Industrial timber harvesting. Cabins of the main use. How is a logging company organized? Who and what tool is engaged in logging

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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University named after S. M. Kirov

Department of Forestry

Test

In the discipline "Forestry"

Students Nefyodova Irina

St. Petersburg 2013

Question 1

Final felling is carried out in mature and overmature plantations and mainly pursues two goals: timber harvesting to meet the needs of various sectors of the national economy and the replacement of old plantations with young, more productive ones. Compliance with these principles ensures the timely restoration of cut areas, continuous sustainable forest management and an increase in the environmental protection role of forest ecosystems.

Main use fellings (RWP). Fellings, with the help of which industrial timber harvesting takes place in mature and overmature plantations, the main purpose of which is timber harvesting (which formally distinguishes RWP from intermediate fellings). At present, there is no clear boundary between the fellings of the main and intermediate use in terms of organizational and technical characteristics. There are three main systems of final fellings: clear, gradual, selective.

Final fellings are the main component of one of the types of use. They are carried out in accordance with the regional Rules for final felling, which are normative document and they are based on the forest fund Russian Federation as a natural and economic object federal property. These cuttings are carried out in all forms of farming: high-stem (plantations of predominantly seed origin, intended for growing large-sized timber), medium-stem (plantations that combine the features of high-stem and low-stem farms of mixed seed and vegetative origin), low-stem (plantations of vegetative origin, intended for growing relatively small wood assortments).

Clearcut (clear-forest) felling - felling, in which forest stands that have reached the age of felling (ripeness) are cut down in one step, after which a treeless area remains - felling (sometimes with preserved undergrowth). There are regional rules that define forestry standards and felling methods, taking into account the peculiarities of local forest conditions (age of felling, age of forest maturity, forest conditions)

Clear felling is the main method of final felling in Russia, they are used in forests of II and III groups. When carrying out clear cuttings in the cutting area, all trees are cut down from a diameter at a chest height of 8 or 12 cm, and in cedar plantations - from 28 cm, leaving seed trees of valuable species in the cutting. Clearcuts are characterized by the following features:

1) mature or overmature stands are cut down in one step, which can last up to 1 year;

2) after felling, an even-aged or conditionally even-aged forest stand appears on the area, provided that undergrowth is preserved during felling;

3) restoration of the forest by artificial means gives absolutely the same age forest stands;

4) the use of mechanisms is the most productive, and the cost of harvested wood is the cheapest.

Depending on the area of the felling area and its parameters, clear cuttings are subdivided into narrow-cutting, broad-cutting, concentrated, interstrip-gradual and conditionally clear-cutting.

Gradual felling - felling of the main use, in which the forest stand is cut down in several steps during 1-2 age classes. There are evenly-gradual cuttings (at each method, a uniform thinning of the forest stand occurs), group-gradual (at each method, groups of trees are cut down, occupying an area of 0.005 - 0.03 ha), hollow (at each method, groups of trees are cut down, occupying an area of 0.03 - 1 ha, and ), strip-gradual (at each method, parallel strips are cut, separated by strips that are multiple of their width), long-term-gradual (two-stage cuttings carried out in stands of different ages with cutting down in the first stage of trees that have reached the operational size, and in the second - left trees).

Selective felling - final felling, in which a part of trees of a certain age, size, quality or condition is cut down (usually - all or part of the trees that have reached the operational size). There are voluntary selective felling (evenly selective felling, in which faut, overmature, mature trees with slow growth are cut down first of all), group selective felling, in which clumps of large trees are cut down, forced selective felling (selective felling, with where all trees that have reached the size and quality required by the logger are cut down). Forced-selective is currently not formally applied. In reality, almost all selective fellings of the main use, carried out in the forest fund of Russia, are forced-selective.

Question 2: What are the environmental impacts of clearcutting?

Clear felling is a felling when a forest stand is cut down completely in one step. In certain cases, after felling, an insignificant part of the forest stand remains, in particular, thinner.

Clear felling causes changes in forest conditions: the light and thermal regimes change dramatically, noticeable hydrological changes occur, and therefore the ground and soil conditions, the composition of forests that arise after felling (change of species) can change dramatically. Clearcuts differ in the size and shape of the cut areas, as well as in the intensity of tree stand cutting.

Serious shortcomings that entail environmental consequences include a strong change in the forest environment. Concentrated logging, breaking the complex multifactor relationships and interactions of plant community components, in any type of forest leads to a catastrophic change in the forest phytocenosis. In the process of felling, not only the structural part of the phytocenosis (tree stand) is removed, but it is also significantly disturbed. At the same time, self-sowing and undergrowth are almost completely destroyed, the litter is torn off over a large area and mixed with the upper soil horizon. In practice, new forest-growing conditions are being created, the ecological influence of the former forest is being lost. The zoocenosis (its composition) also changes greatly, because protective factors disappear and sometimes new resources become available. Complete removal of forest stand, processing of nanorelief and soil, disturbance of forest litter, living ground cover, undergrowth, undergrowth, etc. lead to a significant dynamics of the most important soil-forming processes, ammonification, nitrification, there is a different destruction of cellulose, decomposition of soil humus. The structural part of the biocenosis, the climate (atmosphere), is also changing. There are sharp changes in the temperature and humidity of the air, its movement and composition. Such cuttings make significant changes in the nature of the forest, especially in the ecological situation. They lead to a simplification of the natural environment, a decrease in plant mass, and a violation of the ecology as a whole. Such cuttings contribute to the formation of unproductive types of clearings, approaching grass, lichen, moss biocenoses, which poorly perform ecological functions.

With the removal of the parent canopy, the conditions in the clearings change dramatically: the influx of solar radiation and illumination increase up to 20 times, the relative humidity of the air decreases, the wind speed increases, significant temperature drops and a change in the humidity of the root layer of the soil are noted in the clearings. A sharp change in the ecological situation leads to the fact that the process of natural reforestation sometimes stretches for many years, and the felled area for this period not only loses its protective functions, but is also withdrawn from the cultivation process. Carrying out concentrated cuttings in the forests of the southern zone can lead to turfing and even stepping of clearings, and in the forests of the northern zone - to swamping. In such clearings, there is a great danger of the formation of foci of harmful insects, especially the May beetle, and with insufficient cleaning of cutting areas, a sharp increase in fire danger is characteristic.

Concentrated cuttings in plantations of different ages cause especially great harm, because inherently do not correspond to the nature of such plantations. In forest plots, where an unfavorable water-air regime (ruts, depressions), moisture-loving sphagnum, cuckoo flax, cotton grass, and sometimes shrub willows will first settle. There is no regeneration by tree species in the first decade after felling. Their settlement occurs only in the inter-track space and along the sides of the portages. In connection with high density soils and poverty of nutrients in areas with destroyed soil cover in the first years after the settlement of tree species, their growth lag is observed. The roots of settled woody plants are not able to penetrate the compacted soil, and self-sowing dies when washed out by precipitation and squeezed out by frost.

The negative impact of concentrated logging was exacerbated by the mechanization of logging.

Such cuttings in most types of forests necessitate expensive silvicultural work. Such cuttings contribute to the formation of unproductive types of clearings, lose their protective functions, and slow down the aging process of natural reforestation. However, with strict observance of forestry requirements for the technology of logging operations on gentle slopes, felling does not cause erosion processes.

Question 3. Give the rationale and characteristics of group-gradual cuttings. In which forests should they be used?

Group-selective felling is carried out in all groups of forests from group stands of different ages, while group removal of overmature and mature trees is carried out mainly in accordance with their distribution over the area. Felling standards in terms of intensity and frequency are the same as for voluntary selective felling. Group-gradual and hollow felling, in which the forest stand is cut down in groups (hollows) in several stages in places where there are undergrowth clumps, during two age classes, are carried out in the same-age stands with group placement of undergrowth over the area of the forest plot. The felling of a mature forest stand is carried out gradually around groups of undergrowth in areas of 0.005-0.030 ha and up to 1.0 ha (hollows) in 3-5 steps, carried out over 30-40 years.

They are carried out in all groups of forests, but mainly in the forests of the first and second groups.

In accordance with the peculiarities of the structure of forest stands, the nature of the displacement of rocks and the distribution of young growth under the canopy over the area, group-gradual ones are carried out.

Depending on the completeness and composition of the forest stand, the presence of trees of the second tier and undergrowth under its canopy, their conditions are mainly used two- or three-, less often four-stage gradual felling.

All types of gradual felling are carried out under the condition of ensuring the stability of thinned stands in groups of forest types on sufficiently deep drained soils.

Question 4. Tell us about measures to promote natural reforestation after clearcutting

felling forest continuous ecological

Measures to promote natural reforestation include all activities aimed at creating favorable conditions for successful reforestation. They can be carried out before or after felling, as well as simultaneously with its implementation. In some cases, such activities may pursue other goals not related to logging.

All measures to promote natural reforestation can be grouped into the following seven groups:

1) logging technologies with the preservation of undergrowth;

2) thinning of stands and undergrowth;

3) leaving seed sources;

4) mechanical impact on the litter and soil;

5) burning - controlled fire in clearings;

6) clearing of clearings;

7) rational organization of livestock grazing.

All these activities can be carried out both separately and in combination with each other. To enhance the reforestation effect of assistance measures, several measures should be applied simultaneously, which organically complement each other. For example, the thinning of forest stands and undergrowth, along with increased light penetration into the crowns (increased seed production) and under the canopy (improved light conditions for undergrowth), should be complemented by an impact on the litter and soil (mineralization). Leaving seed sources should be accompanied by mechanical or fire impact on the litter and soil.

1. The use of logging technologies with the preservation of undergrowth is a highly effective measure with the obligatory observance of technological discipline. According to G.F. Morozov, any felling of the forest should be synonymous with renewal. This means that after felling, in the place where the mature forest is harvested, young growth of economically valuable species should remain. This can only be achieved if a reliable undergrowth of preliminary generation is preserved. The arborist should take care of the accumulation of this undergrowth in advance, providing favorable conditions for reforestation under the canopy of the forest stand, which should go to felling.

2. Thinning of forest stand and undergrowth. It is used for reforestation felling - gradual and selective in terms of intensity (very low intensity - the volume of cut wood reaches 10 percent of its total stock, low intensity - 11 ... 20 percent, moderate intensity - 21 ... 30 percent, moderately high intensity - 31 ... 40 percent, high intensity - 41 ... 50 percent; very high intensity - 51 ... 70 percent)

3. Leaving seed sources. In clear-cutting sites of mature, overmature forest plantations, with the assistance of natural reforestation, the sources of seeding identified during the allocation of cutting sites are preserved, which include single seed plants, seed groups, clumps, strips, as well as forest walls, if they contain seed trees.

The number of single seed plants left should be at least 20 pieces per hectare. The distance between groups of testes should not exceed 100 m.

Seed groups of 3 ... 5 trees are left in case of increased danger of pine, spruce windfall and increased germination of seeds in larch (cross-pollination is required). The abandonment of seed groups should be carried out primarily at the expense of areas of middle-aged and ripening forest stands of the main species.

Separate seed plants should be selected in the forest stand according to external features that characterize their wind resistance: stem taper in the presence of an extended symmetrical crown. individual seed trees and groups of pine left in clear cut.

Individual trees (selected without taking into account their wind stability) have a residual deformation of the trunks due to a strong wind load

Sources of seeding in the form of clumps and strips are left, as a rule, from species that are weakly resistant to wind (spruce, fir), and in areas with moist poorly drained soils. Seed clumps can occupy an area from 0.01 ha to 1.0 ha. The width of the seed strips to maintain stability must be at least 30 m.

4. Mechanical impact on the litter and soil - the mineralization of the soil surface is carried out by various tillage tools, which must correspond to the soil and soil conditions. On soils with excessive moisture, it is necessary to create micro-elevations. For heavy or light soils with a different state of the living ground cover, various tools are used - from anchor cover strippers to cutters, cultivators, plows.

5. Firing - controlled fire. This measure is one of the most effective, however, and unsafe. With appropriate measures, it is carried out in the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula. In Russia, the measure is not applied due to fear of letting the fire out of control. "Fire is a bad master, but a good journeyman." Nevertheless, since 1998, in the forests of Siberia, VNIIPOMleskhoz has been introducing burning of litter and combustible materials under the forest canopy to reduce the burning of forests. This is a relatively inexpensive, but quite effective technology for reducing forest fires, which consists in regulating the reserves of forest combustible materials using controlled preventive strip burning.

This technology is not compatible current Rules fire safety in the forests of the Russian Federation, which allow controlled burning to prevent forest fires, including on unforested lands of the forest fund, on fire barriers in early spring, and also to burn the ground cover between two mineralized belts.

The results of research by VNIIPOMleskhoz showed that strip burning is effective in forest and meteorological conditions, providing optimal parameters for burning forest litter, destroying the main combustion conductors and other small ground combustible materials without causing damage to plantations.

Burning of combustible materials in strips of the required width under the canopy of plantations is carried out before the onset of a high fire hazard. Area burning should be carried out within closed blocks of existing or newly created barriers for the spread of combustion through ground combustible materials. The most effective and cost-effective way to create such obstacles is to use strips of high expansion foam.

The conducted studies have shown that a relatively low-intensity controlled fire does not cause significant damage to the forest stand, completely or significantly destroys the litter, shrubs and deciduous undergrowth. At the same time, pine is able to withstand a weak fire without significant damage even in a middle-aged forest stand due to its thick heat-insulating bark.

Since 1998, scientists in the Krasnoyarsk Territory have been successfully introducing the burning technology. The accumulated experience in the use of controlled fire has confirmed the effectiveness of the technology of preventive strip burning under the forest canopy and the wide interest of forestry enterprises in practical application her. The widespread introduction of controlled fire under the forest canopy to reduce the risk of fires can be successfully used as a measure to promote the natural regeneration of pine trees. 6. Clearing clearings is a measure that contributes to the conservation of moisture on dry soils: crushed logging residues are evenly scattered, shading the soil.

On fresh soils, they are collected in heaps and either burned or left to rot. In waterlogged areas, logging residues are collected in the form of small piles. Rotting, they create micro-elevations, on which the water-air regime of the root-inhabited horizon is favorable for the existence of seedlings, self-seeding and undergrowth.

7. Rational organization grazing cattle. Grazing livestock can reduce the competitive influence of the living ground cover, breaking the turfing of the soil, and prepare it for receiving seeds. Thus, grazing pigs in oak forests in good years is highly effective as a measure of assistance. At the beginning of the fall of acorns (mostly diseased acorns fall), pigs are pastured, which not only prepare the soil, but also eat diseased acorns. This measure was widely used in Russia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This experience was adopted by American and Canadian foresters.

Unfortunately, as A.K. Denisov, promotion of renewal, especially through soil mineralization, is given little attention, both by designers and performers. The opinion about the futility of this measure has taken root. It really does not give results if one is not guided by the laws of life and development of the forest, and contrary to them, to carry out assistance for the sake of appearances. The fact is that mineralization is carried out without observing elementary rules: phenological observations of seed production are not systematically conducted, the years of work are not in all cases linked to seed years, the choice of tools is not differentiated by forest types, the timing of work is not consistent with the timing of seed fall, leaf fall and shedding of needles. As a result, the very idea of an event is discredited, which in the past, in compliance with forestry requirements, gave positive results. The use of controlled fire, which gives a wonderful effect in the Scandinavian countries, has not yet received proper distribution in our country. Forest management often unreasonably (template) outlines artificial reforestation. Whereas a deep analysis of natural reforestation by region would provide a basis for recommendations on the use of this process, which excludes the change of species. In addition, it would save labor and financial resources. Two decades later, the situation in this matter has not changed, but, on the contrary, has only worsened. Perhaps only the coming world economic crisis will contribute to a change in attitude towards this effective measure of reforestation.

This situation cannot suit creatively working forest rangers. What are the reasons for the lack of undergrowth under the canopy in maturing, ripe and overmature stands? There are many factors influencing the lack of undergrowth. They are both objective (natural) and subjective (economic and personal) in nature. Most often, this is the lack of a forest management system designed to use the biological potential of plantations and preserve their biological diversity. Excessive ubiquitous passion for forest crops is a costly reforestation technology. This is where optimization is required. Only a detailed analysis of the situation and subsequent adjustment of forest management can lead to the formation of productive and sustainable forests, give real savings and labor costs for reforestation.

Question 5. What are the rules for selecting trees when caring for a forest

Allotment of felling areas for forest care felling is carried out with the selection of trees intended for felling, their branding, counting, with the laying of trial plots in young stands.

In deciduous forest plantations, cutting areas are allocated during the growing season, and in coniferous forests - throughout the year.

Adjacent forest taxation sections, forest plantations of which require the same type of felling for forest maintenance, with the same main species and homogeneous forest conditions, but differing in composition, density and age, are combined into one cutting area.

When the boundaries of the forest areas assigned for thinning of forests are not expressed, the cutting of boundary sights, goniometric survey and measurement of boundary lines, and determination of the area are carried out.

When allotting logging sites for thinning and passing cuttings, the trees designated for felling with a diameter at a height of 1.3 meters 8 centimeters or more are marked with notches and branded at the root neck.

The stock of felled wood is determined on the basis of a complete count of trees assigned for felling. The stock of trees to be cut down with a diameter thinner than 8 centimeters is determined in fold measures on specially laid trial plots.

When recalculating, trees cut down to accommodate technological corridors and loading points are counted separately

Question 6. What are the Morozov principles (foundations) of forestry

1. Forestry creed, forestry policy for the specialist;

2. The idea of renewal in the process of using the forest;

3. The idea of the permanence of forest use should be closely connected with the idea of renewal - this is the "holy of holies" of our forestry;

4. At the heart of economic activity in the forest should be: your compass, your steering wheel, your symbol of faith;

5. Adapting their activities to the environment and, finally, 6. Less weakening of the sustainability of forest communities is possible. Reviewing the remaining handwritten notes and sketches by G.F. Morozov, G.N. Vysotsky was amazed at how deeply and comprehensively Georgy Fedorovich thought, how deeply and widely he embraced the essence of various phenomena. The mental warehouse of Georgy Fedorovich reached the highest maturity, the highest clarity, the highest point of outlook and strengthened a number of more valuable scientific papers not only in the narrow field of forestry, but also in the field of social biology, geography and even philosophy. Georgy Fedorovich was a unique person!

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cutting down trees

This stage is carried out directly on the plots or cutting areas. It is preceded by preparatory work, in which the trunks to be felled are marked. Tree marking is carried out only if they meet the criteria for harvesting, including an assessment of age and size.

During the preliminary preparation, the cutting areas are laying a road along which fallen tree trunks will be taken out, and building temporary dwellings for lumberjacks. Buildings are often made from improvised materials - tree trunks. suitable sizes. The trunk of a fallen tree is called a whip.

Bucking

It can be done immediately after felling the tree or before dissolving the whip into longitudinal strips (boards). Bucking is a cross cut of tree trunks, after which logs of a given length remain. Bucking is usually done by hand using chainsaws.

When bucking, it is necessary not only to be careful, but also to show skills in working with heavy wood logs. Rushing to work can cause damage to the chainsaw or injury.

Bucking should be started from the thickest and heaviest end of the log, and very long whips must first be sawn in two - this will facilitate further work.

Trelevka

Fallen whips after delimbing are subjected to skidding - transportation to temporary warehouses, from where they are shipped further along the chain. Skidding should not be confused with transportation, which can be carried out over almost unlimited distances. Skidding is carried out only within the limited areas of felling and the adjacent territory.

When skidding, tractors equipped with a clamshell system are usually used. The ability to fix several logs at a time allows you to work with high productivity and allocate a minimum number of workers for skidding. Cableways are sometimes used instead of tractors if the plot is located above the storage area.

The process of hauling logs with a specially equipped tractor

Stabilization

For intermediate processing of wood, a stabilization process can be used - deep impregnation with various reagents. Such processing improves the safety of the material during storage, so this process is also called preservation. Processing is carried out with natural oils (most often linseed), varnishes, paints, synthetic polymer compounds and resins.

During impregnation, the following methods are used:

cold impregnation- soaking wood blanks of small thickness in an impregnating solution;
hot impregnation- Exposure of thicker boards and beams in a hot mix. The decrease in viscosity with increasing temperature increases the tendency of the solution to penetrate deep into the material;
vacuum impregnation– the saturation of the wood with the solution is preceded by the creation of a deep vacuum in a sealed chamber, which helps to remove air from the material. After holding the wood for a certain time, which differs for boards of different thickness, density and type of wood, an impregnating agent is fed into the chamber. It fills the pores more effectively, as it is drawn into them by the remaining vacuum residues;
pressure impregnation– can be combined with vacuum impregnation and consists in forcing high pressure over the impregnating solution. This improves the penetration of the liquid deep into the material and contributes to its faster saturation.

Independently at home, it is possible to reproduce only the methods of hot and cold impregnation. Before using them, the tree must be well dried. For this, it is necessary to use not natural drying, but heated, which reduces the moisture content of the final material.

Wood transportation

Transportation of the whips to the place of further processing and storage can be carried out by water, rail or road transport.

Water transport is the cheapest and slowest way to transport large quantities of timber. It is used only when there are major shipping routes nearby, so the most significant logging operations are usually located near large freshwater arteries.
Railway transport is one of the fastest and most productive ways to transport large quantities of wood. The increased price of energy and the inability to use power lines in remote areas make this mode of transportation more costly than water. An additional bonus when using this type of transport is the network railways, which is much more developed than the river shipping system.
Motor transport- is used only for limited batches of logging (mainly for valuable wood species). Most often, the transport of whips on trucks produce already end user, not interested in further processing of the tree. The high cost of transportation significantly increases the cost of a cubic meter of material.

How is wood transported?

By water transport By rail transport By road transport

Features of wood storage

The majority of operational qualities depend on the method of storing lumber. The swelling of the tree, which occurs during improper storage, leads to warping (deformation) of the wood, and shrinkage causes.

the material is stacked in stacks - this allows you to compactly store large stocks of boards and prevents their deflections;
a canopy should be placed above the stack or covered with a polymer film. This prevents swelling caused by moisture absorption and rapid tool wear during winter sawing of frozen wood;
from the floor to the boards it is necessary to leave a distance that will facilitate ventilation. The same distances should remain between the laid layers. To do this, it is necessary to build a stack by laying boards across each other or along, leaving small wooden stops at their ends.

Proper preparation and storage are the key to obtaining high-quality material for building and decorative applications. It is not necessary to delve into the details of storing small batches of wood, but it is necessary to follow the basic rules.

Impregnation (stabilization) of lumber helps to improve workability and, as well as extend its service life. It is worth noting that now the process of obtaining wood can be greatly simplified through the use of specialized equipment.

How is it happening automated harvesting can be viewed on the video:

20.05.2016 12:18

Illustration:

The Russian Federation is the world leader in terms of forest reserves, it owns twenty-two percent of the world's forest reserves. Wood reserves in our country amount to more than eighty billion cubic meters, more than forty billion cubic meters are suitable for use.

Timber industry of the Russian Federation

The industrial sector, whose enterprises are engaged in the harvesting and processing of wood, is called the forest industry or the forestry complex. It is one of the oldest industrial branches and has a complex structure. Each part of this structure is responsible for one of the stages of processing raw materials from wood.

The structure of the timber industry is as follows:

The logging industry, which includes logging, cutting wood (extracting resin and harvesting stump resin), rafting logs, transferring wood from one type of transport to another, using non-valuable tree species and waste (sawmill, sawing sleepers, making chips, boards for containers). It is the largest timber industry in the world.
Woodworking industry.
The pulp and paper industry mechanically and chemically processes wood raw materials.
The wood chemical industry processes raw materials from wood in a dry way, is engaged in charcoal burning, the creation of rosin and turpentine. This industry includes the manufacture of varnish, ether, plastic, non-natural fibers, hydrolysis (creation of ethyl, tar, turpentine from waste in the manufacture of pulp and paper products).

The forestry and woodworking industry in Russia is conditionally divided into the following groups:

creation of lumber and furniture items (machining);
wood chemical industry and the creation of pulp and paper products (chemical processing).

Industrial enterprises related to the forestry and woodworking industry are engaged in:

harvesting wood material;
processing of wood material;
wood-chemical industrial processing of forest raw materials;
production of pulp and paper products.

These factories and factories produce roundwood, boards, various wooden items, wood chemicals and paper.

Conditions for the distribution of enterprises that belong to the forest industry

To locate businesses related to the timber industry, the following conditions must be taken into account:

so that the raw material base is located close;
there must be sources of energy supply and water sources near the enterprise;
availability of transport and transport roads is necessary;
it is better to create forest products in close proximity to its consumer;
create jobs.

On the territory of our state, coniferous trees predominate; they are more valuable for industry than trees with leaves. Our forests grow unevenly geographically. Most of the forests are in several regions: in the Northern, Ural, Volga-Vyatka, Far Eastern and Siberian regions.

This industry consumes a lot of wood raw materials and a large amount of waste remains. Twenty percent of the waste comes from the wood harvesting stage, and from forty percent to seventy percent of the waste remains as a result of the processing of raw wood.

The most important condition for placement industrial enterprises wood processing is the availability of raw materials from wood. Therefore, all processes for the harvesting and subsequent processing of "business" wood are carried out in those regions of Russia where there are many natural forests. The northern, Siberian, Ural and Far Eastern territories of the country provide four-fifths of all industrial wood.

Sawmills and other wood processing (production of parts for construction needs, plywood, matches, furniture) can be located both in those places where timber is harvested, and in places where there are no forests (already cut trees are brought there). Basically, enterprises for sawing wood and its processing are located near rivers (lower reaches and mouths) and places where rivers, along which logs are rafted, cross railroads.

Most lumber is produced in Siberia (its eastern and western parts, namely: in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Irkutsk Region, the Tomsk Region and the Tyumen Region), the North (in the Komi Republic and the Arkhangelsk Region), the Urals (in the Udmurt Republic, Sverdlovsk region, Perm Region), Far East (Primorsky Territory, Khabarovsk region), in the Kirov region, in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Woodworking industry of the Russian Federation

This industrial branch performs mechanical, chemical-mechanical processing of wood.

It includes several industries:

sawmill (creation of sleepers and lumber);
making houses from wood;
production of wooden parts for construction;
production of wood-based boards (blocks for doors and windows, parquet boards, wood fiber boards, wood chip boards, carpentry products);
production of containers from wood;
production of plywood, including parts that are glued and bent, as well as veneer;
making matches;
furniture manufacturing;
production of other wood products (wood flour, skis, greenhouse frames).

Problems of the forest industry

Today there is a crisis in the timber industry. Although Russia is the first in the world in terms of forest resources, the woodworking, timber and pulp and paper industries account for only a little more than three percent of the total production. This is due to a decrease in demand for such products in the domestic market of Russia. The market of the Commonwealth of Independent States is also in decline, due to which the purchases of forest materials and pulp and paper products in the Russian Federation have decreased. This branch of industry in Russia has become dependent on the external market. But in recent years, we have begun to export more "business" wood, cardboard, paper, and plywood to other countries. Seventy-one percent of the forest products of the Russian Federation are exported.

Forest stocks are affected by excessive economic activity people and emergency situations (fires). Unauthorized felling of trees is the main problem for the development of the forest industry in our country. There is currently no clear forest policy. To prevent such cuttings, it is necessary to eliminate the social disorder of the inhabitants of the regions where they are engaged in harvesting and processing wood (increasing the number of jobs, opening new enterprises, using alternative energy sources).

Another problem was to reduce the loss of raw materials during the harvesting and processing of wood. Wood raw materials should be used rationally (reduce wood waste and losses due to untimely or improper transportation, effectively use wood waste).

It should be remembered that woodworking plants and factories pollute environment. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to protect the environment (use treatment facilities, improve production technologies and upgrade equipment).

Directions in which it is necessary to develop the timber industry

In order to save raw materials from wood and increase forest reserves, the forest industry must develop in several directions:

apply non-waste technologies;
reduce the loss of raw materials from wood during its harvesting and alloying;
reduce the consumption of wood for the manufacture of sleepers by replacing them with reinforced concrete sleepers and increasing the service life of wood sleepers;
change wooden containers to plastic containers;
use coniferous raw materials exclusively for their intended purpose;
restore forest land;
protect the forest from fires and unauthorized felling;
to develop an optimal model of wood resource management;
improve legislation for the protection of forest lands.

Thus, we can conclude that in the Russian Federation, the forestry and woodworking industries are mainly concentrated in Siberia, the Urals, the North and Far East. We provide ourselves with sawmill materials, cardboard, paper and plywood. And in order to continue to satisfy our needs for products made from wood raw materials, we need to restore forest areas and minimize environmental pollution during the processing of wood.

A collection of different production processes for logging with the end result, that is, obtaining timber, is called technological process logging.

In Russia, the process of transporting wood harvested during logging has not been widely used. This is because cut-to-length wood is not used in large quantities in Russia, they prefer to buy goods from China, which use cheaper wood.

There are mainly several existing technologies logging. Distinctive features between them are different methods, or methods, of skidding. The first method: trees are felled, branches are cut, the whips are loaded with the help of special equipment and taken out, after which they are packaged in packs. The latter, from logging, are taken to the road, where they are loaded onto trucks.

The second way is the transportation of wood, which is obtained during logging, that is, with the "whiplash technology". The trees are skidding towards the road along which the timber is being carried. Branches are cut off.

The third one is harvesting timber in assortments. The forest is felled, branches are cut and at the end the trees are divided into whips of a certain size.

The logging process, even with different methods, is carried out sequentially: felling trees, cutting limbs, removing bark, hauling, sawing, sorting, stacking, and last, if necessary, loading and transporting.

During logging, the work site is divided into three parts: the felling area, the part of the forest between the felling and the road, and the logging station.

When harvesting, it is taken into account what species of trees are felled in this area. Knowing the properties of rocks, they find various uses. Hardwoods with strong wood are used more widely than softwoods. For example, oak. Oak wood is used in the manufacture of furniture, tannins are extracted from bark and logging waste, which are supplied to the leather industry. Furniture, plywood, parquet are made from beech wood. Willow wood is used in weaving furniture, the bark is used in pharmaceuticals and medicine. Wood and poplar waste for the manufacture of shavings, matches and shavings. Dran is an important raw material in the manufacture of pulp and paper.

Coniferous trees that are harvested from logging have some disadvantages. This is their causticity and resinousness. Therefore, conifers are used mainly for carpentry. And a common drawback for all species used in logging is greater sensitivity to moisture, swelling. Given this and the fact that most of the wood is taken out by water, the wood is dried in the sun. But such drying is very long, so it is produced in special drying chambers.

The term "forest use" or "forest use" means the use of all forest resources, all types of forest resources.

The main forest management is engaged in the harvesting and use of wood products: the main - wood, the secondary - live bait, bark, wood chips, stumps, bast. In Russia, this also includes the harvesting of birch bark, spruce, fir and pine feet. Industrial main forest management is called due to the large scale of work and their setting on an industrial basis. Secondary forest management uses non-timber products and is similar in character to commercial forest management. A distinctive feature of the two types of nature management is that industrial forest management is characterized by a wide range of environmental problems, and for side management, problems associated with excess visits to forest areas and immoderate withdrawal of forest biological resources are especially significant.

Industrial forest management. The main direction of industrial forest management is timber harvesting. Related to this is the emergence of environmental problems in the areas of mass logging. One of the main effects of timber harvesting is the replacement of primary forests with secondary forests that are generally less valuable and often less productive. But this is only the first step. Cutting triggers the mechanisms of deep economic changes in the region of deforestation. These changes affect all areas. The intensity of changes depends on the intensity of logging, and they, in turn, depend on a number of factors: the need for wood, transport accessibility of the harvesting area, and the equipment of work in the cutting area. The composition of species and the age of forests also affect the intensity of felling. Adverse effects are especially evident in cases where there is overcutting of wood (more is cut down than grows in a year). During cuttings lagging behind in terms of wood growth, undercutting is observed, which leads to aging of the forest, a decrease in its productivity, and diseases of old trees. Consequently, overcutting leads to the depletion of forest resources in some areas, and undercutting leads to their underutilization in others. In both cases, we are dealing with irrational use of natural resources. Therefore, foresters advocate the concept of continuous forest management, based on a balance between the reduction and renewal of forests and timber resources. However, for the time being, deforestation predominates on the planet.

The emergence of environmental problems is associated not only with the scale of deforestation, but also with the methods of deforestation. Comparison of positive and negative consequences indicates that selective logging is a more costly form and is characterized by less environmental damage. Forest resources are renewable resources, but this process takes 80-100 years. This period is lengthened in cases where land is severely degraded after deforestation. Therefore, along with the problems of reforestation, which can be carried out by self-restoration of forest plantations and, to speed up - by creating forest plantations, the problem of careful use of harvested wood arises. But deforestation - a destructive anthropogenic process is opposed by a stabilizing anthropogenic activity - the desire to full use wood, to the use of gentle methods of logging, as well as constructive activities - reforestation.

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