Structure of tourism. Tourism management The structure of tourism management at the federal level

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The system of organization of tourism management in Russia at the federal and regional levels.

Tourism, like any industry, requires regulation: tourism management is an important area of ​​activity that helps to achieve the best result.

The main goal is, first of all, economic effect, not only for the components of the sphere, but also for the region as a whole.

Russian tourism management is as follows:

1) At the head of any sphere and industry is the president.

2) He interacts directly with the Council for Culture and Art under the President of the Russian Federation, and indirectly with the Government of the Russian Federation and legislative bodies.

3) The above Council is directly connected with the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. The Government of the Russian Federation and the State Duma Committees on culture and legislation in the field of tourism are indirectly connected with it.

4) The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, which regulates tourism activities, has indirect or methodological ties with the state, social and private sectors.

5) In the public sector, there are Tourism Committees of the administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are directly connected with the tourist organizations of the regions.

6) The tourism committees of the administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have direct links with the committees and commissions in the legislative bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

In the state regulation of tourism, two levels are distinguished - federal and regional (the level of the subject of the Federation). Both the first and second levels use various forms and methods of regulation. At the same time, some forms and methods are inherent in only one level, which is predetermined by the division of powers in this area between the federal center and the regions. Support for the subjects of the tourism sector by public authorities (the state) can be direct and indirect. For example, the issuance of a state loan to a tourism industry enterprise is its direct support, and the training of personnel for such enterprises in state educational institutions- mediated support.

In Russia there are:

Russian Association uniting travel agencies;

All-Russian National Tourist Society

Russian Hotel Association, etc.

The main tasks that any tourism management bodies are called upon to solve are support for the stability of the economy, growth in the tourism industry, and an increase in the amount of incoming foreign currency.

Methods state regulation tourism are disclosed in sufficient detail in federal law, a number of laws of the subjects of the Federation and scientific literature on this issue.

Since regulation is one of the functions of management, it is carried out by executive authorities in the field of tourism. At the federal level, this body is the Federal Agency for Tourism (Rostourism). The subjects of the Federation themselves establish the bodies responsible for the tourism sector and their structure.

Depending on the scale of the tasks solved through tourism activities, in the subjects of the Federation, the government (administration) may have specialized committees, as, for example, in Moscow and the Moscow Region, or structural units as part of a multidisciplinary committee, such as the tourism department in the Committee for Physical Culture, Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy of the Leningrad Region or the tourism department in the Committee for Investments and Strategic Projects of St. Petersburg.

Tourist Office

Forms of ownership

Travel agents and tour operators can have a variety of forms of ownership. They may be private, public, joint-stock companies- essence entrepreneurial activity and their market functions do not change.

Despite the fact that many firms, especially those operating in underdeveloped tourism markets, simultaneously perform both functions, i.e. there are agents who undertake the organization of travel, and tour operators, in one volume or another independently implementing retail sales, these two groups of business entities should be distinguished, since the agent retail is a retailer, and a tour operator is a manufacturer of a tourist product.

Depending on the nature of the activities carried out, the bureaus are classified into those involved in tourism: domestic, international, departures and arrivals, service en route.

The most common bureau model is:

small (up to 6 people),

organizes own foreign trips to a certain country or locality,

mediates the sale of offers of large travel agencies,

organizes own trips inside the country,

mediates in the sale of domestic tourism packages of other bureaus or owners of the hotel base,

mediates the sale of international bus tickets,

· mediates the sale of tickets for various sports, cultural, entertainment, etc. Events,

on behalf of the client is engaged in the execution of passport and visa formalities,

Provides insurance.

Topic 2.2. Tourism management in the Republic of Belarus

The relevant authorities deal with the problems of tourism in Belarus. in the republic, a kind of system of organizational and managerial measures for the development of tourism has developed and is constantly operating and improving.

Activities of the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus

The main role belongs to the Ministry of Sports and Tourism, which is called upon to create conditions for involvement in active tourism. It is entrusted with tasks related to the planning and financing of mass tourism activities, the economic support of this work, the management of planned amateur tourism, as well as private issues (development and approval of classification routes, hiking trips, rules for conducting tourist events).

The Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Belarus is the central governing body and is subordinate to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. The Ministry is responsible for the implementation of state policy in the field of physical culture, sports and tourism. In its activities, the Ministry is guided by the legislation of the Republic of Belarus.



The Ministry carries out its activities in cooperation with other ministries and departments, public health and fitness and sports associations, local executive and administrative bodies.

The main tasks include solving problems related to the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of tourism, developing concepts aimed at improving this area, monitoring the organization personnel policy, the implementation of research activities and innovations in the field of tourism services.

The Ministry has been granted the right to issue resolutions, orders and instructions binding on other ministries and other central government bodies, local executive and administrative bodies, as well as legal and individuals; it has the right to represent the republic in the international arena, to sign contracts and agreements in the field of tourism.

The Ministry is headed by a Minister appointed to and dismissed by the President of the Republic of Belarus. Currently, he is Kachan Oleg Leonidovich.

To consider the most important issues in the ministry, a collegium is formed consisting of the minister (chairman of the collegium), deputy ministers ex officio, as well as other employees of the ministry and subordinate organizations and institutions. The composition of the collegium is approved by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. The decisions of the collegium are carried out by orders of the minister.

The Republic of Belarus has a system of tourist authorities and organizations covering all issues related to tourism. It embraces with its influence all labor and educational collectives. Its main tasks are to create maximum conditions for the mass involvement of people in active tourism.

Shulga Cheslav Kazimirovich - Deputy Minister of Sports and Tourism, in charge of tourism issues.

The unitary enterprise "National Tourism Agency of the Republic of Belarus" was established by the Ministry of Sports and Tourism in September 2001 and is designed to provide service maintenance participants tourism market. Today, the agency team consists of 36 people, it is represented by the main office in Minsk and 5 branches in regional centers.

Together with the UNESCO office in Moscow, the national tourism agency supports information project"Youth cultural and educational tourism in Belarus".

The Agency acts as a partner in the joint project Tempus ib-jep-23015-2002 "creation of a center for retraining and advanced training of managers and specialists of the tourism industry of the Republic of Belarus".

In many countries that are popular among tourists, there is a great responsibility.

It is the ministry that controls the activities of all firms, one way or another connected with the organization of tourism, and provides this industry legislative framework. In Russia, these functions are performed by the Ministry of Sports, Tourism and Youth Policy. Its powers include: submitting draft federal laws to the Government of the Russian Federation, making decisions necessary for the development various kinds sports in the country, coordinates the implementation of projects related to the development of tourism in the country.

In addition, it is the Ministry that distributes funds aimed at developing the tourism sector of the economy between the regions. In the process of distributing funds, the interests of not specific firms, but the regions as a whole, are taken into account. In addition, an important task of the Ministry is to control the activities of organizations that operate in the field of tourism.

All activities of the Ministry of Tourism can be divided into two areas: internal and external. Internal activities primarily include the regulation and control of activities travel companies and other companies associated with the tourist flow to the country. This is especially true for those countries where income from tourists makes up a significant part of the budget. For these countries, it is extremely important to create favorable conditions for guests, in particular, to simplify the process of collecting documents necessary for entering the country as much as possible, improve the quality of international passenger traffic, and provide visitors with infrastructure.

For many tourists, the availability of hotels of a certain class is more an important factor than natural beauties or historical sights. In addition, it is necessary to create a good reputation that would attract a large number of tourists from all over the world. TO external activities can be attributed to the conclusion of various kinds of contracts that allow you to increase the activity of tourists by simplifying the procedures associated with the execution of the necessary documents.

The Ministry of Tourism plays the role of a kind of regulator, stimulating or, conversely, slowing down the growth of the tourist flow to the country. Of course, it is impossible to attract tourists to a country where elementary conditions for visitors have not been created. That is why the tourism sector is directly related to the construction and transport industries. Only full development in all directions can significantly increase the number of foreigners wishing to visit a particular country. However, it is important to note that tourists are not necessarily foreigners.

Many countries are actively developing domestic tourism, which involves rest in one's own country, and not abroad. Many quite rightly believe that if people from all over the world go to their country to rest, then it makes no sense to go somewhere during the holidays. This approach allows not only to save time and money, but also to get to know your own country better. Often in European countries, the Ministry of Tourism is engaged in the development of this particular type of tourism. For the state, the benefit in this case is obvious: the money is spent within the country, replenishing the local budget. Often hotels are even built to attract local tourists. In this way, travel business continues to develop, and government bodies, one way or another connected with tourism, are becoming increasingly important.

By scale international tourism, the federal structure and the method of organizing the tourism industry for Russia, the third model of management is most acceptable.

Tourism in the Russian Federation is subject to state regulation and management, the state forms the policy of tourism. The main goals, objectives, principles and directions of the state policy of Russia in the field of tourism are defined in the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation" (1996), as well as in the Strategy for the Development of Tourism in the Russian Federation until 2015 (2008). ). The connection between politics and tourism lies in the fact that the state regulates the development of tourism, and tourist activity requires intervention from the state from the standpoint of legal regulation. Political power is similar economic factors has the possibility of direct (by issuing legal acts regulating relations in the field of tourism) and indirect (political course of the country, decisions made by the authorities in the international political arena, state ideology) impact on tourism.

The system that has developed so far reflects the process of transition taking place in Russia from a super-centralized administrative system based on the dominance of state forms of ownership to an economic mechanism that combines various forms of ownership. Decentralization under conditions market economy involves the transfer of the right to carry out tourism activities to any enterprise, regardless of ownership. This process is accompanied by the creation of various kinds of associations, unions and associations. The management of the tourist complex is carried out within the framework of organizational structure, which includes three levels: macroeconomic, mesoeconomic and microeconomic (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Organization of management of the tourism industry in Russia Saak, A.E., Pshenichnykh, Yu.A. Management in socio-cultural service and tourism: Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007. - S. 52

Macroeconomic level

On the At this - federal - level, the subjects of tourism management include the President of the Russian Federation, the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Tourism and the Federal Agency for Physical Culture and Sports of the Ministry of Health and social development RF.

Under the President of the Russian Federation, there is a Council for Physical Culture and Sports, which should provide:

Development of the foundations of state policy in the field of sports tourism;

Participation in the development of the legislation of the Russian Federation on sports tourism;

Coordination of work on the examination of regulatory legal acts and federal programs in the field of sports tourism;

Analysis of the state of national tourism and development of proposals for its development.

Decisions of the Council for Physical Culture and Sports are advisory in nature, its activities are carried out on a voluntary basis and with the frequency necessary to set goals and solve them.

In the highest legislative body - the State Duma of the Russian Federation - in 2003, the legislative support for tourism was assigned to the Committee on Economic Policy, Entrepreneurship and Tourism, and previously carried out by a special Commission on Sports and Tourism. The sub-committee on market development operates within the structure of the committee tourism services, created Expert Council, which included leading representatives of the tourism industry and government agencies.

The general management of the tourist complex, the conduct of tourism policy is carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation.

According to Article 16 of the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation", tourism and the sanatorium and resort sector are part of social sphere Russia and represent a single object of state regulation. The Federal Law "On Natural Healing Resources, Health Resorts and Resorts" (1995) notes: "The government of the Russian Federation determines the main directions of state policy in the field of sanatorium treatment and recreation." In accordance with the generally accepted world practice and international legal acts, sanatorium-and-spa treatment belongs to the category of medical and health tourism, which, if it is subsidized by the state, is also a type of social tourism.

The goal of tourism policy is to ensure the constitutional right of Russian citizens to rest and leisure, freedom of movement, health protection and other rights when traveling through the creation in the Russian Federation of a competitive tourism industry capable of self-development and ensuring a high standard of living for Russians.

Tourism policy should be based on the observance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms international law and obligations arising from international treaties and legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as social and economic indicators and research of the Russian and foreign tourist markets.

Priority areas of tourism policy should be domestic, inbound and social tourism, including medical and recreational, sports, ethno-cultural, ecological.

Management bodies of the tourism industry of the Russian Federation in the period 1991-2004. underwent constant reorganization (Table 1).

table 1. Chronology of the reorganization of state bodies of management of tourism activities in the Russian Federation Saak, A.E., Pshenichnykh, Yu.A. Management in socio-cultural service and tourism: Textbook. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007. - S. 53

Russian joint stock company for foreign tourism

Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Russian Federation Committee of the Russian Federation for Tourism (Roskomtourism)

Committee of the Russian Federation for Youth Affairs, Physical Culture and Tourism

Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Tourism

State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Tourism

Russian Agency for Physical Culture and Tourism

Ministry of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism

Department of Tourism within the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism within the Ministry of Health and Social Development

Federal Tourism Agency

On November 18, 2004, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation was adopted, approved by the Regulation of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2004 No. 901, on the creation federal agency for tourism, directly subordinated to the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Tourism Agency is authorized federal agency executive branch in charge of public policy, legal regulation, rendering public services and management of state property in the field of tourism.

Central economic agencies, such as the Federal customs Service countries perform important functions related to monitoring the observance of state interests in the field of the state economy. This service is entrusted with the organization of customs and currency control, the publication of regulations on customs issues. These issues for the development of tourism are important.

The Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation play a significant role in the regulation of the tourism industry, which determine the procedure for financing and lending to tourism activities, monitor compliance with tax laws, issue regulations on these issues.

The main directions of state regulation of tourism activities are:

Protection of the rights of consumers of tourist services;

Creation of legal conditions for effective functioning tourist market, including to attract investment in the construction and reconstruction of tourist display facilities, hotels, as well as the infrastructure necessary for the development of tourism;

Support for small and medium-sized businesses in the tourism sector; creation of a competitive environment that does not allow the development of monopoly;

Promotion Russian tourism on the international market;

Preservation and protection of cultural monuments;

Preservation of the cultural identity of the peoples of Russia;

Sustainable development of tourism.

 

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