better to act on the protection. Therefore, the enterprises of the concern effectively operates the system that motivating the voluntary presentation of marriage in the earliest stages of manufacture - the so-called system "5NE". Her principles: "Do not create conditions for marriage," "Do not take marriage"; "Do not make marriage" ("Do not break the technology"); "Do not pass marriage", "do not repeat errors." The system is simple for understanding, execution, the possibility of engaging workers in the quality system. After all, with a voluntary presentation of the made marriage, the perpetrators of retaining from the salary are not produced. In the event of a marriage received from the previous operation, a premium is reduced by the premium to the perpetrator and the worker, knowingly missing this marriage on intermediate operations. The premium is charged to the detector that revealed to the marriage. In addition, there is a bond fund in order to promote employees who do not have comments to the quality of work.

In fact, the worker is not profitable to break, as each violation is fixed, and it can be removed from work, send it to retrestness, re-certification. Lists of "Polyazelov" even hang on information stands. It is unlikely that someone wants to sit without work, lose in the salary and be in the lists of worst workers. For example, the "Promractor-car" is conducted by the "anti-raid welder", which motivates not to disturb the technology.

Conversely, "excellent cards" are well encouraged. The absence of violations of technological discipline is one of the main criteria for awarding the title "The Best By Profession", the laureate of the corporate award "The Golden Frames of the Tractor Plants Concern, etc.

There is another very effective method Error warnings. To ensure the stability of product quality in some enterprises, the concern resumed the application of statistical methods for assessing technological processes. For example, at the Vladimir Motor Tractor Plant based on the problematic characteristics of particularly important products, according to the results of the application of statistical measurements, the cause of the process instability is revealed. Then stabilization of technological operations is carried out to minimize the risks of the issuance of marriage - the setup cards are developed.

Metivating methods do not violate technological discipline, more and more are used in enterprises. Now the elements of systems contributing to the level of product quality, productivity, as well as labor safety are being actively introduced. For example, it would seem that such elementary things as the guidance of the order in the workplace can significantly reduce the likelihood of errors. After all, the mess always contributes to the appearance of marriage. Therefore, the fulfillment of the requirements of the Technological Code of the workplace, industrial culture within the framework of the regulations developed by the management company for production business units reduce the risk of inconsistencies.

For example, on the "Kurganmashzavoda" so seriously approached this issue that there, as in the pharmacy, you can quickly and unmistakably find components, tools, snap and everything else.

Today, today about the prevention of marriage at the enterprises of the Tractor Plants, I will repeat that the main purpose of preventive measures is not a response to the emerging problem, and its prevention. Warning measures are a marriage vaccine! In the presence of a quality management system, its competent use and absence of formalism, the probability of errors is always lower.

And the results are based on most models of finished equipment and engines operated on the territory of Russia, improving reliability and quality is achieved. Here are the main indicators (according to the first nine months of 2015): the reliability of technology in relation to the previous year is reduced 1.4 times. The quality of equipment is in a state of delivery, that is, the quality of the tractor released from the plant has been enhanced 2.2 times. Of course, there is where to strive and not everything is so smooth. The main thing, under no circumstances to dwell on the achieved. With any economic situation, knowing the methods of improving the efficiency of quality work, constantly introducing improvements, the level of quality will be unchanged higher and higher. So, the consumer will be pleased, who will repay the technique produced by the enterprises of the Tractor Plants concern and remain adherent to their products.

1. Standardization and certification

The quality system is a set of organizational structure, distribution of responsibility, processes, procedures and resources, providing general quality management. This definition is given in the international standard ISO 8402.

A foreign client to conclude a contract for the supply of products put forward a requirement for the manufacturer of a quality system and quality system about the availability of a certificate for a quality system issued by an authoritative certification body.

Quality management is largely based on standardization. Standardization is a regulatory method of control. Its impact on the object is carried out by establishing rules and rules decorated in the form of regulatory documents that are legally binding.

Standard is a regulatory and technical document establishing the basic requirements for product quality.

An important role in quality management belongs to specifications.

Technical conditions are a regulatory and technical document establishing additional to state standards, and in the absence of independent requirements for high-quality product indicators, as well as equivalent to this document. technical description, recipe, sample standard

Standards determine the procedure and methods for planning to improve product quality at all stages of the life cycle, establish requirements for means and methods of control and quality assessment.

Product quality management is carried out on the basis of state, international, industry standards and standards of enterprises.

International Organizations on Standardization and Product Quality

Excess supply of demand, competitive fight For the buyer, they led to the need to develop objective indicators, allowing to evaluate the body's ability to produce products with the necessary quality characteristics .. In this case, the quality of the manufactured and supplied products should be stable, resistant for the entire time of the contract. The guarantor of stability is the availability of a quality system manufacturer that meets internationally recognized standards.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was established in 1946 at the meeting of the UN Standard Coordination Committee in order to facilitate the standardization on a global scale to facilitate international trade and mutual assistance; To expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical, economic activity.

The main activity of ISO is the development of international standards. ISO standards are voluntary to use. However, their use in national standardization is associated with expanding exports, market market, maintaining the competitiveness of products.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

Created in 1906 in London. After creation in 1946, ISO joined her on autonomous rights, retaining independence in financial and organizational issues. It is engaged in standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, instrument making. Iso - in all other industries.

The objectives of the IEC is to promote international cooperation in solving the issues of standardization in the field of electrical engineering, radio electronics. The main task is to develop international standards in the relevant area.

Modern quality management methods are becoming increasingly used in Russian enterprises. However, there is still a lag from foreign firms.

For example, product certification (independent confirmation of product compliance with established requirements) in countries with a market economy introduced in the early 80s. In Russia, the law "On certification of products and services" appeared in 1992

The first editions of the international standards of the ISO series 9000 came out. By the beginning of the 1990s, the certification of quality systems abroad was massive. In Russia, the first certificate for the quality system was issued in 1994

From the mid-1990s, specialists and practices abroad are associated with modern methods of quality management with TQM methodologies - universal (inclusive, total) quality management.

Certification of the quality system is to confirm its compliance with certain requirements that the manufacturer has established /

(independently or under the influence of external circumstances, for example, at the request of the customer).

Quality requirements are defined by the International Organization for Standardization (MOS or ISO) - English. International Standard Organization - ISO. Quality requirements are contained in ISO 9000 ISO standards:

ISO 9000 "General management quality and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for choosing and use."

ISO 9001 "quality system. Model for quality assurance during design and (or) development, production, installation and maintenance.

ISO 9002 "Quality system. Model for quality assurance during production and installation."

ISO 9003 "Quality System .. Model for quality assurance with final control and testing."

ISO 9004 "General quality management and quality system elements. Guidelines".

The basis of the State Standardization System of the Russian Federation (GSS) is five standards:

GOST R 1.0-92 "State Standardization System of the Russian Federation. Basic provisions.

GOST R 1.2-92 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. The procedure for developing state standards."

GOST R 1.3-92 "State system of the Russian Federation. The procedure for coordination, approval and registration of technical conditions."

GOST R 1.4-92 "State system of the Russian Federation. Enterprise standards. General provisions."

GOST R 5 "State system of the Russian Federation. General requirements for building, presentation, design and content of standards."

In Russia, there are three state quality standards:

GOST 40.9001-88 "Quality system. Model for quality assurance during design and (or) development, production, installation and maintenance"

GOST 40.9002-88 "Quality system. Model to provide quality in production and installation."

GOST 40.9003-88 "Quality system. Model for quality assurance with final control and testing."

The state standards of the Russian Federation include the following provisions:

Requirements for product quality, works and services that ensure safety for life, health and property, environmental protection, mandatory requirements of safety and production sanitation.

Requirements compatibility and interchangeability of products.

Methods for monitoring the quality of products, works and services that ensure their safety for life, health and property, environmental protection, compatibility and interchangeability of products.

The main consumer and operational properties of products, requirements for packaging, labeling, transportation and storage, disposal.

Provisions providing technical unity in the development, production, operation of products and services, the rules for providing product quality, the safety and rational use of all types of resources, terms, definitions and other general technical rules and norms.

Conditions for the preparation of quality systems for certification:

The presence of accurately established procedures.

Minor return / abnormal returns.

The presence of test laboratories.

High performance.

Availability at enterprises of quality managers.

Applying statistical methods of control processes.

Availability of documented procedures

The presence of organizational decorated quality systems

Availability of quality department

Organization of product control

Accurate definition of responsibility.

Organization of detection of defects.

A certified quality management system is a guarantee of high stability and stability of the quality of products manufactured by the supplier.

The availability of a certificate for a quality system is a prerequisite for saving competitive advantage On the market.

1. Lack of production management problems.

2. few claims from customers.

Evaluation options by the customer of the quality management system of the supplier:

The client is satisfied with the statement of the availability of a quality system supplier.

The client asks to submit documents in confirming such an approval.

The client wants to check and appreciate the supplier quality system itself.

The client requires the certification of the quality system by the authority to which he trusts.

2. Quality system

The quality system is created and implemented as a means providing a certain policy and achieve the goal.

The policy of the enterprise in the field of quality is formed by the highest leadership of the enterprise.

The quality system includes: quality assurance; quality control; Quality improvement. It is created by the management of the enterprise as a means of implementing quality policies.

The customer (consumer) and supplier (manufacturer) function function in the quality system.

The quality system that ensures the policy of the enterprise and the achievement of a quality goal includes:

Marketing, search and study of the market.

Design and / or development of technical requirements, product development.

Logvironmental supply.

Preparation and development of technical processes.

Production.

Control, testing and surveys.

Packaging and storage.

Sales and distribution

Installation and operation.

Technical assistance in maintenance.

Disposal after use.

Primary is the formation and documentary registration of the management of the company (enterprises) of quality policies.

When forming policies, there may be the following directions:

improving the economic situation of the enterprise by improving quality;

expansion or conquest of new markets;

achieving the technical level of products exceeding the level of leading enterprises and firms;

defection of defectiveness, etc.

Quality policy should be set forth in a special document, framed in the form of a program.

The general quality management system may have subsystems on certain types of products or activities of the firm.

Quality assurance activities include:

planning and design;

design of technological processes and preparation of production;

manufacture;

quality checking;

prevention of quality deterioration;

after-sales service;

obtaining information from the consumer;

check quality assurance system.

Example. The aggregate plant conducted work to implement the product quality management system due to increasing competition in the market. The work took place according to the following scheme.

At the end of May, the Director General signed the "Guide for the quality of the aggregate plant". The document contains basic provisions for management, ensuring and improving the quality of products of the plant concerning all manufacturing units, marketing services, design and sales.

Created quality service coordinating all units of the enterprise in the field of quality. Quality service is developing guidelines by quality. Functionally and administratively, this service is subordinate only to CEO.

The quality service is built in accordance with ISO 9001 standards.

Functional subordination of the quality service of the quality service is shown in Fig. 6.1.

Fig. 1. Functional Subordination of Quality Service Factory

Thus, in the functional compulsion of the quality service, the marketing service, development board, production management, economic and finance directorate, personnel management department, sales department.

The management of the enterprise not only controls the quality of the quality of international standards, but seeks to continuous quality improvement.

Specialized services explore the needs of consumers and their product quality requirements.

The discrepancy of the quality of products to certain standards is detected directly during the production process. To do this, quality control is carried out throughout the technological chain:

input control of materials and components is provided by the appropriate laboratories;

in the production of the plant, active control methods are combined, built into technological equipment, as well as selective or complete control over operations and final control. finished products;

labs are equipped with special stands for periodic tests of products.

At the same time, the enterprises led priority prevention of quality deviations from standards, and not to identify and eliminate.

All staff is involved in quality work. For this, measures have been developed to improve employee motivation, including a flexible system of rewards and penalties, advanced training.

Established strict requirements for management personnel involving disciplinary and material measures for omission in quality work for unwillingness or inability to fulfill their duties.

Quality Guide clearly describes the functions of each of the factory units and the obligations of the heads of divisions, provides for specific responsibility for non-compliance with the instructions.

The system of quality verification system has been worked out when selling products and purchasing materials and components. This includes a contract.

When selling enterprise products, the quality service, the legal bureau, the financial and economic department is carefully analyzed by the needs of the enterprise and the wishes of the client.

3. Structuring the quality function

Each product should reflect the basic functional and stimulating quality characteristics. In this case, we are talking about the capacity that is determined by the consumer. It is necessary to proceed from the fact that the buyer is unlikely to talk about many quality indicators. He is interested in no more than two or three. Therefore, the problem of engineering avatar of quality in the product arises.

To solve this problem, the quality structuring method is applied (PCC).

SFC is designed in Japan in the late 60s. One of his first applied it to Mitsubishi at the construction shipyard in Kobe. Subsequently, this method was widespread in Ford Corporation.

Structuring the quality function Ford Corporation determines as follows:

"Planning tool for translation of quality characteristics that buyer requires (i.e. his desires, needs, expectations), in suitable features of the product.

The model of the SFC was developed by Dr. F Yaukuhar. The PCC process consists of four phases:

Product development planning.

Structuring the project.

Planning the technological process.

Production planning.

Phase 1. Production planning

Buyer's requirements are established, comprehended and translated into the language of engineering design in terms, which are called indirect quality indicators. The most important of them are used for the next phase.

Phase 2. Project Structuring

Are considered various concepts Product development that would satisfy the requirements of structuring, and the best is selected. The project is then detailed, while special attention It is paid to the essential characteristics of the product, which are calculated by the requirements of buyers, structured in phase 1. Product development details are then structured in phase 3.

Phase 3. Technological planning

The technological process of product development is considered. After the selection of the most appropriate concepts of the process capable of producing products, taking into account the characteristics that are already structured, the process is detailed in terms of significant operations and parameters. These characteristics are then structured in the next phase.

Phase 4 production planning.

This final phase discusses the process management methods. These methods should ensure the production of products in accordance with their most important characteristics defined in phase 2 and, therefore, satisfying the requirements of the buyer.

Consequently, during the entire 4-phase process of SFC for the product project, the process development and its engineering maintenance creates a product that meets the requirements of the buyer.

SFC requires knowledge and experience from various areas and can be carried out by a team of specialists from various specialties.

4. Current quality management

Current quality management is associated with the control of technological processes. The control parameters of the technological process are determined. The output beyond the permissible range of control parameters can lead to the release of defective products. Deviations of parameters occur under the influence of random factors. Statistical methods are used to control the quality of technological processes. Most common:

Pareto diagram. Used to estimate the frequency of marriage (deviations in the size of parts, poor-quality raw materials, violation of the technological process, etc.).

Experience in a marriage frequency study shows that a small number of marriage species is a large share of the total.

The total frequency of the emergence of the category "Others" should not exceed 10%, i.e., other marriage should include, the total share of which does not exceed 10%.

Ishikava scheme - "Fish Skeleton".

Reflects the logical structure of relations between the elements, stages, the works constituting the process under study. The scheme is based on the principle of four components affecting product quality: material, machine, raw materials, people. When it is constructed, factors are arranged in importance (more significant factor is built closer to the goal). In addition, each factor is passing your pre-processing cycle and can be broken into smaller, more detailed schemes. (see the scheme).

Operations that make up processing are shown by arrows Each arrow is associated with estimates of certain indicators. For example, the product heats up the need for control of the temperature regime. "Fish skeleton is a tool for a logical solution to the problem.

The scheme can be used when analyzing the quality of products in general, as well as certain stages of its manufacture.

Control sheets containing information about technological processes.

Histograms, control maps, etc. are used.

Control maps are one of the main tools in the extensive arsenal of statistical quality control methods.

One of the main tools in the extensive arsenal of statistical methods of quality control is control cards. It is believed that the idea of \u200b\u200bthe control card belongs to the well-known American statistics Walter L. Shukhart. She was expressed in 1924 and thoroughly described in 1931. Initially, they were used to register the results of measurements of the required properties of products. The output of the parameter beyond the options of the admission field indicated the need to stop the production and conducting the correction of the process in accordance with the knowledge of a specialist managing the production.

This gave information about when someone, on which equipment he received marriage in the past.

However, in this case, the decision on the adjustment was accepted when the marriage was already obtained. Therefore, it was important to find a procedure that would accumulate information not only for retrospective research, but also for use when making decisions. This proposal was published by American statistical I. Page in 1954, the cards that are used when making decisions are called cumulative.

The control card (Fig. 3.5) consists of a central line, two control limits (above and under the central line) and the values \u200b\u200bof the characteristic (quality indicator) applied to the card to represent the status of the process.

Fig. 5. Control map

At certain periods of time, it is selected (everything in a row; selectively; periodically from the continuous flow, etc.) n made products and measure the controlled parameter.

The measurement results are applied to the reference card, and depending on this value decide on the process adjustment or the continuation of the process without adjustments.

A signal of a possible discharge of the technological process can be:

output of the point for the control limits (point 6); (the process came out of control);

the location of the series of sequential points is about one check border, but not exiting it (11, 12, 13, 14), which indicates a violation of the level of equipment setting;

strong scattering of points (15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20) on the control card relative to the middle line, which indicates a decrease in the accuracy of the technological process.

In the presence of a signal of a violation of the production process, the cause of violations should be revealed and eliminated.

Thus, control cards are used to identify a certain reason, but not random.

Under a certain reason, it is necessary to understand the existence of factors that allow learning. Of course, such factors should be avoided.

The variation of the same caused by random causes is necessary, it is inevitably found in any process, even if the technological operation is carried out using standard methods and raw materials. An elimination of random causes of variation is impossible technically or economically inappropriate.

Often, when determining the factors affecting any productive indicator, characterizing quality use Isicawa schemes.

They were proposed by Professor at Tokyo University Kaoru Issikawa in 1953 when analyzing various opinions of engineers. Otherwise, Ishikawa scheme is called a diagram of causes and results, a "fish skeleton" diagram, a tree, etc.

It consists of a quality indicator characterizing the result and factor indicators (Fig. 3.6).

The construction of the diagrams includes the following steps:

selection of the effective indicator characterizing the quality of the product (process, etc.);

the choice of the main reasons affecting the quality indicator. They must be placed in rectangles ("big bones");

the choice of secondary causes ("middle bones") affecting the main;

selection (description) of the causes of the tertiary order ("small bones"), which affect the secondary;

ranking factors by their significance and allocation of the most important.

Diagrams of causes and results have universal use. So, they are widely used in the allocation of the most significant factors affecting, for example, labor productivity.

It is noted that the number of essential defects is insignificant and they are called, as a rule, a small number of reasons. Thus, finding out the causes of the emergence of a few essential defects, you can eliminate almost all losses.

Fig. 6. The structure of the diagram of the causes and results

This problem can be solved with Pareto Charts.

There are two types of charts Pareto distinguish:

1. According to the results of activities. They serve to identify the main problem and reflect undesirable results of activities (defects, refuses, etc.);

2. For reasons (factors). They reflect the causes of the problems that arise during production.

It is recommended to build a lot of Pareto charts using various methods Classification of both results and causes leading to these results. The best should be considered such a chart that reveals a few, substantially important factorsAs is the purpose of analyzing Pareto.

Building charts Pareto includes the following steps:

The choice of the type of chart (according to the results of activities or for reasons (factors).

Classification of results (reasons). Of course, any classification has an element of convention, however, most of the observed units of any combination should not fall and the string "other".

Determining the method and data collection period.

Development of a checklist for registering data with the list of types of information collected. It needs to be provided free space for graphical registration of data.

Ranking of data obtained for each character being checked in the order of importance. The "Other" group should be given in the last string, regardless of how much the number is.

Building a bar chart (Fig. 3.7).

Fig. 3.7. The relationship between the types of defects and the number of defective products

Significant interest is the construction of Pareto charts in combination with a diagram of causes and consequences.

The identification of the main factors affecting product quality makes it possible to link the indicators of production quality with any indicator characterizing consumer quality.

For such a linkage it is possible to apply regression analysis.

For example, as a result of specially organized observations of the results of shoe socks and subsequent statistical processing of the data obtained, it was found that the life of the shoe (y) depends on the two variables: the density of the material of the sole in g / cm3 (x1) and the clutch strength of the sole with Riding shoes in kg / cm2 (x2). The variation of these factors by 84.6% explains the variation of the effective feature (multiple correction coefficient R \u003d 0.92), and the regression equation has the form:

y \u003d 6.0 + 4.0 * x1 + 12 * x2

Thus, in the course of production, knowing the characteristics of the factors X1 and X2, you can predict the life of the shoes. Improving the above parameters, you can increase the timing of shoe socks. Based on the desired life of the shoes, you can choose technologically acceptable and economically optimal levels of production quality features.

The greatest practical distribution is characteristic of the quality of the process being studied by assessing the quality of the result of this process in this case, we are talking about the quality control of products, details obtained on a particular operation. Unbled control methods have the greatest distribution, and those of them are most effective, which are based on the theory of the sample method of observation.

Consider an example.

At the electrolympore plant, the shop produces an electric bulb.

To test the qualities of lamps, the totality of 25 pieces is taken and subject to a special stand (voltage changes, the stand is subjected to vibration, etc.). Each hour is removing the testimony about the duration of burning lamps. The following results are obtained.

 

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