"Electronic government" as a modern institution of interaction between the state and society. Development of a system of electronic interactions between the state and the population
Vaskova M.G., postgraduate student, Altai State University.
The processes of informatization, the formation of the information society influenced the understanding of the state in the traditional sense. There are new requirements for its informational status and understanding of new terminology. For example, the term "electronic state" is not found in classical textbooks on the theory of state and law, it is new and unexplored, and as a result does not cause serious enough interest not only among lawyers, but also among representatives of other professions. Meanwhile, in connection with the changes in the legislation of the information component, the legal status of the subjects of intrastate relations, the nature of the relationship between different states are changing. The powers of state bodies and local self-government bodies, their officials, issues of granting certain public services... Such changes in public life involve the practical implementation of the concept electronic government.
In modern legal science, when defining the term "electronic state", which appeared at the end of the 20th century, there are several approaches to its understanding:
- postindustrial philosophy of interaction between the state and society using the latest information technologies<1>, as well as the theory of the organization of power by the population, which includes such institutions as the concept of an electronic state, its features, essence, functions, the basis of interaction between society and electronic states, the legal basis for the formation and functioning of an electronic state;
- system of state bodies that ensure the implementation of state policy in the field of informatization<2>;
- organization of state power based on the use of information and communication technologies<3>;
- a legal entity using the achievements and opening of electronic business, an independent participant in electronic interaction<4>;
- organization of interaction between public authorities and society in order to provide public services and ensure the possibility of participation in the exercise of power by the population using information and telecommunication technologies<5>.
In our opinion, it is most correct to understand the electronic state as the political and legal organization of society, which is a way of interaction between state and municipal authorities and society in order to provide public services and ensure the possibility of participation in the exercise of power by the population using information and telecommunication technologies, ensuring its unity and territorial integrity, including in the electronic space, exercising through the state electronic mechanism the management of the affairs of society, the sovereign public authority, giving the law a generally binding value, guaranteeing the rights, freedoms of citizens, legality and law and order.
In theory, it is assumed that during the formation of the electronic state, government bodies are representatives of the population and rightfully rule, which is now typical for Russia. However, in the future, state bodies will perform intermediary functions, being a tool for servicing public needs and organizer of public decision-making.<6>... The role of the electronic state is to improve the mechanism of interaction between society and the state in order to resolve vital problems, simplify the procedures for the provision of public services and the exercise of power by the population, reduce the cost of maintaining the state apparatus, improve the quality of government decisions, ensure the principles of transparency and openness in the exercise of power, to raise the legal awareness of the population and ensure the exercise of power by the population through information and communication technologies, to match the image of the modern information society. Of course, the formation of an electronic state in our country is a necessary step towards improving power and management, ensuring the possibility of effectively combating corruption and paperwork in all government structures, maintaining Russia's position in the international arena in the field of information and communication technologies and electronic government. In this regard, in our opinion, it seems that building an electronic state for Russia is one of the important tasks.
<6> See: V.N. Rudenko. Direct democracy: models of government, constitutional and legal institutions. Yekaterinburg: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003.S. 55 - 67.
We will try to analyze the practice of implementing individual elements of the electronic state in Russia, taking into account current legislationdedicated to the issues of its formation and functioning. In Russia, there is no basic law on the problems of the electronic state, but some of its elements are already enshrined in law.
Legal basis formation of an electronic state in Russia, there are a number of by-laws adopted to implement concepts aimed at the formation of an electronic state. First of all, such legal acts are of a programmatic nature, since in order to create a system, a set of certain measures is required. In the context of informatization, such measures should be reflected in the law. So, on January 28, 2002, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 28, 2002 N 65 "On the federal target program" Electronic Russia (2002 - 2010) ", which is important for the implementation of the concept of an electronic state in Russia, was approved, which approves the program of the same name<7>... By order of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2008 N 632-r, the Concept for the Formation of Electronic Government in the Russian Federation until 2010 was approved, which under the electronic state means a new form of "organizing the activities of public authorities, ensuring through the widespread use of information and communication technologies a qualitatively new level of efficiency and convenience for organizations and citizens to receive public services and information on the results of the activities of state bodies "(section 1) and determines the priorities and directions for the formation of e-government (section 4)<8>... From the analysis of these acts, it follows that Russia is actively moving towards the formation of an electronic state.
<7> Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2002. N 5.S. 531.
<8> Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2008. N 20.P. 2372.
The legislative acts of the Russian Federation also contain a number of norms establishing certain legal basis for the functioning of the electronic state. First of all, these are issues of implementation of certain state procedures in electronic form, the introduction of information technologies in the activities of state bodies. So, in accordance with Art. 28.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2001, the reason for initiating an administrative offense case is the fixation of an administrative offense in the field of road traffic by special technical means working in automatic mode<9>... Such recording of an offense in an automatic mode will allow to reliably determine the presence or absence of an administrative offense, which is the basis for the application of administrative sanctions. Also, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation of July 31, 1998 allows taxpayers to submit tax returns (calculations) together with documents to the tax authority in in electronic format (art. 80)<10>.
<9> Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2002. N 1.S. 1.
<10> Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2000. N 32.S. 3340.
A novelty of Russian legislation is the emergence of a list of public services (functions) carried out using information and telecommunication technologies, which will be provided from 2011.The List of public services provided in electronic form includes state registration legal entities, individuals as individual entrepreneurs, registration of vehicles, taking qualification exams at the traffic police, assistance in the employment of unemployed citizens, licensing of certain types of activities and others<11>... It should be noted that the list of public services is limited and not all government bodies are entitled to carry out the relevant electronic procedures. It is also necessary to take into account that the basis for the provision of public services in electronic form is not legally determined. In this regard, individual departments develop their own regulations for the implementation of public services. So, the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation approved the Procedure for the provision in electronic form of open and publicly available information contained in the Unified state register legal entities and in the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs<12>.
<11> See: order of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 25, 2009 N 872-r "On the list of public services and (or) functions performed using information and telecommunication technologies" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2009. N 26.S. 3259.
<12> See: Order of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation of March 31, 2009 N MM-7-6 / [email protected] "On approval of the Procedure for providing in electronic form open and publicly available information contained in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and in the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs" // Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive bodies. 2009. N 27.
An important innovation in Russian legislation is legal definition of interdepartmental electronic document management, which is understood as the interaction of federal information systems of electronic document management - exchange of electronic messages (maintenance of official correspondence in electronic form)<13>... Electronic document management is the basis for the formation of electronic interaction between government agencies, the state and society. However, at present, the right to carry out interdepartmental electronic document management belongs exclusively to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation and the Staff of the Government of the Russian Federation on a limited range of issues.<14>, as well as from January 1, 2010 to federal executive bodies<15>... Despite this, the legal establishment of such opportunities for electronic interaction is a step towards establishing the foundations for the functioning of an electronic state.
<13> See: Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 22, 2009 N 754 "On approval of the Regulation on the system of interdepartmental electronic document management" // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2009. N 183.
<14> See: Ibid.
<15> See: Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 5, 2009 N 805 "On Amendments to the Model Regulations for Interaction of Federal Executive Bodies" // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2009. N 194.
Also in the legislation of Russia there are legal norms regulating functioning of state sites... In particular, in the Federal Law of February 9, 2009 "On Providing Access to Information on the Activities of State Bodies and Local Self-Government Bodies", which comes into force in 2010, the official website of a state or municipal body means "a website in information and telecommunication the Internet, containing information on the activities of a state body or local self-government body, the e-mail address of which includes a domain name, the rights to which belong to the state body or local self-government body "(Art. 1)<16>... Prior to its adoption, the concept of the site of a state body was not enshrined in law. At the same time, according to statistical data, out of 84 state authorities, 82 authorities have websites.<17>, but there is no unified approach to their content, access and organization of work, and therefore the level of their development leaves much to be desired.
<16> Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2009. N 7.S. 776.
<17> Off-line government // Company. 2009.21 September. N 34.P. 26.
The legislation of the Russian Federation also reflects certain electronic interaction issues citizens, organizations and state bodies in the exercise of state power. Individuals and legal entities are users of information when searching for information on the activities of state and municipal bodies<18>... Thus, the legislator has fixed the circle of participants in electronic interaction when receiving information. Limited are forms of interaction with government bodies: the possibilities of users within the framework of electronic interaction in the exercise of state power are limited by requests for information. In this connection, it is necessary to expand their opportunities in obtaining public services in electronic form.
<18> See: Federal Law of February 9, 2009 N 8-FZ "On providing access to information on the activities of state bodies and local governments" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2009. N 7.S. 776.
The establishment in Russian legislation of legal regulation of certain elements of the formation and functioning of an electronic state makes us seriously think about the transformation of the current management system. However, it is rather early to talk about the actual formation and full-fledged functioning of an electronic state with elements of democracy in Russia. This is due to a number of reasons. At first, this is due to the fact that information and communication technologies are not sufficiently developed, the level of informatization of state and public life is low. The interaction of society and the state, the construction and functioning of the electronic state are carried out on the basis of cyberspace. Cyberspace is an environment of virtual interaction, which includes "both people of all countries, cultures, languages, ages, professions, and the worldwide network of computers interconnected by means of communication infrastructures that provide digital processing and transmission of information"<19>... Informatization is understood as "a universal social process of production and widespread use of information as a public resource that provides an intensification of the economy, acceleration of the country's scientific and technological progress, the processes of democratization and intellectualization of society"<20>... That is, for the functioning of the electronic state, a certain network of electronic computers is needed, interconnected with each other (for example, created on the basis of the Internet). Through such a network, citizens can exercise their rights, including the right to exercise power, to unite, the right to search, receive, transfer, disseminate information, and others. Perhaps the right to participate in the management of state affairs will become the main and priority in the implementation of the concept of an electronic state. This will be reflected in the conduct of electronic voting, polls, elections of state bodies, electronic meetings of citizens, when resolving issues of local self-government. However, to organize communication through cyberspace, it is required to ensure equal access to it for electronic interaction participants. In Russia, not every state (or municipal) body has the appropriate equipment, specialists for the implementation of electronic procedures. What to say about ordinary citizens, not all of whom can afford to buy a computer, for various reasons do not have the skills to work with new technologies. A way out of this situation could be the allocation of subsidies to low-income families for the purchase of computers, the creation of collective centers for access to information resources, the organization of free seminars and courses to train citizens to work with electronic resources. So, on January 10, 2002, the Federal Law "On Electronic Digital Signature" was adopted<21>, which until now has no implementation mechanism due to the lack of the necessary technical base. That is, it is unlikely that in the near future the equality of participants in electronic interaction will be ensured, and, accordingly, the functioning of the electronic state.
<19> Antonos G.A. International dimensions of cyberspace law. M., 2002.S. 174 - 175.
<20> Theory of State and Law: Textbook for Universities / Ed. M.M. Pickle. M .: Publishing house of UNITY-DANA, "Law and Law", 2004. S. 699.
<21> Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2002. N 2.S. 127.
Secondly, in Russia, the population's need for new forms of interaction with state and municipal authorities, new methods of exercising power is not sufficiently expressed. The basis for the formation of an electronic state is the information society - a qualitatively new state of elementary cells of society, a separate state and humanity as a whole, due to the development of information technologies, communication systems, reflecting a new level of development of scientific knowledge, representing a new type of organization of society, society of the new century. The people as a subject of democracy in the theory of the electronic state has specific features. Scientists are talking about the emergence of the "people-voter" as a single subject of democracy, as well as about its qualitative transformation - the acquisition of the properties of the digital public<22>... The digital public, according to S. Moskovichi, is a dispersed mass of voters, consisting of individual voters who are in constant dialogue with each other. It is a self-organized system capable of generating independent decisions.<23>... V.N. Rudenko argues that the ability of such a public to interact and self-organize is a transition from a community of "governed" to a community of "governors", which will constitute an alternative to governments and parliaments<24>... The answers to the questions about whether there is an information society in Russia and whether the population of Russia has the properties of a digital public are ambiguous. On the one hand, many of us can no longer imagine our life without the use of information technology, electronic communication. On the other hand, there remains a rather large number of citizens who are not ready to use a computer instead of real communication with other people in reality; have little interest in informational achievements and transformations. for example, few people know about the implementation of the concept of an electronic state in Russia, however, it is we who will use electronic state procedures in the future. Thus, it is highly doubtful that the entire population today will be able to exercise power through the Internet. The mentality of Russian citizens is quite conservative, in connection with which any state reforms should be carried out gradually and purposefully. In this regard, it seems necessary to raise the level of legal awareness of people by informing them about the formation of an electronic state, explaining their rights and freedoms, and new information opportunities. It is also necessary to introduce additional requirements for civil servants when appointing to positions related to work with information and communication technologies.
<22> See: V.N. Rudenko Decree. op. P. 60.
<23> See: Moskovichi S. Century of crowds. M., 1998.S. 253 - 266.
<24> Rudenko V.N. Decree. op. P. 62.
The existing legal acts do not fully regulate all aspects of building an electronic state. In the legislation of the Russian Federation, there is no basic law establishing the foundations for the functioning of an electronic state, there is no concept of "state service provided in electronic form", in many cases conditions and requirements for their provision are not defined. That is, a government body vested with the appropriate powers, according to the current legislation, will not be able to fully carry out its activities in electronic form, providing only information on such activities and carrying out only certain electronic procedures. In addition, the idea of \u200b\u200belectronic interaction between the population, organizations and state bodies in the exercise of power remains unrealized in full, the list of forms of interaction between participants in electronic interaction is limited, issues of the exercise of power by the population in electronic form, and others are not reflected. The above problems need legal regulation. In the Constitution of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts, it is necessary to introduce articles on giving the Russian state an electronic status; establish the possibility of exercising state power in electronic form, using information and communication technologies, in particular, provide for the organization of electronic meetings; to consolidate the provisions on the functioning of the websites of state bodies in the network, as well as on the possibility of citizens to participate in the exercise of power through the use of information and communication technologies, to consolidate the right of citizens and organizations to reliable information, including legal information; to consolidate the right of citizens to choose the form of receiving public services and participation in the exercise of state power and the resolution of issues of local importance; to consolidate the right of citizens to equal access to information and communication technologies; introduce the obligation to post a legal act in electronic form on the official website. In order to protect public relations from encroachments in the electronic state, it is necessary to introduce administrative liability for offenses in the electronic state (in particular, for hacking attempts and unauthorized access to electronic databases), as well as toughen the already established administrative and criminal sanctions. The problem of legal regulation is that information and communication technologies are developing at a fairly rapid pace and the legislator does not have time to cover all the necessary issues. It may be necessary to strengthen the work of the legislative branch by increasing the number of bills under consideration in this area, and to involve specialists in the information environment for the preparation of bills.
So, the electronic state is characterized as based on the interaction of authorities and society in order to provide public services and ensure the possibility of participation in the exercise of power by the population using information and telecommunication technologies. We can say that in the age of informatization, the formation of an electronic state is an inevitable process. Moreover, the achievements of a particular state in its construction will affect the position of this state in the world arena. It is positive that the e-state is being created, among others, in order to simplify state procedures, reduce the cost of maintaining the state apparatus, as well as ensure the transparency of the activities of state authorities, which may lead in practice to a decrease in the number of deliberately illegal actions and decisions of authorities and officials.
At the same time, in all approaches to the concept of an electronic state, its negative feature is traced - an orientation towards a universal idea of \u200b\u200ba person and a person, the absence of individual characteristics in the commission of any legal actions. In addition, advanced information and communication technologies can be a powerful tool to suppress the population and become a prerequisite for the emergence of an anti-democratic regime. Therefore, the legislation of the emerging electronic state should contain guarantees for the suppression of unlawful interference in the life and consciousness of people in certain interests, as well as be ready for informational changes and reflect the main issues of its functioning. An analysis of Russian legislation allows us to speak about the beginning of the formation of an electronic state. However, the creation of democracy in the modern era will require joint efforts of the state and society in the direction of protecting human rights and freedoms. It is on a full-fledged dialogue between the state and society that the formation and functioning of a full-fledged electronic democratic state depend.
Development of a system of electronic interaction between the state and the population
Safin Ruslan G
This scientific work is based on the research of A.F. Garifullina, who has a number of scientific papers on this topic.
Electronic interaction between the state and the population is a system of interaction between public authorities and the population, based on the widespread use of modern information technologies, including the Internet, to increase the availability and quality of public services, reduce the time for their provision, and reduce the administrative burden on citizens and organization associated with their receipt. ...
In other words, it is a system for the provision of public services by simplifying the processing of citizens' applications and providing them in a “one window” format. Electronic interaction between the state and the population is implemented through the introduction of the institution of "electronic government". "Electronic government" (e-Government) - Internet technologies that provide informational interaction of authorities with the population and civil society institutions. ...
By the middle of 2013, the lag in the implementation of a large-scale plan for transferring federal, regional and municipal services to electronic rails on the EPGU + SMEV platform became chronic and growing; As a result, this problem was specially considered at a meeting of the Government Commission on the implementation of information technologies in government bodies. The chairman of the commission D. Medvedev expressed his opinion at the meeting that the transfer of services to electronic form can be accelerated by solving the following tasks.
- Formation of a unified federal structure for the provision of services, including both online and offline services. This structure means not only a single portal of public services, on which more than 4 million citizens are currently registered, but also a network of multifunctional centers. At the time of the meeting, about 700 centers were created, by 2015 about 3 thousand will open. Another element is the branch network of Russian Post, of course, subject to the modernization of the branches themselves, and there are more than 40 thousand of them, and training of the relevant personnel so that he is ready for this job,
- A clear definition of the term “electronic service delivery”. Behind it should not be the web page of the relevant department, but "a normal, modern, full-fledged interface that would simplify communication with officials." The interface should be understandable not only for “advanced” users, but also for ordinary people, including the elderly, who, nevertheless, are trying to master electronic services.
- Creation of a system that allows receiving state and municipal services throughout the country, regardless of place of residence or stay.
At the first meeting of the renamed Government Commission of the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications and the Ministry of Economic Development - after discussing the situation with the slowdown in the development of the system of providing electronic services - it was concluded that it is necessary to develop, agree and approve the "Concept for the development of mechanisms for the provision of state and municipal services in electronic form" (Protocol No. 1 p. 4 p. 1 of 19.09.2013). The draft Concept on October 16, 2013 was presented to the public for discussion on the website of the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications.
The concept sums up the previous development of the electronic government of Russia and sets tasks for the new period in order to optimize the most successful and proven solutions. However, the issues of semantic integration of ministries and departments, the creation of a truly unified information space of all levels of government, the implementation of seamless design technologies and the provision of electronic services, as it seems to the author, are not clearly reflected in it, which requires more detailed consideration and formulation of requirements that are absent in the Concept.
For 2016, among the priority tasks for optimizing e-government are:
- improving the convenience and simplification of the use of electronic services on the gosuslugi.ru portal;
- popularization of the advantages of receiving public services in electronic form;
- improving the quality of the operation process to ensure the availability of electronic services for key departments at a level of at least 97 percent;
- mass distribution of the system of pre-trial appeal of the quality of public services (do.gosuslugi.ru).
In general, although electronic services are available in Russia, they are still quite complex for mass use... It takes time for departments and regions to realize that e-services are a combination of technologies and new business processes, and take active steps to optimize them.
First of all, the user interface was simplified, which will increase the number of citizens who not only want to use electronic services, but also implement them in practice, that is, get the final result.
Secondly, the new version provides for the integration of a single password for the EPGU and the user's personal account with regional and departmental portals. So, for example, it will be available to enter the personal account of the taxpayer (for certain user accounts).
Thirdly, the new technology of "widgets" and "open platform" of the EPGU will be applied in order to transfer electronic state services to the trusted sites of departments and commercial organizations.
Thus, federal services will become available on a variety of portals, and not only on the portal of state services. Since technologically access to third-party sites will pass through the portal of public services, this will also significantly expand the audience of the portal.
Since January 1, 2016, citizens have the opportunity to pre-trial appeal against decisions and actions committed by civil servants of federal executive bodies and state non-budgetary funds in the provision of public services. This can be done through the information system of pre-trial appeal, developed by us as part of the implementation of the state program "Information Society". The system is integrated into the e-government infrastructure and is represented by a separate portal at do.gosuslugi.ru.
The system will receive complaints filed directly through the websites of departments that provide public services, as well as through multifunctional centers for the provision of state and municipal services. The creation of this system will allow centralizing all methods of filing complaints, combining them into a single register of complaints of the Russian Federation, the maintenance of which will strengthen control over their consideration. Now the process of connecting departments to the system is underway.
Today, the development of electronic interaction between the state and the population in Russia is undergoing a stage of formation, therefore it is important to adopt any positive experience in this environment. foreign countries and
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Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the development of public services in the modern information society.
1.1. The role and place of the service sector in the modern development of society.
1.2. The system of legal regulation of the sphere of providing public services.
1.3. Goals, objectives and features of administrative reform at the regional level.
Chapter 2. Study of factors and trends in the development of the system of public services.
2.1. The state of development of the service sector in terms of informatization.
2.2. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the existing forms and methods of regulation of public services.
2.3. Research of rational foreign approaches to the provision of public services in Russian practice.
Chapter 3. Formation of an effective system for the provision of public services.
3.1. Methods for monitoring the official websites of the executive bodies of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and multifunctional centers in the performance of state functions.
3.2. Analysis of the content of the official websites of multifunctional centers for the provision of public services.
3.3. Prospects for the development of the system of providing public services in the conditions of modern Russia.
Recommended list of dissertations
Improving the processes of providing public services based on information and communication technologies 2006, Candidate of Economic Sciences Shestakova, Svetlana Vyacheslavovna
Legal and organizational issues of standardization of the activities of internal affairs bodies for the provision of services to the population 2010, candidate of legal sciences Chislov, Vladimir Ivanovich
State policy in the field of information technology: the experience of the Russian Federation 2012, Doctor of Political Science Ustinovich, Elena Stepanovna
Development of administrative regulation in the context of public administration reform 2012, Doctor of Economics Keil, Yakov Yakovlevich
Political leadership in the development of public services at the level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation 2011, candidate of political sciences Shevchenko, Viktor Mikhailovich
Dissertation introduction (part of the abstract) on the topic "Development of the system of providing electronic public services to the population: the example of the Kurgan region"
E-government is a single complex of technologically interconnected state information systems and elements of information technology infrastructure, providing a new level of efficiency and effectiveness of government bodies.
Public services, in response to the expectations of citizens to receive high-quality and efficient services, seek to improve their activities using new technologies and various solutions that simplify relationship management and access to information. In addition, informatization is becoming an important component of optimizing processes within the state structures themselves, playing a special role in connection with the ongoing administrative reform in the country, the reform of the education system, pension and other reforms.
The strategic goal of e-government is to change the relationship between government and society - to improve the provision of services to the population and business, as well as to expand the degree of participation of all citizens in the processes of managing society and the state.
E-government as effective tool public administration solves numerous problems of information interaction - it helps to eliminate the bureaucratic barrier between the public service and the person, improving access to public information resources, simplifying the receipt of the necessary information and services.
The definition of principles and basic approaches to the transition to electronic services today is one of the key points in the development of a system for the provision of public services in electronic form.
As part of the implementation of the administrative reform, analyzing the reasons for reforming the public sector in different countries, it can be concluded that the incentive to carry out administrative reform will be an increase in the level of information and the provision of services provided by the state in electronic form, the desire to reduce public spending, and increase transparency in work. bodies of state and municipal authorities.
The administrative reform is a program for the modernization of the executive branch, affecting changes in its functionality, organizational structure, work technologies, and the nature of interaction with civil society.
Reform should be viewed not as something imposed from above on civil society, but as an ongoing process that directly affects the improvement of management efficiency and the achievement of final results. Today, a systematic approach to the provision of services to the population in an electronic version (form) is needed, involving the solution of organizational, economic, legal and a number of other issues.
Of particular relevance is the task of automating communication between citizens and the state in the provision of public services, obtaining a unique opportunity to interact with the state 24 hours a day in self-service mode, determining the quantitative characteristics of the public availability of information related to the provision of public services and the implementation of public functions based on existing administrative regulations, as well as the availability of electronic interaction functions on the official websites of the executive authorities.
When forming centralized programs for informatization of regional information systems, many of them are implemented within the framework of separate programs and have no connection with each other. Thus, information systems are closed to service a limited range of tasks, and the processes of informatization in the regions are of a departmental nature.
To improve the quality of life of citizens when converting public services into electronic form, it is necessary to form new mechanisms for intellectual and creative activity, to identify the best foreign practices, to improve the legal and regulatory framework governing the procedures for the provision of public services, to constantly monitor the quality of services provided.
These circumstances determined the choice of the topic of the dissertation, determined its goal, objectives, subject, object and research methods.
The aim of the study is to develop forms and methods for the development of interaction between the state, represented by its executive bodies and officials, with citizens and organizations in the provision of public services in electronic form.
The implementation of this goal required the solution of a number of tasks: - study of the theoretical and methodological foundations, principles and mechanisms for regulating the provision of public services to the population in electronic form, specifying the features of the formation of a system of informing potential consumers about public services and their provision through the development of appropriate infrastructure (formation of databases on public services and the introduction of advanced information and communication technologies, as well as the creation of information centers);
Determination of opportunities and rational directions for the application of world practice in the provision of public services to the population in electronic form;
Analysis of the effectiveness of the creation and modernization of information systems of government bodies during the transition to electronic services;
Justification of proposals for the transition to electronic services, taking into account the development of an electronic method of receiving services, generating demand for electronic applications, eliminating barriers to receiving services, reducing the cost of public services to citizens who receive them in electronic form;
Development of an approach to create the necessary prerequisites for the provision of services in electronic form, the formation of demand for services provided in electronic form, with the preparation of recommendations for the development of the system of public services to citizens in electronic form.
The subject of research work is a set of measures for the effective and high-quality provision of public services to the population in electronic form.
The object of the research is public services provided to the population at the level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in electronic form.
The scientific novelty of the research as a whole lies in the development of organizational and methodological foundations and a system of practical recommendations for the formation of effective provision of services in electronic form.
The most significant results of the dissertation research are as follows: the sequence of the gradual transition of state executive bodies to the provision of public services in electronic form has been scientifically substantiated; a system of indicators for assessing the quality and availability of electronic public services has been developed, factors that have a negative impact on the quality and availability of public services have been identified; a method for assessing consumer satisfaction with the quality of the provided public service is proposed, on the basis of which the final coefficient of readiness for electronic interaction is calculated, reflecting the level of electronic interaction of a state body, as well as showing the degree of its readiness to provide services in electronic form;
A set of organizational and economic recommendations for the development of methods for express analysis of an e-government project has been developed, the essence of which is reflected in the constant monitoring of the current situation, which provides a point assessment of the population's satisfaction with the quality of services in electronic format and allowing to identify factors that can contribute to increasing citizens' satisfaction with the quality and availability of services.
Theoretical and methodological framework research served as the development of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists in the field of economic development, information technology, state and municipal administration.
The information base of the work was compiled by data from the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Federal Laws of the Russian Federation, target programs, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation and its subjects, the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation, results sociological research, information resources of the Internet. Reference and methodological literature, materials from specialized periodicals were used.
Practical significance and approbation of research results.
The main provisions of the dissertation were discussed and tested in published articles and a speech at a scientific and practical conference: "Problems of the integration of education, science and business in the context of new challenges of the global economy" (Moscow, 2013).
Suggested by the author practical advice on the development of methods for the express analysis of the e-government project and the assessment of satisfaction with the quality of the provided public service were introduced into the practice of the State Budgetary Institution of the Kurgan region "MFC". The completed scientific developments are also used in the educational process when teaching economic disciplines at the Kurgan branch of the Modern Humanitarian Academy.
The use of the recommendations and conclusions of the dissertation will improve the efficiency and quality of provided state and municipal services. The main provisions of the dissertation research can be used in the performance of state functions and the transfer of public services to the population in electronic form by the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as the development of administrative regulations of the executive authorities.
The structure and content of the work are determined by the goals, objectives and logic of the dissertation research. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references. The volume of work is 126 pages of the main text, including tables and figures.
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Thesis conclusion on the topic “Economics and management of the national economy: theory of management of economic systems; macroeconomics; economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries, complexes; innovation management; regional economy; logistics; labor economics ", Zhidkova, Oksana Sergeevna
Conclusion
Improving the quality of the provision of public services should become an integral part of public administration capable of ensuring the effective development of socio-economic processes in Russia. The provision of services has long played an essential role in the socio-economic development of society. The availability of services as a form of human interaction determines the formation and construction of a modern economically developed society.
The social significance of information about the activities of state bodies is as follows: firstly, at the stage of modern development of society, public authorities are carriers and holders of the largest amount of socially significant information, environmental, legal, information about emergencies and incidents, which causes constant heightened interest the whole society; secondly, today the most significant and essential for society will be the information resources of government bodies; thirdly, the realization of the possibility of gaining access to such resources is relatively new for the Russian Federation, and the legislation in this area is the youngest; fourthly, the Internet is the most effective modern remedy dissemination of information among a wide range of people.
Thus, not only providing stakeholders with access to information on the activities of state bodies, but also the entire public will contribute to the development of public (electronic) state information resources, allowing: - to improve the quality of public administration; -reach in acceptance management decisions transparency;
Create a system of control over the activities of government bodies by the society itself.
At the same time, state bodies are still not using the potential of information technologies effectively enough to move to a qualitatively new level of interaction with the population.
Today, a systematic approach to the provision of services to the population in an electronic version (form) is needed, involving the solution of organizational, economic, legal and a number of other issues.
An important task is the formation and development of the industry and the corresponding infrastructure, which increases the level of demand for electronic services aimed at the mass consumer using information (electronic) resources that ensure a high level of quality, accessibility and efficiency in the provision of electronic public services. It is necessary to establish a unified system for the provision of services in electronic form throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, including the creation of a unified database, the requirement for the composition and content of information about the service provided in electronic form, the authorization mechanism for service users.
The task of automating communication between citizens and the state in the provision of public services, obtaining a unique opportunity to interact with the state 24 hours a day in self-service mode, determining the quantitative characteristics of the public availability of information regarding the performance of functions and the provision of public services on the basis of existing administrative regulations , as well as the development of opportunities for electronic interaction on the official websites of executive authorities.
Today it is necessary to create and develop state interdepartmental electronic interaction, which allows exchanging data and making decisions in real time, while ensuring the security of the recipient and the representative of services provided in electronic form.
Despite the existing differences between the subjects of the country in informatization, as well as the level of information and communication infrastructure of public authorities, most of them strive for a phased transition to electronic interaction, the provision of information resources using the Internet. Based on this, the work proposed a method for calculating the final coefficient of readiness for electronic interaction, which reflects the level of electronic interaction of a state body and shows the degree of readiness of a state body to provide services in electronic form.
In the study, a questionnaire "Quality of public services through the eyes of the population" was developed, consisting of several blocks: the first block of questions of the questionnaire - the position and opinion of the population about interaction with executive authorities in the provision of public services. This block includes questions aimed at clarifying:
Problems that may arise for individuals and legal entities when receiving public services in a public authority;
The reasons why citizens have to refuse to receive public services;
Social institutions, which citizens trust more when filing a complaint about the actions (inaction) of officials in the provision of public services;
Citizens' desires to use the services of intermediary organizations when receiving public services; the second block of questions in the questionnaire is the availability of the appropriate infrastructure available in government bodies that provide and provide government services. Prospective respondents are invited to answer the questions that arise when contacting a public authority for obtaining the necessary public service; the third block of questions in the questionnaire is the wishes of citizens about what needs to be done to improve the work of civil servants at all levels and improve the quality and availability of public services. the fourth block of questions of the questionnaire is to determine the indicators of the quality and availability of public services, allowing the satisfaction of the needs and desires of the population in the provision of public services.
Based on the questionnaire, the main reasons for the dissatisfaction of the population with the quality of the provision of services in electronic format and factors that can improve the quality and availability of public services to the population in any region of the country can be identified.
Currently, the reality is that Russia does not have a sufficient number of specialists, as well as specially developed information programs in the provision and development of public services to the population in electronic form. In order to narrow the gap, our country has to do a huge amount of work, in which persons interested in the accelerated informatization of the country should participate. There is a need for serious support from the government and government bodies at different levels, and their close interaction.
Another problem is the qualifications of specialists called upon to implement the Electronic Russia program. Unfortunately, in our country there are not enough specialists capable of working with modern information technologies, and one cannot but take into account the ongoing so-called "brain drain" abroad, where they offer a better standard of living and well-being.
The possibilities and implementation of financing programs, interaction between the state and society, coordinated actions of public authorities at all levels are also among the priority issues in building an electronic state.
With modern opportunities for the development of information and communication technologies and the implementation of interaction both between public authorities within government structures, and directly with consumers of services (individuals and legal entities), a continuous process of interconnection should work until the implementation of specific solutions in the country. Today, the proposed and adopted decisions by public authorities are directly subordinate to the executors of state structures and can only be approved by the top management, without taking into account the opinions and criticism of society.
An open information society, in our opinion, is:
Continuous functioning of Internet portals of public authorities;
Well-coordinated feedback process;
The ability of the population to directly participate in assessing the effectiveness of the work of public authorities in decision-making;
Development and approval of regulatory documents governing access to information resources;
Organization of continuous and uninterrupted work of sa11 centers, consulting receptions;
Development of activities that implement public expertise;
Formation of a system of public service standards, allowing the provision of services to citizens and businesses in electronic form.
The implementation of the concept for the introduction of electronic government in the region will increase the budget expenditures for organizing the work and activities of the executive authorities of state structures, however, it should be noted that the total budget expenditures for organizing a new state administration will decrease.
The introduction of e-government should lead to a reassessment of values \u200b\u200band an awareness of the modern and effective level of interaction not only of certain categories of citizens of our country, but of the whole society as a whole, including civil servants of all levels. At the same time, civil servants and employees of government departments of a functioning system of public administration need to understand that not adopting a new system of interaction between government bodies, government bodies with citizens and organizations will contribute to ousting such officials from outside and the arrival of new ones who realize and understand the prospects of interaction by means information and communication technologies.
The main elements of e-government in the region should be the following:
Information and analytical subsystems that implement an increase in the socio-economic development of the region through monitoring, analysis, forecasting and planning in the work of the regional government bodies;
Functional subsystems that implement the measurement of information between citizens and public authorities of the region in the provision and provision of public services in electronic form;
Integration subsystems that implement the functioning of interdepartmental interaction of e-government authorities in the region between different levels of government;
Common information technology infrastructures that implement the interconnected existence of various subsystems of the region's electronic government.
The methods of regulating the provision of public services are as follows:
Increase in the number of Internet users due to: support from the state to create an opportunity for all categories of citizens to receive reference and special information upon request about the activities of state authorities, regulatory documents in public and most visited places;
Ensuring uninterrupted operation of the Internet in hard-to-reach and remote places from the centers, such as villages, villages, etc .;
When planning the budget, allocate subsidies for the implementation of building a network of access to Internet resources in remote areas;
Raising public awareness about e-government services: creating and organizing training programs on the use of state online services in schools, employment centers; monitoring and information activities;
As part of the implementation of the e-government system, involve independent organizations to implement the planned projects.
For the participation of independent organizations to be effective, it is necessary:
Continuous training of internal personnel and personnel reserve and the adoption of the experience of employees of third-party organizations;
Assess the feasibility of using independent organizations instead of their own state structures and departments;
Formation of priority public services provided at the initial stage of implementation of the e-government system. In this case, the services provided at this stage from the list must meet the following criteria:
Rendering on the principle of "one window". For the consumer of services, it should not matter which of the state institutions will render him a service;
When developing an online version, the entire process of providing each of the services should be optimized.
The introduction of e-government should be facilitated by the ease and massiveness of access to receiving public services in electronic form by individuals and legal entities. Responsible for documents submitted to government bodies will not be citizens, but civil servants.
The thesis describes the methodology for monitoring the official websites of executive authorities. Monitoring the content of official sites is the observation of the work of state bodies on the dissemination of information and electronic interaction services on their sites on the execution of state functions and the provision of state services in order to identify the compliance of the current level of electronic interaction with the desired result.
This technique can be used:
For annual independent monitoring of the current state of readiness for electronic interaction on the official websites of the executive bodies of state power of the subject, the MFC in connection with the adoption and application of administrative regulations;
To introduce new developments to improve the analysis of the content of the official websites of authorities,
The methodology for monitoring the content of the official websites of the executive bodies of state power in the region of the Russian Federation and the MFC presented in the dissertation research is based on determining the quantitative characteristics of information and services posted on the official websites.
The quantitative characteristics of information and services are determined using the criterion of the presence / absence of information and services posted on the official website of the state body, for each administrative regulation, taking into account the total number of administrative regulations.
The dissertation proposes a methodology for assessing consumer satisfaction with the quality of the public service provided, on the basis of which the final coefficient of readiness for electronic interaction is developed, reflecting the level of electronic interaction of a state body, as well as showing the degree of readiness to provide services in electronic form.
The problem of informatization of the public administration system was given a significant place in the dissertation. This allows us to speak about the applied nature of the research carried out.
Thus, the development of the socio-economic society is currently closely connected with the developing Internet technologies, which should allow government bodies to provide high-quality, popular and affordable electronic services. Revealing negative influences on the quality and widespread distribution of public services, determined on the basis of indicators for assessing the quality and availability of electronic public services, which allow public authorities to constantly analyze and improve the provision of public services to the population.
The use of the recommendations and conclusions of the dissertation will improve the efficiency of management and the quality of public services provided. The main provisions of the work can be used by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the formation of administrative regulations for the execution of state functions and in the course of transferring public services to the population in electronic form.
By introducing special devices and software into everyday life that allow working at home and providing government services in electronic format quickly and conveniently for the population. This is necessary in order for the society to understand and accept the organization of the creation of a new public administration - the provision of electronic public services.
To implement interactive interaction, specialists in the field of information and communication technologies must develop and improve existing software products for public authorities, their clients, citizens and businesses, as well as create special programs for certain categories of citizens (pensioners, people with disabilities and those with disabilities).
Today, state authorities must ensure not only the high quality of the provision of electronic public services, but also the continuity of work on their provision.
In order to create an effective functioning of the electronic region, it is necessary to analyze the electronic state services provided and official information among the users of public services, which are the most demanded and often requested by citizens in a particular region of the country, since Russia is a huge country with different territorial characteristics and specific mentality.
The dissertation research analyzes the offered and demanded public services provided to the population in electronic form on the territory of the Kurgan region. The most significant and demanded for the population are services that have a social orientation. High rates the demand for public services is the Department of Health and the Main Directorate of Social Protection of the Population in the Kurgan Region.
Particularly important, in our opinion, the implementation of the e-region program will be the creation and existence of access to the Internet on the territory of the region among the municipalities of regional settlements and settlements. For this, it is necessary to create special conditions for attracting highly qualified specialists to work, capable of creating a system for the provision of public services to the population in electronic form, capable of training existing personnel on the ground in villages remote from the center, as well as organizing the possibility of control and supervision over activities in the region. local authorities authorities at municipal levels. In turn, local authorities municipal formation should organize among their citizens, future recipients of public services, new opportunities for obtaining official information on the activities of public authorities and a new way of providing public services in electronic form.
The introduction of information technologies into the public administration system should provide a new level of economic, social and educational development in Russia.
Thus, it will be fundamentally important that citizens (individuals and legal entities), when submitting a request for the provision of the necessary information, as well as within the framework of the provision of a public service, will be able to exercise control over the possibility and progress of its provision.
Equality, without exception, of all categories of citizens and customers to whom electronic services will be provided will be very important and unique in the implementation of the e-government program.
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The formation of e-government involves a comprehensive solution of the following tasks:
· Full automation of public administration based on modern information technologies;
· Implementation of the reform of public administration institutions;
· Providing government web presence;
· Achievement of a high level of telecommunication infrastructure;
· Increasing the level of readiness of the population to use information services.
In turn, the government's web presence (according to the classification of the European Commission) is characterized by a sequential passage of five stages:
1. Information (Information) - means a 20% web presence and involves the creation of regularly updated government websites with the publication of basic government information on them ( regulations, orders, decrees, etc.) references to ministries and government departments (education, health, finance, etc.).
2. Interactive one-way (One way interaction) - assumes a 40% web presence and consists in organizing passive interaction between clients and the government. It implies, for example, providing access in electronic form to various forms of documents that are required by citizens and businesses to interact with the state. You can print the required form, but you will have to send it in the traditional way, and not over the Internet. Or, for example, searching for vacancies in government organizations based on user-specified criteria.
3. Two-way interaction - means 60% web presence and is realized through interactive two-way interaction. At this stage, online services acquire interactivity and it becomes possible to request information on certain speeches and discussions, contact government officials by e-mail, participate in online discussions or leave comments on message boards, etc.
4. Transactional (Transaction) - assumes an 80% web presence and is characterized by transactional interaction, making it possible to provide services that can be performed online at all stages. An example is the filing of applications in electronic form for obtaining licenses to conduct professional activities, filing tax returns, applications for the exchange of documents, etc. At this stage, one of the major problems is to ensure the safety of work.
5. Proactive (Targetisation) - means a 100% web presence and differs in that the government not only provides services to citizens and commercial structures, but also involves citizens in decision-making and two-way dialogue based on interactive services. Shlyakhtina S. Internet in figures and facts / S. Shlyakhtina // Computer press. - 2003. - No. 2. -. 8-19
In general, “e-government” is defined as a specialized complex system of interaction between executive power structures with citizens, civil society and business structures via the Internet. The following levels of interaction can be distinguished:
C2B (customer-to-business) - between citizens and private companies;
B2B (business-to-business) - between private companies;
G2C (government-to-citizen) - between government services (at the level of government, departments and regions) and citizens;
G2B (government-to-business) - between the state and private companies;
G2G (government-to-government) - between government bodies. Prokhorov. A. Electronic government in figures and facts / A. Prokhorov // Computer-press. - 2006. - No. 5. - S. С.144-150
In the concept of "electronic state", the entire system of executive authorities functions as a single service organization designed to provide services to the population. E-government activities should be sufficiently open, transparent and accessible to citizens. Special attention focuses on the principle of feedback, speed and quality of service delivery, through the widespread use of centralized Internet systems. All this is intended to improve both the quality of the state's provision of services to the population and the efficiency of the functioning of the government itself. Irkhin Yu.V. "Electronic government": theory and practice // State service. - 2008. - N 4. - 163-173
The process of formation of the "e-government" system can be roughly divided into three main stages-directions: "publicity", "participation" and "online transactions".
"Publicity" means the use of the latest communication technologies to expand the access of citizens and civil society institutions to the information they are interested in by public authorities and local governments.
“Participation” implies the expansion of opportunities for citizens to participate in the management of state and public affairs at all levels of government and throughout the cycle of preparation and political decision-making. It involves the publication on the relevant websites of state and municipal structures of contact e-mail addresses, as well as forms for feedback.
"Online transactions" - ensure the provision of services of state and municipal institutions via the Internet - payment of utility bills, filling out tax returns and collecting taxes, registering public associations, and in the future - entrepreneurs without a legal entity, small businesses, etc. At this stage the "information economy" is being formed, which is a new stage in terms of the economic effect obtained as a result of the constant interactive functioning of state portals.
The advantages of the e-government are obvious - simplification of bureaucratic procedures, a significant reduction in terms of registration required documents, ensuring easily verifiable, strict tax accountability of legal entities and individuals through the introduction of a unified electronic accounting system, increasing the level of budget revenues, reducing the scale of corruption and, accordingly, increasing citizens' confidence in the institutions of power L.A. Vasilenko. Internet in the informatization of the state service in Russia. M., RAGS, 2000; Irkhin Yu.V. "Electronic government": theory and practice // State service. - 2008. - N 4. - 163-173; G.L. Kupryashin, A.I. Soloviev State management, (Section "Electronic government"). M., 2004.
For the reorganization of the public administration system in the “e-government” paradigm, a number of conditions are necessary. Among them:
1. Adoption of relevant government decisions;
2. Sufficient level of "internetization" of society (at least 30% of the country's amateur population and most state institutions);
3. Development of a rational concept of "e-government" and the creation of the necessary information and technological prerequisites and electronic forms (documents, signatures, etc.), financial support, training of new personnel in the algorithm of this government;
4. Taking into account the most complex social and administrative-legal problems arising from the introduction of new electronic-organizational management models in life, the traditions of the development of society, the peculiarities of its management, bureaucracy;
5. Removal of narrow technological approaches in the formation and operation of the "electronic state" ("information technology will solve all problems"),
6. Overcoming the possibilities of using it for antisocial purposes;
7. Rational and critical use of accumulated foreign experience Irkhin Yu.V. "Electronic government": theory and practice // State service. - 2008. - No. 4. - 163-173.
S. Shlyakhtina in her work identifies the following conditions:
· Reorganization of internal structures and processes of government agencies through the automation of processes and taking into account the principles of accountability, transparency and efficiency;
· Secure access to services (deployment of identification systems, security policy support, etc.), without which the development of online services is doomed to failure;
· Use of a wide range of channels for effective provision of services, and innovative channels (computer, mobile phone, digital TV, etc.) should not exclude, but complement traditional ones, since not all categories of the population (for example, the elderly) want to switch to new ways to get services;
· Standardization of services based on international standards and support for multilingualism, since services should be available to all citizens regardless of their nationality, language of communication, place of residence, etc .;
· Convenience and support, since the receipt of services should be designed for all categories of the population (regardless of the level of education, skills, physical abilities, etc.), while citizens should be able to consult at any time regarding the receipt of the service.
The websites of state bodies are not a tribute to fashion, they carry a large informational and legal burden. As I. Bachilo rightly notes, in the conditions of “information society ... the issue of transparency of the activities of executive authorities is of particular importance. These circumstances should affect the state of information and state security as a whole, on the reality of the institution of responsibility of both state authorities and civil servants ”Bachilo IL. Information law. - M., 2001.
State bodies are becoming more open and accessible to the society, focused on citizens. In the context of an “electronic state”, society not only gains wide access to information, but also the opportunity to influence the process of making government decisions, to take interactive participation in their preparation, which ultimately also increases the transparency of the public sector. The "electronic state" as a whole creates new opportunities for the development of democracy. This is extremely important in conditions when "the globalization of the process of democratization of the world is accompanied by the problem of the crisis of modern democracy", expressed "in the exhaustion of the possibilities of self-development of democracy, its progress" Kovler A.I. A crisis of democracy? - M., 1997.
Thus, the electronic state (electronic government, e-government) is an Internet technology that provides informational interaction of government bodies with the population and civil society institutions. It appeared at the end of the 20th century due to the low efficiency of government bodies. The process of formation of the "electronic state" system can be conditionally divided into three main stages-directions: "publicity", "participation" and "online transactions". The e-government is a system of interaction between executive power structures with citizens, civil society and business structures via the Internet.
The main features of the e-government are the introduction of ICT into the activities of the governments of various countries, the openness and accessibility of state information, the principle of feedback between the population and public authorities, the responsibility of the state for the decisions made, and the decentralization of power.
Electronic state - This is the implementation of Internet solutions and basic infrastructure for the provision of information resources and information services to individuals and legal entities by state bodies in order to ensure transparency in the work of the public sector and ensure interactive participation among top officials in decision-making.
Types of states at different stages of human society development:
- the control state is a pre-industrial society;
– constitutional state - industrial society;
– welfare state - post-industrial society;
- electronic state - information society.
The goal of the e-government is to ensure the interactive participation of individuals and legal entities and the transparent work of the public sector.
The implementation of the ideas of the electronic state is carried out through the creation of state websites that: a) exercise the right of citizens to information, and the subject bears full responsibility for the information posted on this website; b) perform a communicative function.
Features of government websites
1) submission of applications, registration, submission of customs declarations;
2) liquidation of paper document circulation and restructuring state archives;
3) creation of a single center to control the collection of personal information and their automated processing.
Today the Russian system of public administration uses the Electronic Russia program, within the framework of which such projects as Electronic Government, Telemedicine, and Distance Education have been developed. A modern information system of public administration is gradually emerging, which mainly uses information technologies for public rule.
Vasilenko I.A. identifies the following main characteristics of public administration in the XXI century:
- development of public policy using infocommunication technologies, political analytics and forecasting;
- development, implementation and evaluation government programs using modern methods of socio-political and socio-economic diagnostics, identification and pattern recognition, aggregation of information and its computer processing (using methods of mathematical modeling of social processes in the development of management decisions at the local, regional and national levels);
- forecasting and taking into account in practice of positive and negative trends in the development of social phenomena, development of measures to localize and eliminate shortcomings, determine the needs for changes and innovations and take practical actions to implement them;
- analysis, generalization and interpretation of social, political and economic indicators characterizing the state of the region, region, country;
- organization and conduct of empirical research on the study of socio-political and socio-economic processes in the region (region, country) to find optimal management decisions, making such decisions;
- the use of rational methods of search, processing, storage and use of the necessary social, political, economic and scientific information.
Electronic government Is the concept of public administration inherent in the information society. This concept is based on the capabilities of information and telecommunication technologies and the values \u200b\u200bof an open civil society.
In many countries "electronic government" is just being created, and in some countries it has been successfully functioning for a long time.
The US Electronic Government Act of 2002 is divided into five sections (titles).
1. Electronic state service of administrative and budgetary management.
2. Federal Department of Electronic Civil Service.
3. Information security.
4. Approval of appropriations and dates.
5. Protection of confidential information and reliability of statistics.
The goals of creating an electronic state:
1) ensuring interdepartmental cooperation;
2) development of the spread of electronic government;
3) expanding the participation of citizens in public administration;
4) raising the level of awareness of those who make power decisions;
5) reduction of costs and expenses for state structures;
6) access to reliable government information. The system of authorities exercising powers in the field of creation and functioning of the electronic state:
1) information agencies;
2) information officer;
3) council of senior officials on information (interdepartmental in nature);
4) Department for electronic government;
5) administration administrator (appointed by the president);
6) administrative and budgetary management;
7) director of administrative and budgetary management;
8) interdepartmental commission on state information.
However, today "electronic government", with rare exceptions, has not yet become a reality. There are more and more examples of “government on-line”, which is not essentially the same as “e-government”. "Government on-line" is a static site of government structures that rarely contain anything other than general information about the work of this government structure and contact numbers. The most advanced of them offer citizens a small number of electronic transactions, such as paying taxes.
Naturally, among specialists there are different points of view on the content of the concept of "electronic government". Let's consider just some of the interpretations of this term. Thus, e-government is defined as follows:
- organization of public administration on the basis of electronic means of processing, transmission and distribution of information, provision of services of state bodies of all branches of government to all categories of citizens (pensioners, workers, businessmen, civil servants, etc.) by electronic means, informing citizens about work by the same means government agencies;
- information technology in public administration;
- automated public services, the main functions of which are: ensuring free access of citizens to all necessary state information, collecting taxes, registering vehicles and patents, issuing the necessary information, concluding agreements and formalizing supplies of materials and equipment necessary for the state apparatus. This can lead to a decrease in costs and savings of taxpayers' funds for the maintenance and financing of the activities of the state apparatus, an increase in the openness and transparency of the activities of government bodies;
- the use of new technologies in government bodies, including Internet technologies.
According to some experts, these definitions represent e-government rather as a way to modernize existing structures and services, and not as an independent idea of \u200b\u200ba comprehensive transformation of the very principles of organizing state governance. From this point of view, this approach is incorrect, since, in the first place, it is economically unjustified. Electronic government as providing state structures with modern information technologies that implement traditional services means additional budgetary costs aimed at simple electronic duplication of off-line (off-line) activities. But there is also another approach. In many countries, primarily in the USA and Great Britain, e-government is viewed rather as a concept aimed at increasing the efficiency of the state as a whole.
Let's consider the main provisions of the concept of electronic government on the example of foreign experience.
In the public life of any country, there are three main actors - the state, citizens and commercial organizations. Therefore, ideally, e-government should consist of three main modules: G2G (government for government) - government to government; G2B (government to business) - government to business; G2C (government to citizens) - government to citizens.
Electronic government contains online services for citizens and businesses on a single portal, electronic document management in government and parliamentary structures, a database common to different government structures to prevent duplication of information and repeated costs, often a closed specialized information network for intra-government transactions (for example, Govnet), an extensive information and telecommunications infrastructure, cryptography systems and other methods of protecting information, including personal data, digital signature, electronic key, smart cards, other means of authorizing access to information and operations with it.
Thus, e-government enables governments to use new technologies to provide people with better access to government information and services, improve the quality of these services, and better enable them to participate in democratic institutions.
Speaking about improving the public administration system, the following are named among the main achievements of "electronic government".
1. Possibility of "economical public administration". The savings from replacing paper information streams with electronic ones are enormous. The US government alone spends about a billion dollars a year to print a number of documents that are also published on the Web. The main circulation - 30 million copies of the federal register, 1 million copies of verbatim records of hearings and 65 million copies of the presidential budget - is intended for officials with Internet access. Thus, most of this printed matter goes straight to the city's waste bins.
Another example. The electronic publication of telephone numbers, postal and physical addresses of employees of government agencies allowed the state of Florida to save $ 295 thousand per year on the reproduction and distribution of paper directories, as well as to solve the problem of updating this information, 30% of which in a year (from publication to publication) turns out outdated. Multiply by 50 states and add the Federal Government Staff Handbook, and here's another source of huge savings.
The US Code of Federal Regulations on the Hiring and Firing of Workers weighs 490 kilograms in print, and 15 pages of Liver Requirements for the Military. Publishing all government documents on the Web will help both reduce costs and make information more accessible. In addition, the electronic form is much better suited for complex specifications. The printed documentation for the government tender for a new cargo plane weighs 3.5 tons, and in electronic form it could easily fit on a couple of CDs.
By moving its key structures to the Internet, the government could itself, without the involvement of any external allies, provide citizens with a powerful incentive to adopt the web lifestyle. If the state - usually the largest "enterprise" in any country - takes the lead in introducing new technologies, this will automatically raise the technical level of the entire national economy and give impetus to the development of the information market. By administrative prescription or various benefits, it can induce all companies that have at least some relationship with it to take the necessary steps.
2. Saving time. For example, South Australia used to publish its 50-page official job list with a print run of 5,000 every week. At the same time, announcements of the appeared free space reached the addressees with a delay for the time of replication of the booklet and its distribution to several hundred offices scattered throughout the state, so that the deadline for accepting applications from applicants began taking into account the time they were sent by regular mail.
Now the whole process is carried out in the electronic document management system based on Microsoft Exchange software. Job vacancies are first reported to the human resources departments of government agencies and to a number of privileged recruitment agencies. If it turns out that a civil servant would like to transfer to the vacant position, the hiring manager will automatically receive an email notification and cancel the wide publication of the announcement, so no one wasted time offering their services. And if there are no such applicants, the ad will go to the press and the hiring manager will also receive notifications about its publication by e-mail, indicating the names and numbers of newspapers. Thus, the state government expects not only to save 50-80% of its annual recruitment costs through the introduction of the new system, but also to significantly reduce the time to fill vacancies while unconditionally observing the principle of equal opportunity, including for employees of remote offices of government agencies.
3. The ability of government organizations to open their knowledge management and business accounting systems for public access. The German Federal Ministry of Finance is developing electronic system management of archives of public records. The project provides for the automatic routing, storage and publication of documents on closed or public websites, depending on the stamp.
Another example is the Massachusetts competition system. Conditions of participation, all documents that may be required for this, and subsequently information about the winners are published on the network. The result of the introduction of this system was not only a reduction in the cost of holding tenders, but also the emergence of various public organizations real opportunity to purchase the goods they need for more low prices... As in most states, in Massachusetts, municipalities, country governments, and school districts can buy their products from manufacturers under the same terms as the government. In the paper world, however, it is almost impossible to find traces of "state" prices for most of the necessary goods. Now, any city office or school can check the state's best price on the new system's website.
4. Opportunity for citizens to directly influence management decisions. So, for example, in the case when a government structure is going to amend the procedure for the provision of a certain service, it will be able to post information about the proposed changes to its policy on its website on the Internet and invite interested parties to express their views on this service and the proposed new policies... The feedback received can then be used to improve this policy.
5. Improving the quality of services provided by government organizations to citizens. The implementation of government services over the Internet will allow citizens to use them without leaving their homes. This will increase the flexibility, speed and availability of government services, as well as possibly reduce their cost.
6. The ability to receive comprehensive services as different government agencies can interact more effectively with each other. For example, as a result of an accident, a person needs to contact several different government agencies and in each state his situation and needs. If all these organizations had the opportunity to exchange information and integrate their services, a person would have to go through all the required procedures just once.
7. Raise awareness of the population to receive up-to-date and comprehensive information on government laws, regulations, policies and services... By making this information about all existing rules and regulations available on the Internet, people will have more opportunities to engage in any activity, both personal and professional, safely and within the law.
Naturally, the implementation of such a large-scale concept is associated with overcoming many difficulties. In order to stimulate citizen participation in government, the following points should be taken into account when developing ways to use information and communication technologies.
8. The possibility of dividing the population into those who have the skills and tools to use new technologies, and those who do not. If citizens are not armed and do not own technology, then they are unlikely to be able to influence in any way on e-government. E-government should bring people together, not separate them. Therefore, the "e-government" should be organized in such a way that, on the one hand, the usual ways of access to government services for those who need them are preserved, and on the other hand, public Internet access points are created and educational programs operate. - help citizens master new technologies.
As for the process of creating a government network infrastructure in the Russian Federation, it corresponds to the stages that all governments go through.
The first phase, which is characterized by the creation of initial “departmental interfaces”, is almost complete. The overwhelming majority of federal executive authorities have established and functioned steadily Internet sites.
On the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation prepared and approved the List of regular mandatory information for placement by federal executive authorities in the Russian segment of the Internet. The list requires the following information to be posted without fail:
- official name federal body executive power and official details (address, help desk phones, e-mail address);
- regulations on the federal executive body;
- the organizational structure of the federal executive body (management, structure of the central office, territorial bodies, subordinate institutions and enterprises);
- regulations governing the activities of the federal executive body;
- regulatory legal acts affecting the rights and obligations of citizens and organizations, adopted by federal executive bodies in accordance with their competence;
- information on the state of affairs in the industry (sphere of reference);
- information on federal target programs in the implementation of which the federal executive body participates, including information on the implementation of the provisions of the programs;
- daily information of the press service (public relations departments) on the activities of the federal executive body;
- details of public reception offices of the federal executive body (address, telephones, procedure for working with citizens and organizations).
The above information must be provided in full, with the exception of information classified in accordance with the law as information with limited access.
In addition to this List, the Department of Government Information developed in July 2001 "Recommendations for the creation and maintenance of the website of the federal executive body", which take into account the experience of creating "electronic" infrastructure by the leading governments of the world, detail many tasks and issues related to the development of and maintenance of government websites.
The next stage is the deployment on the Internet of an infrastructure that provides users with possible services of a purely informational nature, working with the user in an external information loop.
Today, as part of the work on the creation of the Internet portal of the Government of the Russian Federation, a more perfect infrastructure of the system of informing the public about the activities of state authorities is being formed. We are talking about creating horizontally and vertically integrated government news resources, supported by the information departments of various federal departments and local authorities.
Within the framework of the government network information circuit, mechanisms are being created that support online departmental communities, primarily information departments of ministries and departments (press services or public relations departments), which are more than others ready to master new technologies of the Internet ". As these network mechanisms and services are developed, experience and solutions can be transferred to other areas of the government control loop.
An infrastructure of network mechanisms of dialogue (interaction) between the government (departments) and citizens (communities) is being created in the form of specialized on-line forums on various socially significant issues. Forums can solve problems of supporting permanent expert communities. The portal contains a specialized interactive module that allows you to quickly support any dialogue task.
Online services are being created for journalists and media editors. We are talking about the creation of a virtual accreditation system that provides online access for journalists to events held in the Government House, ministries and departments (which is especially important for regional media).
The portal will have a modern Catalog of network resources of public authorities providing full-fledged search and other services. This is not only useful and convenient for users, but also allows you to monitor situations in the field of public network resources.
A reference and information database of government documents has been created for users, which integrates the texts of more than 17 thousand government documents with interfaces, providing a convenient search.
The development of a networked government infrastructure that allows solving the problems of information support for the activities of the government, ministries and departments in non-standard (crisis, problematic) situations may become promising. New technologies make it possible to quickly create "virtual sites" for the task ", it is quite easy to administer them. But the most important thing is not to create additional off-line structures.
The infrastructure is being developed to support network projects for various government agencies, as well as an online system of education and training for civil servants.
Since 2002, the "electronic government" project has been identified as a priority in the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)".
In particular, the Program includes the tasks of ensuring information transparency of the activities of state authorities and openness of state information resources for civil society, creating prerequisites for effective interaction between state authorities and citizens on the basis of widespread use of information and communication technologies. It is envisaged to implement a set of measures to increase the openness of state information resources not only at the federal, but also at the regional and local levels (through the introduction of information and communication technologies).
In order to accelerate the formation of the infrastructure for interactive interaction between citizens and government bodies, unified concept state policy in the development of the Russian segment of the infrastructure of payment cards and the use of electronic personal instruments in automated systems of interaction between government bodies.
Undoubtedly, the implementation of this program will play an important role for the development of the Russian Federation as a democratic, "information" state.
Chapter 5. Legal regimes of information resources
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