Transportation costs in supply chains. Optimization of logistics operations in supply chains. inland waterway transport - navigation

The concept of the logistics function "transportation". Transportation is one of the key logistics functions; it covers the processes of moving material resources, work in progress, finished products in various vehicles using a certain technology. In addition to moving, transportation includes logistics operations of freight forwarding, cargo handling, packaging, customs procedures, risk insurance, etc.

The importance of transportation in supply chains is significant. According to various estimates, the transport component accounts for 20 to 70% of the total logistics costs, for some goods, industries and companies, transport costs can reach up to 300% of the production cost. Also, for different goods, there is a difference in the ratio of the transport component of costs and prices. For example, for electronics, the share of transport costs in the price is 2-3%, for foodstuffs - 5-6, for equipment, special equipment - 7-12, for a commodity group - 40-60%, for mineral construction materials this share reaches up to 80-85%.

All logistics operations of transportation are carried out in order to ensure the delivery of the necessary goods of a given quantity and quality at a precisely specified time and from optimal cost... At the same time, delivery technologies are based on the concept of integration of transport and logistics, which resulted in the gradual integration of transport with the serviced production.

Transport operations for most enterprises of different industries and trading companies is a non-key competence, therefore, quite often they are transferred to service providers, which are professional carriers. The task of a transport company is to maintain and increase the competitiveness of the entire supply chain through high-quality and efficient implementation of transport operations.

Enterprises are used to organize delivery in supply chains different types transport, transport infrastructure facilities, transport systems of different states. Having transferred transport operations to logistics operators, which include enterprises of different types of transport, service customers expect high quality, timeliness transport services, flexible and integrated transportation management. Attraction transport companies in the supply chain of various goods, on the one hand, improves the quality of transportation and leads to a decrease in the transport component of logistics costs, on the other hand, it creates additional problems for both customers and transport service providers in the field of effective interaction.

Transport system - it is a complex of different types of transport that interact when organizing and performing transportation.

The transport system of Russia is formed by a developed transport network, which includes 86 thousand km railways, about 1.5 million km of public roads (of which more than 745 thousand km are paved roads), over 600 thousand km of overhead lines, 70 thousand km of oil trunk pipelines, more than 140 thousand km main gas pipelines, over 100 thousand km of inland waterways and many sea routes.

Transport - Not only technical means for the transportation of goods and passengers, this is, first of all, a branch of the country's economy, which ensures the functioning of all economic spheres, continuously and timely meeting the needs of the economy and the population in transportation and related services. Transport industry share in GDP Russian Federation is 5.2%.

In the development of the transport industry, great importance is attached to the application of the principles of logistics, which create conditions for better coordination of modes of transport. A large number of transport hubs have been formed on the territory of the Russian Federation, which are divided into two types:

• 1) transport hubs international, federal level having an extensive zone of influence, which extends to large economic regions: Siberia, Far East, Ural, Volga region, Central Russia, South of Russia, North-West of Russia. This type of transport hubs include Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Vladivostok;
• 2) nodes regional (interregional) significance, the zone of influence of which is from one to three constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Currently, three pan-European transport corridors cross the territory of the Russian Federation. The first corridor - "North - South" - passes through Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas, Klaipeda - Warsaw; the second - "East-West" - goes in the direction of Berlin - Poznan - Warsaw - Brest - Minsk - Smolensk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod; the ninth transport corridor - Helsinki - Vyborg - St. Petersburg - Pskov - Moscow - Kaliningrad - Kiev - Lyubashevka - Chisinau - Bucharest - Dimitrovgrad - Alexandropolis.

Transport is a part of economic activity that is associated with increasing the degree of satisfaction of people and entrepreneurship by changing the geographic location of goods and people.

Transport is a means of satisfying needs through the transport of goods and passengers.

Transportation is one of the key logistics functions associated with the movement of products by a vehicle using a specific technology in the supply chain and consisting of logistics operations and functions, including forwarding, cargo handling, packaging, transfer of rights and ownership of goods, risk insurance, customs procedures, etc. ...
A significant part of the logical operations on the path of the movement of the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumption of the food is The costs of these operations make up to 50% of the total costs of logistics.

From an economic point of view, transport is one of the defining elements of the production and commercial process. There are two limiting factors in the production and use of a product - the time factor and the spatial factor.
The time factor is that the goods produced today may be needed only after a certain period of time. They solve this problem with the help of warehousing, as well as the necessary equipment, equipment and certain storage technologies. The content of the spatial factor lies in the fact that producers and consumers of a product are rarely in the same place, but at some distance from each other. By linking production and the consumer, transport allows you to expand the boundaries of production. Transport itself is gradually becoming the cause of the emergence of a spatial factor - the development of transport and transport technologies allows building production further and further from the places of consumption of the goods. In market conditions, transport is always profitable.

Functioning in conditions market economy, transport enterprises should be aimed at obtaining a single economic result in the supply chain. This is facilitated by many factors, among which the following can be noted: the emerging market of transport services, competition between enterprises and various modes of transport, toughening of requirements for tariffs and quality of services on the part of consumers, etc.
Thus, thanks to transport, logistic process commodity circulation (starting from suppliers of raw materials and materials, covering various types of intermediaries, and ending with consumers of finished products) is transformed into a single technological chain, and transport becomes an integral part of a single transport and production process... In this chain, the main functions of transport are the movement of goods and their storage.

Moving goods is a change in their location while observing the principle of economy (reduction in cost and time costs). This process must be economically justified, since moving goods consumes money, time and environmental resources. The significance of the time factor is increasing due to the emergence of logistic concepts that require a reduction in stocks (including stocks in transit), which significantly limit the use of material and commodity resources, that is, connect capital. Transportation requires and financial resources- in the form of internal costs for the carriage of goods by own rolling stock, and external costs for the use of commercial or public transport for this purpose.

Thus, this transport function defines its main goal - the delivery of goods to their destination as quickly as possible, cheaply and with the least damage to the environment. It is also necessary to minimize the loss and damage of transported goods while meeting customer requirements for timely delivery and providing information about goods in transit.

As a reminder, from November 15, 2015, Russia introduced payments from truck owners for causing damage to the asphalt road surface. Payment for travel trucks with a maximum weight of 12 tons on federal public roads will be charged based on the tariff of 3.5 rubles. for 1 km of the covered path. The practice of collecting tolls from trucks exists in many countries, in particular, in Europe, this tariff is about 8 rubles, but the quality of European roads is much different from Russian ones.

The collection of fees will be carried out by means of a specialized electronic system, the collected funds will be directed to the federal budget. In accordance with the regulations being developed, the owners of heavy trucks will be obliged to pay a fee based on the vehicle mileage calculated on the basis of GLONASS data. For each segment of the distance traveled by the truck, the required amount will be deducted from the owner's account.

According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 14, 2013 N 504 "On the collection of fees in compensation for damage caused to public highways of federal importance by vehicles with a maximum permissible mass over 12 tons", a coefficient of 0.41 is applied, and from 1 March 2016 to December 31, 2018 inclusive - 0.82.

This is where the decreasing fares are set:

That is, until the end of February 2016, drivers of heavy trucks will pay 1.53 rubles per kilometer on federal highways, and until the beginning of 2019, 3.06 rubles per kilometer.

The fare for trucks on highways in Europe:

Czech Republic for heavy trucks over 12 t

Euro 0 - Euro 4 - from 0.12 to 0.33 euro / km

Euro 5 - Euro 6 - from 0.06 to 0.18 EUR / km

Germany for heavy trucks over 12 t

Euro 0 - Euro 3 - from 0.19 to 0.21 euro / km

Euro 4 - Euro 6 - from 0.12 to 0.16 EUR / km

Latvia for heavy trucks over 3.5 t - 8 euros per day
For heavy trucks over 12 t - 11 euros per day.

Thus, the purpose of transport logistics is to move material flows to the consumer strictly on schedule at a specified time, with minimal costs for all participants in the movement of goods. To achieve this, it is necessary that the production - transport and transport-sales processes are coupled to the maximum of parameters based on the integration of supply, production, transport, sales, consumption and information environment.

List of used literature

1. Bespalov RS Transport logistics. The latest technology building an effective delivery system. - M .: Vershina, 2012 .-- 384p.

2. Logistics of road transport: Tutorial/ V.S. Lukinsky, V.I. Berezhnoy, E.V. Berezhnaya, E.I. Zaitsev, I.A. Tsvirinko. - M .: Finance and statistics, 2013. - 368p.

3. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 14, 2013 No. 504 "On the collection of fees in compensation for damage caused to public highways of federal importance by vehicles with a permissible maximum weight of more than 12 tons" (as amended by the Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation of 18.05. 2015 N 474, dated 03.11.2015 N 1191).

4. Sarkisov S.V. Supply chain management. Tutorial. - M .: Delo, 2012.368s

1.1 Logistics system enterprises.

There are several (or several dozen) definitions of logistics, which are adhered to by certain specialists in this field. Most definitions of logistics contain concepts such as management, flows of materials, information and finance, the movement of products from manufacturer to end consumer, an estimate of the costs of product promotion. Those. logistics is usually understood to mean the management of material (or service) and related information and financial flows in order to reduce the overall cost of promoting a product (or services) from the manufacturer to the end consumer.

The material flow consists of resources (raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, assembly units, fuel, spare parts, etc.), work in progress and finished products. Recently, logistics technologies for passenger transportation have been developed, therefore, under material flows you can also understand the movement of people by vehicles in different situations.

The role of information and financial flows in logistics can be understood in two ways. On the one hand, they can be considered an object of management influences. On the other hand, these are materials management tools: management decision is transmitted through information channels and, in essence, is information for performers, and the attraction of funds is necessary for the implementation of a management decision.

Logistics is a concretization of a systematic approach as applied to the management of flow processes.

There are logistic systems of two levels: micro - and macrologistic. Micro-logistic systems mean intra-production systems, as well as systems closed within technological cycle manufacture of any product.

Macrological systems are systems that operate within a region (city, district, oblast) or a group of enterprises that have one object of activity or similar functions ( construction companies and etc.)

The central concept of the logistics approach is the concept of a logistics chain, which combines concepts such as: supply chain; logistic process; logistics channel; value chain; demand chain.

In the manufacture of any product, several supply chains are usually implemented. ( For example, to make a car, you need to deliver to the factory sheet metal, polymer metals, electrical equipment, etc.. Each component needs its own supply chain)

Main source of obtaining economic effect logistics is a reduction in the time of movement of goods along the supply chain. First of all, it is necessary to exclude unproductive time expenditures: lying goods in the warehouse, idle time of vehicles and loading and unloading equipment, loss of time by personnel and others.

The goal of logistics is to optimize costs in the links of the supply chain in order to reduce overall costs. Setting cost optimization as a goal does not necessarily mean minimizing costs. The level of costs should be such as to ensure the delivery of the object of movement in compliance with all delivery parameters and the required level of quality. ( These parameters differ depending on the object: the delivery of sand to brickworks is estimated by some indicators, and the transportation of an accident victim to an emergency hospital is completely different.)

With regard to the delivery of goods, it can be argued that a key role in the management of material flows is played by transport and forwarding enterprises of general use, enterprises wholesale trade and commercial and intermediary organizations providing services for organizing the wholesale turnover of goods, and manufacturing enterprises.

The logistics system of the enterprise is formed by a subsystem of physical support of the flow of raw materials from suppliers to a manufacturer and a subsystem of physical distribution of finished products from manufacturer to consumer. It operates cyclically according to the "order receipt - supply - production - transportation - distribution - order delivery" scheme.

Order management (order processing) is an activity in the period between the moment the order is received and until the moment the instructions are given to the warehouse to ship the finished product to the consumer.

Forwarder occupies an important place in the order management system. He, as a participant in the order fulfillment system, determines the terms of delivery, facilitates the fulfillment customs procedures, provides settlements for delivery, prepares shipping documents, organizes loading and unloading, transport and warehouse operations.

The process of delivering goods can be very complicated and then it is required to separate the tasks of its coordination into a separate area. The functions of a logistics provider (coordinator of actions of participants in the delivery process) can be performed by forwarding companies, warehouses that are independent subjects of economic activity, information and intermediary firms that have a data bank.

The order cycle includes operations performed in the period from the moment the order is received until the consumer receives the ordered product. An order means both the actual order and the document that contains the wishes of the consumer.

V general case the order cycle consists of the following stages: order planning; transfer of the order; Order Processing; selection and packaging of the order; order delivery.

The interaction of transport and the final points of the material flow is most often the main problem of improving the efficiency of managing the movement of goods. The organizational and technological aspects of this problem are usually exacerbated if transport services are provided by a carrier that is an independent entity. economic activity... In this case, it is necessary to regulate the contractual relationship between the cargo owner (customer of transport services) and the carrier.

In practice, logistics often translates into the work of transport and warehouse and the organization of their interaction. This is due to the following:

1.the interaction of transport and warehouse is present in all logistics systems, and many times throughout the entire supply chain: this is like a logistics module;

2. most often, during the interaction between transport and warehouse, significant losses occur in the speed of movement of the material flow;

3. Transport and logistics centers usually provide just warehouse handling and transportation of goods to consumers.

However, logistics is not limited to transport and warehouse only. It includes supply planning, procurement, inventory management, warehouse processing, interaction between transport and warehouse, transportation; then all this is repeated until the product reaches the final consumer from the supplier.

1.2. Supply chain links.

The main links in the supply chain are transport and warehouse. These two links are interconnected not only because the loading of the transport and the receipt of the delivered goods are carried out at the warehouse, but also in a broader sense. The development of a system of peripheral warehouses makes it possible to bring them closer to consumers, and this reduces transport costs for the delivery of goods to final recipients. but warehouse costs while increasing. The decision should be made on the basis of a comparison of all costs and the resulting cost savings.

The supply of industrial enterprises can be realized different ways: payment for purchased materials and components by bank transfer Money or the transfer of cash, by finance lease(leasing). Material resources can be rented (for example, transport or technological equipment). Barter or gratuitous transfer is also possible.

Supply operations are performed in the following sequence:

Selection of suppliers;

Negotiating delivery terms;

Conclusion of a contract; acceptance of goods from the supplier;

Transport and storage works

Organizationally, the supply functions are carried out depending on the existing organizational structure the enterprise either by one or several divisions of the enterprise. An enterprise may include, for example, a supply and transport department, or separately, a transport department and a supply department.

When solving problems of supplying an enterprise, a number of basic procedures are performed:

Analysis of the enterprise's need for material resources, determination of requirements for them;

The solution to the "produce or purchase" problem;

Research of the procurement market and selection of a supplier;

Calculation of the procurement budget;

Implementation of purchases and control of supplies; optimization of stocks of purchased products;

Optimization of operating logistics costs.

Manufacturing logistics deals with the management of material flows within an enterprise. ( This can be a manufacturing enterprise that manufactures any product and sells it on the consumer market, or an enterprise that provides material services (storage, packaging, equipment, packaging, etc.). From this point of view industrial enterprise for example, a carriage works and a warehouse are similar.)

Intra-production logistics systems are an element of macrological systems, since it is outside the enterprise that the sources of supply of resources are located. Similar consumer markets where the products of the enterprise are sold are also located outside of it.

System production logistics integrates micro-logistic subsystems of an enterprise that provide procurement, inventory management, warehouse processing, transportation, information exchange and marketing of finished products.

Important results of production logistics are a reduction in the time required to complete basic and transport and storage operations, to ensure the quality of products, and to reduce intra-plant transportation.

The main systems for managing material flows in the intra-production logistics system are "push" logistics (MCI system ( Material Requirements Planning- planning the requirements for materials) in various modifications) and "pulling" logistics (Kanban system), in which the principle of JIT ("just in time") is implemented.

The "pushing" production organization system is centrally controlled and organized according to a predetermined production schedule. It requires the creation of intermediate (buffer) stocks between the technological stages of the production process. The advantage of the "push" system is the maximum utilization of production facilities. With this system, high-performance specialized equipment is preferred; the plan is in the literal sense of the word the law of the life of the enterprise; To ensure the continuity of production, production warehouses are used, which store buffer stocks of raw materials and semi-finished products; as well as stocks of finished products, etc.

The “pulling” system is characterized by the orientation of production towards changing demand, for which universal readjustable equipment is used; ensuring the arrival of all materials at the place and time of their consumption, without intermediate storage; replacement of stock with information about the place and time of quick purchase necessary materials; replacing the policy of selling manufactured items with a policy of manufacturing the items sold; bringing the optimal batch size to the maximum possible minimum.

In a customer demand system, warehouses are used to store goods awaiting customers. The warehouse can be located at any link in the logistics chain: at the beginning, at the end, or in an intermediate link.

In warehouses, operations are performed to prepare goods for movement along the supply chain. The warehouse stores goods as entrepreneurial activity and provides storage-related services.

Tasks warehouse supply logistics are:

Organization of acceptance, placement, storage, preparation for consumption and release of goods;

Optimization of technical and technological equipment for warehouse processing;

Information support of warehouse technological processes;

Determination of the optimal number and placement of warehouses in the distribution system of goods;

The choice between organizing your own warehouse and using general warehouses.

Warehouses are classified depending on their functional purpose, from organizational form warehouse management, on the nature of storage, on the degree of mechanization and automation, depending on storage modes, depending on the number of storeys and depending on the existing transport infrastructure. On these grounds distinguish: industrial and commodity warehouses; common use, shared use and individual warehouses; sorting, etc.

Warehouses are subdivided into general warehouses (for goods that do not require regulated storage regimes); to specialized warehouses (for one dedicated group of goods) and universal warehouses.

1.3. The role of transport in the supply chain of goods.

Transport support of logistics solves the problems associated with the movement of goods by various vehicles.

The role of transport in the logistics supply chain of goods is determined by two main factors:

1. The costs of transportation of raw materials, materials, finished products are prevalent in the structure of logistics costs.

2. Transport has a significant impact on the costs in the field of the main activities of companies - customers of transport services.

When organizing the logistics chain for the movement of goods, it is necessary to take into account the discrepancy between the interests of the cargo owner and the carrier. ( For example, a carrier is interested in the highest possible tariff for transport services, while the owner of the goods and the customer of transport services seeks to minimize this amount. The cargo owner is attracted by the opportunity to send the cargo as soon as possible after receiving the order, while the carrier is interested in a certain time lag from the moment the order is received until the moment the transport is submitted. The cargo owner is interested in minimizing the transportation time, while the carrier must take into account the condition of the road, the dynamic qualities of the vehicle, the requirements of the work and rest regime of the personnel and is interested in the presence of some reserve so that the influence of various random factors can be mitigated.)

Role of transport in promotion economic efficiency the main activity of the companies-cargo owners is clearly manifested in the application of the technology "just in time". Maintenance is not required for the delivery of the required goods within a predetermined time frame storage facilities(this saves the cost of using land, building construction, staff costs, purchasing technological equipment) and capital turnover accelerates.

At the same time, work on a rigid schedule increases the load on the management staff for planning, monitoring and dispatching supplies. In case of unforeseen failures in violation of the transportation schedule, participants incur significant financial losses. If the shipper did not manage to prepare the cargo for transportation at the agreed time, he still pays for the use of transport, as if the transportation took place.

First of all, the principles of logistics are applied in the transportation of bulk cargo ( coal, iron ore, oil products and others) on technological routes between senders and recipients. For such transportation, special main lines of railway transport are allocated. Cargoes are transported on a rigid schedule, which makes it unnecessary for consumers to create reserves of raw materials and fuel.

As a result, the size of the dead capital in stocks is reduced, the need for storage facilities is reduced, and the transshipment of goods is eliminated. ()

The more significant the range of goods, the wider the geography of distribution and the greater the number of consumers, the more difficult it is to organize a single technological process delivery of goods to consumers and the higher the effect of the development and implementation of logistics technologies. The complication of delivery technologies occurs due to the operations of containerization, packaging, and the formation of cargo units. The operations of route planning, selection of vehicles, accounting, control and analysis become more complicated.

By appointment, there are two main groups of transport:

Public transport, providing transport services to the owners of goods on commercial basis;

Transport owned by the owners of the goods and providing their transportation needs.

The main tasks of transport logistics include:

Selection of a transport and technological delivery scheme;

The choice of a carrier, including the definition of the type of transport, the operator of the carriage (freight forwarding company) and the type of vehicle;

Coordination of the transport process with the work of the warehouse;

Placement of goods inside the vehicle;

Transportation routing and control of the movement of cargo in transit;

Ensuring the safety of cargo during movement;

Joint planning different types transport in case of multimodal transportation;

The solution of these problems is the subject of the activity of logistics managers.

Companies - cargo owners use two main methods of transportation in their activities:

Multimodal (transportation of goods in sequence by two or more modes of transport);

Unimodal (transportation of goods by only one mode of transport).

The terminology in the field of cargo transportation cannot be considered completely settled at present. For transportation by several modes of transport, the terms are also used:

Intermodal transportation (the cargo owner enters into a contract for the entire route with one person, called the transportation operator; the cargo unit is not subject to reorganization);

Multimodal transportation (transportation by no more than two modes of transport);

Combined transportation (transportation by two or more modes of transport with the obligatory participation of road transport, which delivers the cargo to the shortest possible distance to the main mode of transport).

According to another definition, combined transport is understood, as opposed to multimodal, transport involving more than two modes of transport.

Multimodal transportation (transportation by no more than two modes of transport) distinguishes between two types:

Separate (transportation is carried out according to several transport documents);

Direct (the cargo owner enters into an agreement with the first carrier, which acts on its own behalf and on behalf of the carrier by another mode of transport).

The advantage of multimodal transportation is the reduction in the cost of delivery when using modes of transport that have a low cost of transportation and low transport tariffs.

The advantage of unimodal transport is high speed delivery, lack of transshipment operations and ease of organization,

1.4. Indicators of the quality of transport services.

The quality of transport services - the main groups of indicators. The increasing level of demands made by transport customers in modern supply chains and the growing competition between transport operators have highlighted the quality of transport services. It is especially important in the logistics of consumer goods and high-tech products, where the share of transport costs does not exceed 7-10% of the final product chain and the consumer is willing to pay extra to the transport operator for "a set of characteristics of a service that determine its ability to meet the established or anticipated needs of the consumer" - just like that the concept of service quality is determined by the Russian standard (GOST R 50691–94. Model of service quality assurance. M., 1994).

Despite the growing attention paid to the quality of services in theoretical studies, there is no single generally accepted system of indicators for the quality of transport services. This is due to the exceptional variety of conditions in which transport operators and consumers of their services have to operate. The set of quality indicators and their relative importance can vary even for the same customer, depending on the type of goods transported.

Most of the indicators used in practice characterizing the quality of transport services can be attributed to one of three groups:

1) time indicators;

2) indicators of reliability;

3) indicators of flexibility.

Time indicators. This group indicators characterize the ability of the operator to meet the requirements related to the temporal aspects of transport services. It includes, in particular:

1. speed of delivery of goods. Contrary to popular belief, the maximum possible delivery speed is not the main time requirement in modern logistics, but there are groups of goods for which it is relevant. These include:

a) goods for which the transportation time is comparable to the time life cycle: flowers, chilled food, some biologicals and medicines, etc.;

b) goods that must appear on the market as soon as possible in order to eliminate the resulting deficit. Such situations arise, for example, on the eve of the holidays, when some retail chains, having underestimated the level of demand, seek to compensate for the lack of supply by switching the supply of goods from sea transport to air transport;

c) the most expensive consumer goods (primarily consumer electronics), for which long term transportation requires too much volume working capital;

d) equipment and spare parts necessary for urgent elimination of accidents in production, the downtime of which brings significant losses;

2. a certain time for the submission of vehicles for loading("Feed window"). For many customers, this requirement is driven by the desire to reduce the time between the emergence of the need for transportation and its implementation. In some cases, the "delivery window" is associated with the shipper's work technology - for example, if the delivery from the warehouse is performed within a certain time interval;

3. specific delivery time to the final recipient("Delivery window"). In modern logistics, this requirement for transport systems is one of the most significant. It is undesirable not only to be late, but also to deliver too early, which can create a problem for the recipient of a shortage of warehouse space. Guaranteed accuracy of delivery allows the customer to plan deliveries in production and distribution chains with high reliability, thus reducing the level of inventory and costs;

4. Frequency of departures characterizes the quality of linear services. It is generally accepted that in modern supply chains, line services can be in demand provided that at least one shipment per week is completed. More shipments are welcomed by users as it allows them to more flexibly adapt to market needs and production capabilities. At the same time, an increase in the frequency of services increases the operator's costs and may lead to a loss of line profitability.

Reliability indicators. Reliability refers to the ability transport system ensure the declared performance characteristics. Reliability can be measured following indicators:

1. punctuality characterizes the reliability of provision of temporal characteristics of service. Punctuality is measured by the percentage of maintenance of time characteristics within the declared or agreed with the client interval (for example, the percentage of timely completed deliveries, deliveries, etc.). Additionally, a quantity such as the average delay time can be estimated. ( For example, if two operators have the same delivery rate at the agreed time, then the goth of them will have an advantage in the market, whose average latency will be less.);

2. The safety of goods can be measured by the share of goods (measured in volume, value or in the number of packages) delivered without damage. An additional indicator can be the average amount of damage per unit of weight or per unit of value caused to the goods transported.

3. Flexibility indicators. Service flexibility refers to the ability of the transport system to adapt to changing service conditions. The flexibility indicators are the least measurable, but qualitatively, it is possible to fairly reliably evaluate the service features characteristic of a particular transport operator, in particular:

Accelerating or delaying delivery at the request of the client;

Forwarding cargo;

Provision of additional carriage possibilities in excess of the previously agreed volume;

Successful completion of delivery in the event of an unexpected change in transportation conditions (traffic congestion, unfavorable weather), etc.

Transport service quality management tools. Despite the variety of transport services and the conditions for their provision, there are applied quality management tools. The most common are the ISO 9000 series of standards and the market standards for the quality of transport services.

ISO 9000 series standards are a system that has generalized many years of world experience and has become a universally recognized basis for achieving stable quality by any enterprise, regardless of the type of its products or services. These standards are accepted as national in almost 200 countries, including Russia.

The ISO 9000 system includes the following documents agreed upon with each other (the designations of the corresponding Russian standards are given in brackets):

1. ISO 9000 (GOST R ISO 9000-2008), which describes the main provisions of quality management systems and establishes the appropriate terminology;

2. ISO 9001 (GOST R ISO 9001-2008), which sets the requirements for quality management systems;

3. ISO 9004 (GOST R ISO 9004-2010), containing recommendations for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the quality management system;

4. ISO 19011 (GOST R ISO 19011-2003), which gives guidelines on auditing (checking) quality management systems and environmental protection.

In modern conditions, voluntary certification of a company for compliance with the requirements of the ISO 9001 standard is often a key factor in success in many markets or even entering them, confirming that the company belongs to a "civilized" business. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the standards of the ISO 9000 system are not standards for the quality of services as such. Matching e.g. ISO requirements 9001 only indicates that the company has a quality management system and that its management and personnel are constantly working in this area.

Market quality standards. Along with the ISO 9000 system in countries with developed market economies in all sectors, including transport, market standards for the quality of services have become widespread. They refer, as a rule, to rather narrow segments of entrepreneurial activity, where the uniformity of conditions and a large experience accumulated by the market make it possible to form a stable system of indicators and standards that determine the level of quality. Such standards are developed by market participants represented by associations and unions of entrepreneurs, often in cooperation with users of transport services. Without being binding, market quality standards set certain benchmarks both for transport operators themselves, who can orient themselves in terms of service quality to market leaders, and for consumers, who get the opportunity to compare operators and their asking prices, taking into account what actually exists in the given segment of the market for quality of service. The process of forming similar standards is also underway in the Russian transport business.

Thus, a group of leading logistics companies operating on Russian market, together with the logistics department public organization « Business Russia»The following quality standard has been developed, which sets the requirements for automotive vehicles freight transport ()

Acceptance of a carriage order:

In the city: until 15:00 at night (after 00:00 the next working day), until 16:00 the next morning (after 08:00 the next working day);

Intercity: 24 hours before the start of transportation (if the current day is not working - 48 hours);

International: 3 days with specification one day before the start of transportation.

Car supply for loading:

Around the city: in the interval from 10 minutes to 0 minutes from the appointed time;

Intercity: in the interval from 1 hour to 0 minutes from the appointed time;

International: in the interval from 2 hours to 0 minutes from the appointed time.

Arrival of the car at the place of unloading:

Around the city: in the interval from 10 minutes to 0 minutes from the appointed time, agreed with the delivery time under the terms of the contract;

Intercity: in the interval from 1 hour to 0 minutes from the appointed time, agreed with the delivery time under the terms of the contract;

International: in the interval from 2 hours to 0 minutes from the appointed time, agreed with the delivery time under the terms of the contract.

The time of admissible downtime of transport without fines (time for loading and unloading goods) for all types of transport except intracity - 2 hours. For international transport - for loading and customs clearance(export from the Russian Federation) 24 hours, for customs clearance (import) and unloading - 48 hours.

Prevention of marriage in transportation for transport reasons:

Adequate experience of the carrier and the presence in the vehicle of means of securing goods (belts, ears in the semitrailer for fastening belts, inflatable cushions, cushioning material) is required;

Availability of an insurance policy covering the cost of goods no more than $ 250,000 per flight (for transportation within the Russian Federation) and on CMR terms (for international);

The number of flights in which the volume of rejects does not exceed the permissible limits is at least 98% of the total number of flights.

Lack of shortages for transport reasons (road accident, crime): not less than 99.5% of the total number of flights.

Return of documents with confirmation of delivery:

Around the city: scan - within 24 hours from unloading, originals - within 5 working days;

Intercity: scan - up to 48 hours, originals - up to 12 working days from the date of unloading;

3) international: scan - up to 48 hours, originals - up to 15 working days from the date of unloading.

Moreover, mandatory conditions are:

1) running a "white" business, the absence of "gray" schemes for avoiding VAT, payment wages to employees in full, the absence of possible tax claims from working with the carrier;

2) the annual revenue of the enterprise is at least 60 million rubles. per year, the number of flights - at least 2000 per year;

3) long-term business (more than three years as a resident of the Russian Federation), regular tax reporting;

4) for transportation in the Russian Federation: at least 80% of transportation is carried out by rolling stock with a service life of up to 8 years and environmental standards not worse than EURO-2, while 100% of its own fleet also meets these requirements;

5) in the case of the carriage of dangerous goods - the presence of an expert in the transport of dangerous goods in the company;

6) if it is necessary to transport expensive or oversized cargo - have an agreement with a licensed organization capable of providing escort or armed security;

7) regular control of contractors by their own security service;

8) regular training of personnel on quality standards;

9) knowledge of the procedures for acceptance and delivery of goods in accordance with the requirements of the client;

10) availability TMS (Transport Management System) with measurement capabilities as the above KPIs ( Key performance indicators), and additional (punctuality, quality of equipment, quality of invoicing and supporting documents, presence of defects and shortages), storage of accompanying documentation

1.5. Cost of transportation time.

Transportation time and logistics costs are related in several aspects.

Goods in motion are withdrawn from commercial circulation during transportation, which requires a corresponding increase in the working capital of the business. Along with this, a possible delay in delivery against a pre-planned time makes it necessary to create safety stocks in the supply chain. The higher the expected average latency, the larger the inventory and the associated costs. The equivalent of creating safety stocks is the earlier dispatch of goods, which provides "buffer" time in the supply chain.

As the analysis of the series commodity markets, the costs associated with the mobilization of additional working capital and the creation of insurance stocks, with the price of goods in the range from 2 thousand to 5 thousand dollars per 1 ton, are from 0.75 to 2.5 dollars per 1 ton per day.

This assessment is confirmed by the practice of transportation in those directions where competing transport services operate with different delivery speeds. The difference in the cost of such services corresponds to the willingness of cargo owners to pay for accelerated delivery, i.e. reflects the real market “price of time”. The typical difference in the tariff rate for sea container lines is $ 20-30 per TEU ( Twenty-foot equivalent (TEU or teu from English twenty-foot equivalent unit) is a conventional unit for measuring the capacity of freight vehicles. It is often used when describing the capacity of container ships and container terminals. Based on the volume of a 20ft (6.1 meters) intermodal ISO container - a metal box standard size, which can be transported by various types of transport: road, rail and sea) per day, which is equivalent to USD 2–3 per ton of goods per day.

This value is only about 0.05% of the value of the goods. Therefore, for the bulk of general cargo, the fastest possible delivery is not a logistical priority.

Meanwhile for certain types goods price time is much higher. For example, some companies supplying clothing from Southeast Asia to Europe send a small part of their volume by air in order to compensate for surges in demand, as well as losses and spoilage arising from the sea delivery of the bulk of goods. At the same time, the cost of air transportation is about $ 2,500 per ton, and delivery by sea is $ 180 per 1 ton. The delivery time is reduced by 20–25 days, but the "time price" is equivalent to about $ 100 per ton of goods for day.

Hewlett-Packard, one of the world's leading electronics manufacturers, has switched the delivery of some of its products manufactured in the PRC and addressed to Western Europe from a traditional sea route to a rail route that runs through China, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany. The reason was a significant decrease in the speed of sea transportation, which went to most ocean container lines in the post-crisis period to reduce costs. As a result of a decrease in the speed of delivery, the volumes of the company's products withdrawn from circulation have become too large, and the reaction to changes market demand- difficult. Railway delivery costs the company 25% more than sea delivery, but the transportation time is reduced from five weeks to three.

Another aspect of the influence of the time factor becomes significant when the delay time exceeds the allowable limit and the safety stocks are exhausted. In this case, suppliers incur direct and indirect losses due to non-fulfillment of contractual obligations, loss of market reputation and clientele. Sales contracts usually include penalties for failure to meet delivery deadlines. In some cases - for example, when transporting perishable goods - the delay of the goods beyond a certain period may become the reason for the buyer's justified refusal to accept the entire consignment.

The nature and size of the sanctions imposed on the seller depend on the type of product, the possibility of replenishing the lost goods, the amount of the buyer's lost profits and a number of other factors. A study by the world's leading container carrier Maersk among its customers showed that about 70% of goods delivered for retail, loses 25% of its value if delivery is delayed for a week. With the average cost of cargo in a container, equivalent to $ 30,000, the price of a weekly delay is $ 7.500 per container, which is about $ 100 per ton of cargo per day. If consumer electronics goods are transported in a container, then the amount of losses turns out to be 40-50 times greater!

Thus, in practice, the relative importance of the speed of transportation and punctuality of delivery should be determined for each price of supply, depending on the type of goods transported and the nature of the relationship between the participants in the chain.

If we express the corresponding costs in monetary terms and add them to the cost of transportation, we can estimate the "full" cost of transport services, taking into account the influence of the time factor. For this, the following dependency can be used:

C = D + Rx (74 5), (1.1)

where C is the total costs associated with the transportation of goods; D is the cost of transportation; R - "price of time" for a given type of product; T is the average time of delivery of goods along the route; S - the margin of time that the supplier must lay down when sending the goods in order to ensure timely delivery.

The value of S depends on the punctuality of the transport system and on the admissible probability of delivery failure set by the supplier. It can be calculated on the assumption that the deviation of the transportation time obeys the law of normal distribution.

So, if the supplier wants the probability of delivery failure to not exceed 2.2%, and the standard deviation of the transportation time on this route is one day, then the required time margin should be two days (Fig.1.1) of the admissible delivery failure probability

Rice. 1.1. Determination of the required margin of time, depending

1. Transport logistics solves the problems associated

a) with the movement of goods by various vehicles

b) with the purchase and registration of vehicles

c) with the establishment, registration and organization of the activities of transport and forwarding companies

2. The task of the logistics manager in the field of transport is not

a) coordination of the transport process with warehouse and production processes

b) organization of the movement of goods inside the warehouse

c) routing of transportation and control of the movement of cargo in transit

3. The role of transport in the logistics supply chain of goods is determined by the fact that

a) transportation costs of raw materials, materials, finished products are predominant in the structure of logistics costs

b) transport has a significant impact on the costs of the main activities of shipping companies

c) a significant number of companies own vehicles

4. Delivery of goods using the technology "Just in time"

a) suitable for implementation in all cases of meeting the need for various products, materials, raw materials

b) requires significant costs for the maintenance of warehouse facilities

c) increases the load on the management staff for planning, monitoring and dispatching supplies

5. First of all, the principles of logistics are applicable

a) when transporting dangerous goods

b) when delivering bulk commodities

c) when delivering valuable high-tech goods

6. The process of delivering goods to consumers is not complicated when

a) increase in the range of goods

b) increase in the quantity of delivered goods

c) expanding the geography of distribution of goods

d) growth in the number of consumers

7. Operations of containerization and packaging

a) complicate the technology of delivery of goods while increasing its efficiency

b) simplify the technology of delivery of goods and do not require additional equipment and additional operations with the goods from the consignor and consignee

c) do not affect the complexity of the delivery technology

8. What group of transport is not allocated when classifying by purpose

a) public transport providing transport services to cargo owners on a commercial basis

b) transport owned by the owners of the goods and ensuring their transportation needs

c) transport owned by specialized freight forwarding companies

9. Cargo owners use the method of transportation in their activities

a) minimal

b) multimodal

c) quasimodal

10. Multimodal transportation is usually understood as

a) delivery of goods by several types of transport

b)

c) delivery of cargo using integrated technologies for transshipment and warehouse processing

d) delivery of goods by any type of transport with the obligatory participation of automobile

11. Unimodal transport is usually understood as

a) delivery by several modes of transport of cargo formed into cargo units - "units"

b) delivery of goods by one mode of transport

c) delivery of cargo using unified technologies for transshipment and warehouse processing

12. For the carriage of goods by several modes of transport, the term is not used.

a) multimodal transportation

b) intermodal transport

c) multimodal transport

d) combined transport

e) unimodal transportation

13. The advantage of multimodal transportation is

a) cheaper delivery

b)

c) ease of organization

14. The advantage of unimodal transport is

a) cheaper delivery

b) no reloading operations

c) delivery on time

15. What does not simplify the organization of unimodal transportation

a) unnecessary negotiation of the conditions of carriage between several participants

b) reduction in the number of documents to be processed

c) exclusion of settlements with other types of transport

d) use of modes of transport with low cost of transportation

16. The attractiveness of multimodal transportation is ensured by

a) the unnecessary negotiation of the conditions of carriage between several participants

b) reducing the number of documents to be processed

c) exclusion of settlements with other types of transport

d) use of modes of transport with low cost of transportation

Topic 2. Characteristics of modes of transport

17. The features of railway transport include

a) regularity of traffic and sustainable transport links between regions

b) great maneuverability and mobility

c) high speed of delivery of goods

e) high traffic costs

18. The features of road transport include

a) high freight and throughput

b) low energy intensity of transportation

d) significant environmental pressure on environment

e) low cost of transportation of 1 ton of cargo

19. The features of water transport include

high cost of transportation of 1 ton of cargo

limitation of the possibility of transportation by climatic conditions

relatively low fuel consumption

20. The peculiarities of air transport do not include

low energy consumption and transportation costs

high speed of cargo delivery

minimum time the cargo is on the way

high cost of transportation

small carrying capacity

21. The criterion of the maximum carrying capacity of transport is most consistent with

automobile transport

railway transport

water transport

air Transport

22. The criterion of readiness for carriage at an arbitrary point in time is best met by

a) road transport

b) rail transport

c) water transport

d) air transport

23. The criterion for the minimum cost of transportation of 1 ton of cargo meets the most

a) road transport

b) rail transport

c) water transport

d) air transport

24. The criterion of the minimum time spent by the cargo on the way is best met

a) road transport

b) rail transport

c) water transport

d) air transport

25. The criterion of the minimum time spent by the cargo on the way is least met by

a) road transport

e) rail transport

b) water transport

c) air transport

26. The criterion of minimum risk of late delivery is least met by

a) road transport

b) rail transport

b) water transport

c) air transport

Transport- it is a means of satisfying needs through the transport of goods and passengers.

Transport- a connecting link between the elements of logistics systems. Transport logistics is the movement of the required amount of goods to the desired point, the optimal route for the required time and at the lowest cost.

The main factors for the separation of transport into an independent field of logistics application:

1) the ability of transport to realize the basic idea of ​​logistics, that is, to create a reliable, stable and optimally functioning supply-production-distribution-consumption system;

2) the inevitability of solving a number of complex transport problems when choosing channels for the distribution of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products within the logistics system;

3) a high share of transport costs, the maximum value of which reaches 50% in the total logistics costs for the promotion of goods from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer of finished products;

4) a high share of the transport component in the foreign trade price of goods (especially for countries with long transportation distances);

5) the presence of a large number of freight forwarding enterprises that play an important role in organizing the optimal delivery of goods, both in domestic transport and in international traffic.

The tasks of distribution of goods include:

Warehousing of products ready for shipment;

Transportation of finished goods to specific delivery points.

Transport is understood as the change in the location of goods by means of transport means.

Features of different types of transport.

Features of railway transport:

1.Inseparable connection with industrial enterprises and Agriculture

2. Possibility of building railway lines practically on any land territory of the country

3. High carrying and carrying capacity

4. Possibility of carrying out mass transportation of goods in combination with a relatively low cost of transportation

5. Possibility of uninterrupted and uniform transportation at all seasons and periods of the day

6. Relatively high speed of movement and terms of delivery of goods

7. Delivery of goods and passengers on a shorter route

8. Relatively high economic indicators and a fairly advanced transportation technology

Features of sea transport:

1.The ability to provide massive intercontinental traffic

2.Ways of communication do not require construction or maintenance costs

3.Unlimited bandwidth

4.Relatively low fuel and energy consumption

5.Long distance transportation, lower cost of transportation

Disadvantages of sea transport:

1.Dependence on natural and geographical conditions

2. The need to build a complex port facility on the sea coasts

3. The limited use of sea transport in direct sea communications. Communication routes pass on the outskirts of Russia

Features of river transport:

1.Large carrying capacity on deep-water rivers

2.Relatively low cost of transportation

Disadvantages of river transport:

1. The tortuosity of the track and the fairway

2. Restriction in the use of rolling stock due to the seasonality of work

3.Extension of cargo routes

4.Small, in comparison with other modes of transport, the speed of transportation of goods and passengers

Features of road transport:

1.Great maneuverability and mobility

2. High speed of delivery of goods and passengers

3.In some cases, a shorter route of movement of goods and passengers

Disadvantages of road transport:

1.Relatively high cost of transportation

2.Relatively high cost of the material and technical base of maintenance

3.Insufficient length and poor condition of existing highways

Air Transport :

Main advantages- high speed and the ability to reach remote areas

Flaws- high freight rates and dependence on weather conditions

Advantages of pipeline transport:

1.Possibility of ubiquitous pipe laying and mass pumping of oil and oil products

2.Smaller pumping distances than when transporting by rail or river transport

3.Low cost of oil transportation

4.Ensuring the safety of petroleum products due to the complete sealing of the process

5.Full automation for loading, pumping and unloading oil and oil products

6. Elimination (with appropriate insulation) of negative impact on the environment

Disadvantages of pipeline transport:

1. Narrow specialization

2. The need for a stable and sufficient flow of goods

 

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