Presentation on the topic of estonia. Presentation on the theme “Estonia. National and local holidays
Ethnogeographic characteristics of Estonians
1. Ethnogenesis
ESTONIANS, eestlassed (self-name from the middle of the 19th century, before that more often - maarahvas, literally - "the people of their land"), the people, the main population of Estonia (963 thousand people). Total number 1.1 million people. They speak Estonian of the Baltic-Finnish subgroup of the Finno-Ugric group of the Ural family. Dialects: northern (mid-northern, insular, eastern and western dialects), southern (Mulk, Tartu and Vyru dialects) and north-eastern coastal dialects. Literary language based on the northern dialect, writing (from the 16th century) based on Latin graphics. Believers are mostly Lutherans, Pietist movements are widespread (Baptists, Adventists, Herngutists). There are Orthodox Christians, mainly from the sub-ethnic Seto group in southeastern Estonia and in the Pechora district of the Pskov region.
Estonians were formed in the Eastern Baltic on the basis of a mixture of the ancient aboriginal population and the Finno-Ugric tribes that came from the east in the 3rd millennium BC. Later they absorbed East Finno-Ugric, Baltic, Germanic and Slavic elements. By the 1st millennium AD, the main groupings of Estonian tribes had formed, by the 13th century, territorial associations-maakondas had formed: Ugandi and Sakala in the south, Virumaa, Järvamaa, Harju County and Rävala in the north, Läänemaa and Saaremaa in the west of Estonia. The expansion of the Livonian Order to the South and the Danes to the North of Estonia began at the beginning of the 13th century. By 1227, the territory of Estonia was included in the lands of the Livonian Order, in 1238-1346 the northern part of Estonia (Rävala, Harju and Virumaa) belonged to Denmark. Estonians were converted to Catholicism. As a result of the Livonian War of 1558–83, the territory of Estonia was divided between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (southern part), Sweden (northern part) and Denmark (Saaremaa island). By the middle of the 17th century, Estonia ceded to Sweden. Reformation of 1521, the spread of worship and printing, from the end of the 17th century - schooling in Estonian contributed to the formation of the Estonian national culture... In 1632, a university was created in Dorpat with instruction in Latin and Swedish, and later in German (the present-day University of Tartu).
During the Great Northern War, 1700-21, Estonia became part of Russia. Northern Estonia formed the Estland province, the southern one became part of the Livonian province. In the 19th century, due to agrarian reforms and the development of capitalism, the migration movement of the Estonian peasantry to the inner regions of Russia and the city was intensified. The number of Estonians in the urban population increased (in 1897 63% of the inhabitants of Tallinn). The Estonian national movement is developing. After the October Revolution in February 1918, the independent Republic of Estonia was proclaimed, then occupied by the Germans (until November 1918); From the end of November 1918 to January 1919, the Estonian Soviet Republic, proclaimed by the Bolsheviks, existed on part of the territory of Estonia. In 1940 the Republic of Estonia was incorporated into the USSR. Estonia became independent in 1991.
2. Dynamics of the number and the current number in urban and rural areas.
The first settlers living in Estonia had Caucasian features and came to Estonia from the eastern part of the Central or southern part of Eastern Europe, after the territory of Estonia was freed from the mainland ice. In the Mesolithic era (9000 - 4900 BC), local people belonged to a culture that was widespread in the forest zone of Eastern and Northern Europe. As the results of modern genetic research show, Estonians who are part of the Finno-Ugric group of peoples come from the maternal side, mainly from Europe, on the paternal side, from the eastern territories.
Migration influenced the composition of the population of the territory of Estonia even later - often new settlers arrived after periods of high mortality. Starting from the 13th century, residents of Germany and Sweden, as a rule, moved to Estonian cities. Medieval towns were Germanized, but Estonians nevertheless made up about 50% of the townspeople. In rural areas, people settled in the villages, mainly from the neighboring territories of Finland, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, who, due to the fact that they lived scattered among the local population, relatively quickly assimilated with the Estonians. Mixing with the Estonians did not occur among the Swedes who inhabited the coast in the west and north of Estonia, as well as the Russian community of Old Believers who settled on the western coast of Lake Peipsi to avoid religious persecution in Russia. The second large period of immigration began at the end of the 19th century, when a large number of workers from Russia came to Estonia to build a network of railways and large industrial enterprises.
Before World War II, Estonians made up 88.1% of the country's total population. The rest of the population was made up of five national minorities, each of which numbered more than 3000 people. Under the 1925 National Cultural Autonomy Act, Germans and Jews applied for cultural autonomy status. The largest national minority were Russians (8.2%, or about 92,000 people), Germans accounted for 1.5% (16,300), Swedes - 0.7% (7,600), Latvians and Jews - less than 0 ,5%. As a result of World War II and political transformations, Estonia lost four out of five historical minority communities. The Russian historical community has survived, which in the early 1990s numbered 39,000.
As a result of the war-related events immediately after the end of World War II, Estonians constituted 97% of the population within the new borders of the country. After peace came to Estonia, which was part of the Soviet Union, intensive immigration began from other territories of the USSR, which began to decline only in the late 1980s. Since that time, Estonia's migration balance has been negative.
In 2010, Estonians accounted for 68% of the Estonian population, Russians 25%, Ukrainians 2%, Belarusians 1% and Swedes 1%. The large national groups also include Jews, Tatars, Germans, Latvians, Poles and Lithuanians.
In the longer term, the age structure of the population significantly affects the future of society. The share of children in the Estonian population is decreasing - in 2008 they accounted for 21% of the total population. And although the number of elderly people is growing, the share of people over 64 in the Estonian population is relatively small compared to other European countries: according to 2008 data, people aged 65 and over accounted for only 18% of the total population of Estonia. In 1990-2007. the number of people of working age declined, but it began to grow again when the large generation born in the late 1980s began to reach working age. Despite the decline in the total number of people of working age, their share in the Estonian population will be quite stable in the near future. The most important changes in the age structure of the population will occur after 2018, when the share of people of working age will begin to decline rapidly.
Employment of people aged 15 to 64 in Estonia is slightly higher than the European Union average. This is primarily due to the fact that employment women in Estonia are above average. For example, even among pensioners, the employment of men and women is approximately the same. In Estonia, people over the age of 70 usually no longer work, but before reaching this age, they are still quite active.
Cities and urbanization.
As in other European countries, Estonia is witnessing a continuous growth in the importance of cities, with Tallinn being the center of attraction for all of Estonia and Tartu, Pärnu and Jõhvi / Kohtla-Järve as regional centers. County centers are still considered important components of the settlement system.
A total of 69% of the Estonian population live in urban-type settlements, 70% of the inhabitants - in the regional centers, Harju County, Ida-Virumaa, Tartumaa and Pärnu County. The most densely populated areas are Northern Estonia and the coastal regions. There are also three of the five largest cities in Estonia: Tallinn, Narva and Kohtla-Järve, where the majority of the population, industrial potential, transport networks and economic activity... A sign of the intense urbanization and industrialization that followed after World War II was the large influx of immigrants from other parts of the Soviet Union.
The division into urban and rural settlements began in Estonia around the 13th century. According to primary sources, the first cities were: Tartu (1030), Tallinn (1248; under the name Kolyvan - 1154), Narva (1256), Pärnu (1265), Haapsalu (1279), Viljandi (1283) and Paide (1291). Often cities arose around the German Order fortifications, which were often built on the site of the ancient settlements they had seized. Even then, large cities were located near coasts and water bodies, developed trade and transport routes. The modern picture of the network of cities was formed by the carried out in 1959-1962. administrative reform, during which the formed boundaries of 15 districts approximately coincide with the boundaries of today's counties. In connection with the creation of new district centers, new local centers such as Jõgeva, Rapla or Põlva have emerged. There are 42 cities and 9 urban-type settlements in Estonia. As a result of the changes that took place after the restoration of Estonia's independence, the role of county and local centers was significantly reduced in the 1990s, and in county centers, life is concentrated around successful enterprises and towns nearby.
3. Indicators of reproduction.
Despite the fact that in many countries the number of children has decreased in recent years, in Estonia the desire to have children is quite stable. On average, families want 2.3 children, which is relatively high compared to other European countries. The ideas of men about the desired number of children in the family do not differ significantly from the corresponding ideas of women. In reality, children are born significantly less than desired, but this figure is at the European average.
Noteworthy is the fact that in Estonia many children are born in families where the parents' marriage is not officially registered. Among European countries in the XXI century. only Iceland surpassed Estonia in the relative number of children born out of formal marriage. In Estonia, this trend became especially noticeable in the 1990s. and in the first decade of the 21st century, for example, in 2009, 60% of all newborns appeared in such families. There is practically no prejudice in Estonian society regarding children born out of a registered marriage, and in practice it makes little difference for a child whether his or her parents are officially married. Of course, thanks to the birth of children, the so-called “civil marriage” often turns into an official one, but, nevertheless, raising children in families where the parents are in an unregistered marriage is not at all uncommon. There are relatively few single mothers in Estonia - only 7%. Most often, a marriage is registered after two years of marriage, but there are also couples who have lived their entire lives without registration.
According to the 2000 census, 50% of men and 42% of women were in registered marriages. 21% of all couples living together have not officially registered their relationship. Civil marriage was most common among divorced people (29%) and those who had never been married (20%).
The number of divorces per capita in Estonia is one of the highest in Europe, but in the 21st century it began to decline - perhaps this is due to the growing popularity of civil marriages. Since most couples live together for some time before entering into an official marriage, they already know each other well, therefore, surprises in the nature of partners are not the reasons for divorce.
In the 1990s. the transition to a new type of birth rate has begun in Estonia. Until the beginning of the 1990s, the birth rate exceeded the limit of population reproduction (more than two children per woman). 1987-1990 were record-breaking in the number of newborns - never before have so many children been born in Estonia in a year, which can be largely explained by the hopes that the process of national liberation has generated.
In the early 1990s. the birth rate began to fall. Uncertainty about the future became stronger - unemployment grew, kindergartens were closed, the possibility of introducing fees for education was discussed, many young families did not dare to have children due to the lack of prospects for improving their living conditions. The birth of children was postponed until the future, first of all, people tried to get a profession, find a job and secure a stable income. The age curve of fertility began to resemble the analogous curve of 1930-1935. The smallest number of births per woman (1.3) was registered in 1998. After that, the birth rate began to rise. This was partly due to the fact that people began to have children at a later age, that is, children were born by those women who previously postponed the birth of children at a later date, but the general stabilization of the economic situation, a decrease in the risk of deterioration of the economic situation of the family, also had an impact. due to the appearance of a child in her.
By 2009, the total fertility rate in Estonia had risen to 1.6 children per woman, which was the average for European countries; nevertheless, this figure was, nevertheless, lower than at the end of the 1980s. First of all, we can note the relative increase in the proportion of births of second and third children in the family, while specific gravity children born fourth and subsequent decreases.
Despite the fact that between 1990 and 2009, the average age at which a woman gave birth to her first child increased by three years compared to other countries European Union in Estonia, a woman becomes a mother for the first time relatively early. In 2009, the average age of a woman who gave birth to her first child was 26 years. Since the beginning of the XXI century. mothers, most often, are 25-29-year-old women. With an increase in the average age at which children are born, factors related to health and premature mortality began to influence reproductive behavior more. Although men in Estonia have relatively good fertility, that is, the physiological ability to conceive and bear children, due to the premature mortality of men over the age of 30, there are more women, therefore, there are not enough spouses for all women of this age.
If in many countries the consequences of artificial insemination are statistically expressed in the form of an increase in the number of births of twins, in Estonia in the first decade of the 21st century. the impact of fertility treatments on fertility patterns is less obvious. A slight increase in the number of births of twins has been observed since 1998, but the proportion of such births is quite low - for example, in 2009 they accounted for 0.02% of all births.
The average life expectancy of the inhabitants of Estonia is significantly lower than in most countries of the European Union, especially among men - in the EU countries, the average life expectancy for men is lower only in neighboring Latvia and Lithuania. Also, Estonia is characterized by a large gender difference in the estimated life expectancy of women and men. Women live on average 12 years longer than men. The reason for such a noticeable difference lies, first of all, in the high mortality rate among young men as a result of the so-called. external causes of death (accidents, homicides, suicides). However, the mortality rate of Estonian men at a young age and for other reasons is also above the European average. In 2008, women lived in Estonia, on average, up to 79.2 years, men - up to 68.6 years.
The main causes of death in Estonia are diseases of the circulatory system (58%), malignant neoplasms (16%) and external causes of death (13%). Mortality due to external factors predominates among people under the age of 40. Mortality due to neoplasms increases from 40 years of age both among men and among women. Low life expectancy in Estonia is primarily due to low physical activity, smoking and alcohol. The most significant increase in mortality among men due to cancer of the respiratory system and lung cancer. In a 2006 health-related study, 41% of men and 20% of women smoked daily. Approximately 7% of men and women smoked from time to time. Alcohol also has a direct impact on mortality. Over the past decade, alcohol-related deaths have doubled among men of working age. From external factors the most common causes of death are suicide and car accidents. In terms of alcohol-related mortality, Estonia is comparable to Lithuania, Scotland, East Germany, Northern France, Bulgaria and Hungary.
Along with mortality, the number of years lived without restrictions caused by diseases is also important. In Estonia, women and men have enjoyed good health for a much shorter period of their lives than the European average. According to 2005 data, women are on average healthy up to 52 years (on average in the EU - up to 66 years), men - up to 48 years (on average in the EU - up to 65 years). Consequently, health problems appear relatively early in Estonia.
4. Geography of settlement
Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, as approximately 85% of all Estonians live there. Basically, emigrants go to Finland, Russia, Germany, USA, Sweden, Great Britain, Ukraine. There is often talk of emigration of people with higher education, for example, doctors, but most of those leaving for another country have a secondary education.
Table 1.
Current area of settlement and the number of Estonians
Estonia 922 398 (2010)
Sweden 26,000
US 25,000 (2000)
Canada 22,000
Finland 20,000 (2007)
Russia 17,875 (2010)
Australia 6 300
Germany 5,000 (2001)
Ukraine 2 868 (2001)
UK 4,000
Latvia 2,381 (2010)
Ireland 2,373
Abkhazia 446 (2003)
Total about 1,055,000 (2000)
Source: www.ru.wikipedia.org
5. Confessional affiliation.
Most Estonians are atheists. Believers are mainly Lutherans, there are Orthodox Christians. As of June 1, 2010, 9 churches and 9 parish associations with a total of 470 parishes were included in the Register of Religious Associations. In addition to them, 71 independent parishes and 8 monasteries are also included in the Register of Religious Associations. Also, in addition to religious organizations, some of the religious associations included in the Register of Religious Associations registered themselves as religious societies, some in the form of non-profit societies, and some did not consider it necessary to register with any state institutions at all.
During the 2000 census, people over 15 years old living in Estonia were also asked, among others, a question about their religious self-determination. According to the census data, one specific tradition of religion is recognized by 31.8% of people who answered the question (29% of people over 15 who took part in the census). Most often they considered themselves to be Lutherans (13.57%) and Orthodox (12.79%). They were followed by Baptists (0.54%) and Catholics (0.51%). 0.33% recognized themselves as followers of non-Christian traditions. Of these, the majority (0.12%) were Muslims, as well as followers of the Taar religion and the indigenous religion (0.09%). 34% of those who answered called themselves indifferent to religion, 14.5% could not answer the question. 6.1% identified themselves as atheists. 7.99% of respondents refused to answer the question.
Participation in religious rituals in modern Estonia is rather low - a 2000 poll showed that 4% of respondents (surveyed 1092 people) take part in religious rituals every week. According to a 2004 report from the European Social Survey, 2.5 per cent of respondents took part in religious rituals once a week and the percentage of believers among those who responded was 15.2. According to the survey, non-believers accounted for 54.6 percent and “somewhere in between” was 30 percent of the respondents.
6. Traditions, customs, rituals, etc.
Life cycle.
Ancient Estonians perceived the world around them. first of all, based on the image of the circle. Awareness of the linearity of things could arise only during the transition from Catholicism to Lutheranism. There were two circles in which a person participated: they were a life cycle and a time (annual) cycle. The first was one and large, the second was constantly repeated. All the rituals of the Estonians were largely determined by these two cycles.
V life cycle there were four main events: birth, confirmation or coming of age, marriage and death. Of this, the first and the last happened anyway. Not every child born becomes an adult. and not every adult got married. The worldview of Estonians, formed in the process of symbiosis of old and new faiths, was expressed in complex traditions. Man passing from one life stage in the other, he was especially vulnerable, so he had to be protected from evil and guaranteed good luck and blessing.
The rituals of childbirth began already at the conception of a child. If they wanted a boy to be born, an ax was placed under the mattress, if a girl - a needle. The day and time of birth was considered important. Monday, Wednesday and Friday were considered unlucky days when no jobs were started. They were also unhappy for the beginning of life. The child born on Sunday was especially happy, and this belief has survived to this day. The evening child was happy, and the morning child had to work hard all his life to make ends meet. All over Estonia there is a tradition when a newborn was taken in clothes of the opposite sex, a boy in a woman's shirt and vice versa. This was done in order to protect him from evil forces, and so that the child must marry.
For a child, the period from birth to baptism was the most dangerous. The child was never left alone and the lights were on all night. The name of the child was usually given in honor of grandparents or the church calendar was used. The child could not be given the name of the father or mother. The child was baptized at the age of 2-3 weeks at home or in a church. There are many small skeletons and remote villages and farms in Estonia, which the pastor visited only a few times a year, so all church rituals were held there together, from baptism to the funeral service for the dead.
In folk traditions, there are rituals that are allowed only to adults, although at the same time there are no indications about the celebration of adulthood. For example, girls who had reached the age of majority were allowed to sleep in the barn, going to the evenings was respected, as well as the joint pastime of young people - walking at night (joint grazing of horses at night, when they lit fires to scare away wolves and had fun around them).
Getting married was one of the central events in a person's life. There was a belief that a person can fulfill a social and biological role only in marriage. Until the middle of the 19th century, the parents had the right to choose a life partner. The choice was determined by the bride's hard work, not her appearance and wealth. One of the types of communication among young people was late night, which meant the tradition of young guys going to the girls in the summer to spend the night. We went to spend the night on Thursday and Saturday evenings from St. George's Day (April 23) to Mikhailov's Day (September 29). It was a time when young people spent the night outside the house: girls in the barn, young men in the hayloft. Sleeping was officially discouraged, but tolerated. In some places it was even believed that the matchmaking was preceded by a night's sleep: "Be grateful if someone comes, where you will go with such shame, if they don't even want your daughter."
The Estonian wedding tradition is characterized by the passivity of the groom and the bride - and others were bothering for them - both during matchmaking and at the wedding. During matchmaking, the matchmaker negotiated and negotiated the wedding, usually a relative from the groom's side, married Old man... From the side of the bride, the mother or matchmaker spoke. The most suitable time for matchmaking was the evening of Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday at new moon. The generally accepted gifts for the bride were an apron, a silk scarf and a knife (later a ring), a cap or an apron for the bride's mother, a hat or a pipe for a father, and kerchiefs for siblings. In the 19th century, ransom or cash was also in use, the amount of which depended on the condition of the groom and was measured in silver. If the wedding was upset due to the fault of the bride, the gifts and the ransom had to be returned, if from the side of the groom, then everything remained to the bride as compensation. In the old days, weddings and weddings usually did not coincide. Until the middle of the 19th century, in some places even longer, church weddings were secondary. Among the people, at first, the wedding and the transition of the bride to the young woman took place, when they put on the headdress of a married woman. The wedding usually took place after the wedding, and sometimes even together with the baptism of the first child. The wedding, however, was required by law.
Death was a sad but inevitable event and many beliefs are associated with it. There was a general belief that the knocks and sounds heard foreshadowed death. The natural periods of dying were considered either spring, when the first leaves appear, or autumn, when the leaves fall - then the further journey of the deceased will be easier. It was considered better to die during the day and in good weather, since during a blizzard and storm, evil people and sorceresses died. In order to facilitate the transition to another world, there were various techniques, for example, opening a window or door. Under the influence of Christianity, the belief also spread that a person who confesses all his sins and asks for forgiveness dies in peace.
Time cycle.
The second cycle that determines a person's life is a temporary (annual cycle), which is constantly repeated. The annual cycle related to nature was divided in half, in accordance with the spring awakening of nature and wilting in autumn. In the field-growing calendar, the borderline was the day of plowing (April 14) and "the day when the leaves turn yellow" (October 14), and both days have occurred since ancient times before the arrival of Christianity.
Like most of the peoples of Europe, Estonians divided the economic year into two parts by occupation: for the warm summer period, when they were engaged in field work, and the cattle were in the pastures, and for the winter period, when the fields were covered with snow and the cattle were driven into the barn. Summer began with Yuryev (Egoriev) day (April 23) and ended with Mikhailov day (September 29). Thus, the summer lasted 5 months, the winter seven. The principle of division into two parts excludes spring and autumn, they were considered as transitional periods from winter to summer, on the contrary.
The annual calendar became traditional for Estonians only with the advent of the Estonian-language printed calendar in the 19th century. The ancient time was based on the lunar calendar. Time was counted from full moon to full moon or from new moon to new moon (the length of this cycle is 29.5 days). Popular belief also paid attention to the moon. Observing the waning and growth of the moon, we noticed that the waxing moon promotes growth, and the waning one slows it down. The names of the months among Estonians were formed mostly from the names of traditional days and natural phenomena (April is the month of sap (Est. Mahlakuu), May is the month of foliage (Est. Lehekuu), etc.)
The last division of the time count is the day. It is known that in the 17th century, Estonians were familiar with both the sundial and the hourly division of the day. In everyday peasant life, the hourly division had no practical meaning; the general division of the day was more expedient. The day was divided in winter and summer time in different ways. In Estonia in the 19th century, almost everywhere, they ate 2 times in winter and 3 times in summer. Meal time also divided the day into parts, parts of the day were counted from one meal to another. "The time between two meals" was used as a generally accepted time unit, for example, "You can mow this field in two intervals between meals." The time for lunch, dinner and breakfast was appointed depending on the position of the sun. There is information that at the beginning of the 18th century, Estonians divided a day into 20 time periods. Only at the end of the last century, the concept of "hour" replaced the earlier type of division "depending on the time of day and time of food intake."
The annual cycle, based on the movement of the Sun, was divided into two parts by the days of the summer and winter solstices. From Christmas the day became longer, from Midsummer the day waned. These two turning points have been two big holidays since ancient times.
Christmas was the most important holiday for the ancient Estonians. There is also an obvious mixture of Christian and pagan traditions in the celebration of Christmas. The main event was not only the celebration of the birth of Christ on December 25, but Christmas covered a longer period - from the day of St. Thomas (Est. Toomapäev, Rus Thomas) on December 21 and until Three Kings Day (Est. Kolmekuningapäev) on January 6, and the tradition of the celebration goes back to the pre-Christian period. Christmas, with many work restrictions and abundant meals, was a period of rest during a long, dark winter. Christmas Eve and the following day were the most significant times of the year. All should be finished by this day chores, the housing was decorated with a hanging Christmas crown and straw was brought into the house. Only at the end of the last decade of the 19th century, straw was replaced by a Christmas tree. The archaic meaning of straw in the house was interpreted in different ways, most likely this is due to a measure of the cult of ancestors. On Christmas Eve, at lunchtime, the family went to the bathhouse, after which they put on clean clothes, and the Christmas rest began. This was the time when “the heavenly gates and the gates of hell were open,” so one had to defend oneself in every possible way so that evil spirits would not penetrate. For this purpose, on all doors, windows, etc. painted amulets - a cross, a pentagram or a wheel cross. On Christmas night, they sat down at the table several times so that there was always plenty of food; they did not remove food from the table at night, but left it for the "souls" who would come home.
New Year's celebration appeared on January 1, 1691, when the beginning of the year was transferred to January 1. According to its location - after Christmas and in the middle of Christmas Eve. The New Year's holiday was also called the second Christmas. New Year's traditions largely coincide with Christmas traditions, but they are more cheerful and less solemn. All over Estonia, people believed in the omen that what you do on the first day of the New Year, you will do the whole year.
The Christmas period ended on Three Kings Day (January 6) or St. Knut (January 7). The latter was known in the islands. By this period, Christmas food had to be eaten and beer drunk.
If Christmas served as a respite in winter, then Midsummer (Est. Jaanipäev) June 24 in the national calendar was an ancient summer holiday, and along with Christmas was the most celebrated holiday. In the evening of Midsummer's day, a fire was lit on poles or a high hillock, which was believed to have magical and purifying properties, medicinal herbs collected on Midsummer's night also had a special power. On Midsummer's night, as on Christmas night, both good forces and evil spirits were activated, so this was a suitable period for magical actions. On Midsummer's night, they mostly had fun, swung on a swing, danced around the fire, arranged various games to test strength and dexterity, went to look for a fern flower, weaved wreaths and put them on their heads at night to see the future. This day was associated with grazing and milk yield of cattle, they prepared dairy dishes and conjured up so that the cows gave more milk. By Ivanov's day, agricultural work ended, and the haymaking period began.
There are a total of 80 significant dates in the Estonian folk calendar between Christmas and Midsummer's Day, the fame of which varied regionally. There was a need to keep track of time before, so the people kept track of time by weeks. This meant counting the weeks from one significant date to the next. from Christmas - 6 weeks to Sretenya (Day of the Three Kings) from Sretenya - 11 weeks to St. George's Day from St. George's Day - 8 to Ivanov's Day from Ivanov - 4 to Jacob's Day from Jacob's Day - 9 to Mikhailov's Day from Mikhailov - 6 to Martynov's Day from Martynov - 2 to Kadrin of the day; from Kadrin - 4 to Christmas. Maslenitsa, St. George's Day, Day of Souls, Martynov's Day and Kadrin's Day were the most important dates and had a rich ritual. Shrovetide (Est. Vastlapäev) was a traveling holiday celebrated on the Tuesday of the seventh week before Easter, always on the Tuesday of the new moon. The traditional dish on this day was boiled pork legs, bean or pea soup. The custom of gliding on ice on this day is known throughout Estonia - the longer the glide, the higher the flax will be. St. George's Day (Est. Jüripäev) April 23 was the day of the beginning of agricultural work and the beginning of the grazing season. This day has been known since the pre-Christian period. Numerous rituals performed on this day tried to ensure the replenishment of the livestock. St. George's Day was also the day of a change of owners for farm laborers and farm laborers, since the conclusion of employment contracts had been made since St. George's Day. A fire was made in Yuryev. With St. George's Day, days began with three breaks for food, which lasted until Mikhailov Day.
The autumn period was the time of commemoration of the souls of deceased ancestors (Est. Hingedeaeg). There was no specific day for commemorating the souls of the dead before. The most widespread opinion is that the days of commemoration precede Martynov's day. Memorial Day (Est. Hingedepäev) November 2, existing in our time came from the Catholics at a later time. The most suitable day for the souls to visit their home was Thursday, when in the evening they were expected to go home and a table was laid for them in the bath. During this period, it was impossible to make noise, spinning was prohibited, it was impossible to talk and laugh loudly. There was a belief that if souls liked the treats, then there would be happiness and good luck in the house. Martyn's Day (Est. Mardipäev, the day of remembrance of Bishop Martinus) November 10 ended the agricultural year and ended the period of remembrance of souls. The Estonians, unlike other peoples, on this day it was customary to dress up and go from house to house, where the mummers were given refreshments. They usually dressed up as men - "Martynov", tried to dress more terrible and often represented the family, which was ruled by "Marty-father". In the rituals of Martynov's day, traces of the cult of respect for ancestors can be traced. Kadri Day (Est. Kadripäev Day of Commemoration of St. Katherine) November 25 was distinguished among Estonians by a wealth of dressing traditions. Kadri day was celebrated as women's day and dressed up as women, clothes were white and clean, went from house to house, sang, danced and rang bells, wishing the family happiness. Qadri Day was considered a festival of sheep, and in honor of the replenishment of the flock they came to the barn to taste the porridge.
The names of significant dates of the pre-Christian period have survived, and the formation of the national calendar was undoubtedly strongly influenced by the Catholic Church. First of all, this affected the consolidation and name holidays... Those holidays that coincided with the local economic rhythm and those associated with the most interesting rituals took root.
Folk beliefs
The main feature of Estonian folk beliefs is pluralism, which is expressed in the belief in various spirits and fairies, which lacked an internal hierarchy. Spirits revived many natural areas, and their sphere of power was limited. This means that Estonia is characterized by an animistic belief in wildlife.
The word "sacred" was once close to the concept of "taboo", meaning something inviolable, separate and unlimited. Everything that was sacred radiated a mysterious and dangerous power for humans, and also prudently required ritual behavior. Places, objects, people, animals, time periods, connection with life events, various phenomena and situations could be sacred. Sacred places were sacrificial stones and springs, as well as groves.
Sacred springs were endowed with magical healing power and its water healed diseases of the eyes and skin, washed away sinful deeds, etc. Silver was sacrificed to the springs; objects dating back to the 8th - 12th centuries were found in them. There are about 400 known sacred springs in Estonia. A group of trees was considered a sacred grove. Usually, deciduous groves were considered sacred near the village on a high edge, on flat terrain - near some crevice or source, where sacrifices were made to deceased ancestors and where they went to pray. In the grove, it was impossible to trample grass, break branches, cut trees, etc. Sacrificial offerings were also brought to detached trees of the so-called. "Sacrificial trees".
With the introduction of Christianity, the destruction of sacred groves began, the Catholic Church installed its crosses and chapels in the groves, while the Lutheran Church tried to completely uproot the veneration of trees and the tradition of offering sacrificial gifts. Despite this, the dead were buried in the sacred groves as early as the 17th and 18th centuries. The worship of sacred groves and trees ceased by the beginning of the 19th century, in folk legends there are memories of the places where sacred groves used to grow, and the trees survived until the beginning of the 20th century. In Estonia, the stones to which sacrificial offerings were offered were also considered sacred, for the most part they are ordinary boulders that were located in a field or pasture near a village, less often in a forest. For the most part, the spirits of Estonians who were worshiped and whom they made sacrifices were only spiritual beings.
Peko
One of interesting examples the relationship between the world of idols and the embryonic artistic creation is the sacred image of the keeper of the house and the harvest, Peko, which is well-known in Setomaa. Standing in the notch, the sooty Peko was a human torso, primitively hewn out of a log, with holes hollowed out on top of the head, in which sacrificial candles were lit. The figure of Peko belonged to the entire village and wandered from one farm to another every year. They hid Peko from strangers. Special festivities in honor of Peko were held in the fall after the harvest, in the spring during Trinity and Midsummer's Day. The most important of these was the autumn festival, which was always held on a full moon, only men took part, and during this festival the figure of Peko moved into the new barn. They brought butter, cottage cheese and wool as a gift to Peko, asking for good luck and offspring for the flock. Trees and bushes were also dedicated to Peko, under which sacrificial offerings were brought. The Peko cult is known only in Setumaa and there is no information that Peko was worshiped anywhere else in Estonia except Setumaa.
Tynn
In contrast to Peko, who belonged to the entire village community, in Western Estonia, only one family is known to have an image of the protector of the house - Tõnn. The Tõnn cult survived for the longest time in Pärnu County, in some places even up to the beginning of the 20th century. The very image of Tõnn could be different. There are many reports that Tõnn was made from wax - a small figure was sculpted, for which clothes were sometimes sewn. Often a wax candle was used as Tõnn, on which a tiny caftan and trousers were worn. Some Tõnnis were carved out of wood and were more or less like Living being... At the same time, Tynn could be both male and female. The only surviving figure of Tõnn in Estonia is in the Estonian National Museum. Tõnn always had to receive a share from every baked bread, slaughtered animal, etc. In case of misfortune and illness, Tõnn was also offered copper kopecks. The main day for making donations to Tõnnu was Tõnis, January 17 (Est. Tõnisepäev). On this day, an animal was usually slaughtered, three drops of blood of which were dropped into Tõnn's box.
In addition to specific guardian spirits, the earthly world in Estonian folk beliefs was inhabited by various supernatural beings who lived their own hidden lives. Far from home, in the wild, a person felt like he was in someone else's territory. Malevolent spirits most often appeared in the form of wolves or snakes, from which it was possible to protect themselves with the help of spells.
The most popular supernatural creature was the devil, under the guise of which a large number of other characters were hidden, some of which came from the pre-Christian period. The devil was characterized by the ability to take on various guises, and he performed in various roles - displacing various spirits of nature from the folk legends. The concept of a trait was basically of two kinds: an aggressive trait and a neutral trait. The first of them posed an immediate danger to humans, while the second did not directly show hostility to humans. The third and later image of the devil is a comic devil, a stupid and innocent impure and folk story. In the Christian religion, the devil and the sorcerer act at the same time, a person acquired supernatural powers with the help of a demon. In Estonian folk beliefs, the sorcerer acted independently and performed his affairs, relying on his knowledge and natural abilities. Yet the word "sorcerer" meant "a man with bad intentions." A doctor with good intentions and a defender against evil forces was called a "medicine man." Both of them were not only part of the beliefs, but also belonged to the real village community.
Despite the pressure from Christianity, Estonians have retained many pagan elements in their beliefs. First of all, this indicates the practical nature of the Estonians: one should not conflict with either the new or the old. In order for happiness to accompany the family and the flock, he could ask for help and make sacrifices to both, since who could know exactly what secret and danger the other world poses.
Folk clothes
The development of folk dress over the centuries was influenced by both the fashion of the upper classes and the folk dress of the neighbors. The clothes of the village community were primarily conditioned by the established traditions and customs. Folk clothing in a certain sense showed class and nationality, in addition, everyday and festive clothing was a complex sign system, indicating age and social and marital status its owner.
In general, the clothes were divided into three parts:
... festive clothes, which were worn only on special occasions and passed on from generation to generation;
... weekend wear for less formal occasions;
... work clothes that were worn on a daily basis and which were made of the worst material and without jewelry; were wearing old weekend clothes.
Clothes were usually made from home-woven woolen or linen fabric: linen was primarily used to make shirts and hats for married women, and from woolen - various outerwear, mittens, stockings and socks.
For a long time, the main part of the clothes was of a natural color: linen fabrics were bleached, outerwear made of wool was brown or black. In order to weave the fabric for the skirt, the yarn was dyed with vegetable dyes. The most common staining was with the bedstraw, which produced a red color. As the first purchased paint, it was distributed in the 18th century. got indigo.
Girls and boys received a full set of festive clothes for confirmation when they celebrated their majority. There were no special differences in the clothes of a single and a married man, but at the same time, strict differences were adhered to between the clothes of a girl and a married woman, as well as the clothes of a married woman and a widow. Girls walked in summer, and often in winter, bareheaded, using only a ribbon or a wreath to fix and decorate their hair; in most of Estonia, the girl's costume did not have an apron. The head of a married woman should be traditionally covered and an apron must be worn. They believed that a hostess without an apron would damage the yield. An apron was also tied to a girl who was expecting a baby.
Decorations
Jewelry, first of all, was included in the set of festive clothes, but they were also worn with everyday work clothes... Jewelry, as values, have been passed down from generation to generation. The mother's jewelry was usually inherited by the eldest daughter, or if there were no daughters, then the wife of the eldest son. Both decorations and ornaments on clothes did not have only aesthetic value, but also protected from all the surrounding evil. Beads were the daily adornment of the woman. White or colored beads made of glass or stone balls were put on a little girl's neck when her first tooth was cut. The beads were on the woman, both day and night, at a holiday and at work, and she took them with her to the grave. Since they believed in the healing power of beads, the one who had no beads on his neck was considered an unhappy person. The jewelery of the Seto women was especially rich and important. During the wedding, the Seto bride had to have at least two kilograms of silver jewelry, and if they were not, then she had to borrow. It was believed that of the garments, the belt and mittens had the greatest protective power. According to beliefs, mittens protected their owner from enemies and hostile forces. When doing important business, mittens were also worn in the warm summer, or simply tucked into the belt.
Although the territory of Estonia is small, folk dress has a large number of regional differences. Four large groups can be distinguished - South Estonia, North Estonia, West Estonia and the islands. The emergence and preservation of local features was largely facilitated by serfdom. They moved mainly within the boundaries of their parish.
South Estonia
The traditional clothing in South Estonia is characterized by the preservation of ancient forms of clothing for a long time. The region of Mulgimaa (Viljandi County) stood out for its antiquity. At the same time, different influences can be noted: the clothing of the southern part of Võrumaa has common features with the Latvian folk clothing, and Russian features (embroidery with red thread and a pattern woven with red thread) spread throughout South Estonia. The northern parishes were most susceptible to new fashions. In the 18th century. wide skirt became widespread, at first one-colored, and later longitudinally striped, which in the 19th century was already widespread everywhere. Women's clothing was also characterized by a long-sleeved shirt, decorated with embroidered geometric patterns or hemstitching. There were more Russian elements in the Seto national dress, for example, Seto men wore a belted shirt outside, Seto women instead of a skirt wore a sukman, similar to a Russian sarafan.
Northern Estonia
There are only minor regional differences in clothing in Northern Estonia. At the same time, this region was the most receptive to innovation. The coastal areas were distinguished by the Finnish influence exerted on them. In the Northern Pechudye you can see Russian and Vodian features. In the vicinity of Tallinn, many phenomena associated with European fashion have taken root and spread throughout the country: a men's suit consisting of knee-length pants, women have a longitudinal striped skirt and woolen clothes dyed in a cube-blue color. The most characteristic feature The clothing of Northern Estonia was that women wore a sleeveless shirt and a short kaised blouse on top. A distinctive feature was a floral ornament embroidered with satin stitch, like on a cap. So it is on the kiaised blouse. Women wore a pot-shaped headdress on their heads - pottymuts
Western Estonia
The clothing of Western Estonia had similarities with both Southern and Northern Estonia. Outerwear of natural black or brown sheep wool was typical for the region. The women's suit included a shirt with long sleeves, over which they wore a jacket (a jacket at the waist - kampsun) and a listik (vest), a scarf folded in a triangle on the shoulders. The longitudinal striped skirt took root here by the beginning of the 19th century. From the middle of the 19th century. both striped and plaid skirts began to be worn, especially in Lääne County. Headdresses differed by parish: in the southern part they wore special-cut caps, in the north - pot-shaped and hoof-shaped kokoshniks.
Islands
Each island had its own folk dress (Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu), while Saaremaa had its own differences in each parish. Many common features was with the clothes of the Swedes living on the coast, for example, pleated skirts. By the 19th century, single-colored skirts were replaced by longitudinal striped, later striped. Aprons were also worn by adult girls. In Hiiumaa, women wore blouses and shirts, in Saaremaa, shirts and ruffles. Shoes were worn as footwear, only for Mukhu - postols.
In connection with the spread of the urban way of life, in the second half of the 19th century. folk clothing also disappeared from everyday life, at the same time, in the second half of the 19th century. in Estonia during the so-called. national awakening, the propaganda of wearing folk clothes began on special occasions: at folk events and singing festivals. The greatest revival of folk clothing as national festive clothing began in the first half of the 20th century. Today, folk clothing means, first of all, festive clothing of the first half of the 19th century.
P.S. All images, diagrams and tables, see the presentation.
Estonia Lomova E.I. Geography teacher, Lyceum No. 265, St. Petersburg
Estonia S = 45100 sq. Km (134th place in the world) N = 1.517 million people (151th place in the world) August 6, 1940 - the date of entry into the USSR. August 2 0, 1991, the independence of the Republic of Estonia was proclaimed.
Coat of arms Three azure leopards are depicted on the large state coat of arms on a golden shield field. The shield is bordered with a wreath of two crossed golden oak branches crossing at the bottom of the shield. The motif of the coat of arms dates back to the 13th century, when the Danish king Voldemar II granted the city of Tallinn a coat of arms with three lions, similar to the coat of arms of Denmark.
Flag from 1882. Blue is a reflection of the sky, lakes and sea, a symbol of fidelity and truth, national ideas. Black is the color of the homeland and the national frock coat. White is the striving of the Estonian people for happiness and light.
General information The official language is Estonian. The dominant religion: Lutheranism, Orthodoxy, Baptism. State system: democratic parliamentary republic. Head of State: President. Borders with Russia, Latvia. It is a member of the EU, Eurozone, NATO, member of the Schengen Agreement.
President Toomas Hendrik Ilves
List of presidents of Estonia Lennart Meri 1992-2001 Arnold Ruutel 2001-2006 Toomas Hendrik Ilves since 2006
The constitution was adopted in 1992. Estonia is an independent democratic parliamentary republic. Legislative power is vested in a unicameral parliament, the Riigikogu. The President is elected for a term of 5 years, but no more than two terms.
Physical and geographical location Located in the northeastern part of Europe. It is washed by the waters of the Gulfs of Finland and Riga of the Baltic Sea. More than 1,540 islands make up 9.2% of the territory. The shores are highly dissected, in the north with steep cliffs, in the west - low-lying.
The surface is a low-lying plain with traces of ancient glaciations. Only 10% of the territory lies above 100 m above sea level. The highest point - Suur-Munamagi (318 m) - is located in the southeast of the country. Almost half of its area is occupied by arable land. Many forests are grown especially for the raw materials of the timber and paper industry. The climate is temperate, transitional from maritime to continental, humid and cool.
Population Estonians - 69% Russians - 25.5% Ukrainians - 2.2% Belarusians - 1.1% Finns - 0.8%
Major cities Tallinn Tartu Narva Kohtla-Järve Pärnu
Tallinn The capital of Estonia 403 thousand people First mentioned in 1154. Former names - Kolyvan, Revel. Large passenger and cargo seaport.
Tatra 98 thousand people (2011) The second largest population after Tallinn. County center on the Emajõgi River. Founded in 1030 Former names - Dorpat, Yuriev. University of Tartu
Narva 61 thousand people The third largest city. Russian-speaking city in Estonia (80% -Russian). Located opposite Ivangorod.
Monetary unit - euro
Economy of the fuel and energy complex - oil shale on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. The Baltic and Estonian TPPs run on gas from Siberia and Komi. The chemical industry operates on local phosphorites and Khibiny apatites. Mechanical engineering - radio equipment, instruments, electrical engineering - Tallinn, Tartu.
Agriculture Traditionally, meat and dairy cattle breeding and bacon pig breeding prevail. Potatoes and other vegetables, cereals (barley, rye, wheat), fodder and fruit are grown.
Sources of information http://ru.wikipedia http://www.tartu.ee/?lang_id=5 http://www.stranas.ru/europe/Estonia.html Geographic atlas of the world, 1999. Geographic reference atlas Small encyclopedia of cities , 2000. Small encyclopedia of countries, 2000.
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Estonian Republic
In Estonian folk tradition, the colors of the Estonian flag symbolize the sky (blue), earth (black),
as well as the desire for freedom and hope for a better future (white). According to another version, blue means mutual trust and respect, black - the alleged ancestors of Estonians - people in black raincoats - mentioned by Herodotus, white - the color of snow that covers the country for a good half of the year.
The Estonian national emblem is a heraldic shield with twisted lower corners and a pointed lower part. On the yellow field of the shield there is an image of three blue lions located one below the other. This animal is perceived as a symbol of strength, valor and nobility. The coat of arms is surrounded by a wreath of oak branches symbolizing power.
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State structure
According to the current constitution, adopted in 1992, Estonia is an independent democratic parliamentary republic in which the people are the supreme bearer of power.
Legislative power is vested in the Riigikogu (Est. Riigikogu) - a unicameral parliament of 101 members, elected by a proportional system in equal and direct elections. All capable citizens of the Republic of Estonia who have reached the age of 18 have the right to participate in the elections to the parliament, which is elected for a term of 4 years.
The head of state is the President of the Republic, elected for 5 years, but not more than two consecutive terms, by parliament members or an electoral college by secret ballot.
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Geographical position
Located in the northeastern part of Europe. It is washed from the north by the waters of the Gulf of Finland, from the west by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga, bordered by Latvia in the south and Russia in the east. Estonia has a land border with Latvia; the border with Russia runs along the Narva River, along the Peipsi and Pskov lakes and along the land section with the Pskov region. The length of the coastline is 3794 km. Estonia includes 1521 islands in the Baltic Sea with a total area of 4.2 thousand km². The largest of them are Saaremaa (2673 km²) and Hiiumaa (1023.26 km²), as well as Muhu (206 km²), Vormsi (93 km²), Kihnu (16.4 km²), etc. Despite the large area, on the islands less than 5% of the country's population lives. Estonian rivers are small, but quite full-flowing.
Major rivers:
- Võhandu - 162 km
- Pärnu - 144 km
- Põltsamaa - 135 km
- Pedja - 122 km
- Keila - 115 km
- Kasari - 113 km
- Piusa - 109 km
- Pirita - 105 km
- Emajõgi - 100 km
- Pedetsi
- Härjapea - a former river in the center of Tallinn
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Types of transport:
- Highways (total: 57,565 km (including 16,465 federal roads) paved: 12,926 km (including 99 km of motorways))
- Railway (total: 900 km of general transport lines (1200 km including closed industrial lines))
- Merchant fleet (total: 50 vessels (with a volume of 1,000 register tons and more))
- bulk carriers - 3
- cargo ships - 20
- bulk cargo ship - 1
- container ships - 5
- tankers - 2
- ro-rokers - 13
- passenger ships for small sea voyages - 6
- Aviation
- Pipeline (natural gas - 859 km (2007))
- Water communication (320 km of waterways accessible for navigation all year round)
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Population
- The population of Estonia as of January 1, 2011 was 1,340,194 people, and there is a clear decline in the population, as in 1977 the population was 1,447,000.
- Population density: According to the data for 2011, the density of Estonia is 29.6 persons / km². The highest population density is in Harju County, the lowest in Khiyusky.
- Migration: According to the data released by the Estonian Statistics Department, in 2009 more people left Estonia than arrived: 4 647 people left and 3 643 people arrived. Compared to 2008, the number of emigrants increased by 200 people, while arrivals remained at the same level.
- Fertility and mortality: In 2010, a positive birth rate and population growth were achieved.
- Ethnic composition. The ethnic composition of the Estonian population as a percentage of the data for 2009 was as follows:
- Estonians 68.8%,
- Russians 25.6%,
- Ukrainians 2.1%,
- Belarusians 1.2%,
- Finns 0.8%,
- others - 1.5%.
- Languages: The official language is only Estonian, but Russian, Ukrainian, English, Finnish, German and Võru dialectic Seto are also used in everyday life. Urbanization is 69%
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National clothes
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National food
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Natural resources
Estonian natural resources favor industrial development building materials... The republic has large reserves limestone, dolomites. various clays, quartz sand, gravel. An excellent raw material for the building materials industry is shale ash and phosphorites, the reserves of which are practically unlimited. One of the most important branches of the building materials industry is the production of binders, primarily cement.
Over the past ten years, the production of industrial wall materials has increased more than 10 times. Construction of a building materials plant has begun in Narva, which will produce slate-ash reinforced concrete panels with a capacity of 360 thousand cubic meters. m per year. The forestry and woodworking industries are developing more and more. Near Uz, the territory of the republic is occupied by forests.
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Industry
The share of industry in GDP is 28.7%
Industrial employment is 22.7%
Main industries:
- Mining
- textile
- mechanical engineering
- woodworking
- chemistry
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Agriculture
Main industry Agriculture there are dairy and meat cattle breeding and pig breeding (especially bacon). Crop production is mainly engaged in the production of feed for animal husbandry, as well as the cultivation of industrial crops. Fishing is developed. Due to the reduction in the fish resources of the Baltic Sea, international quotas are now strictly observed, and the annual fish catch is about 130 thousand tons.
In Soviet times, Estonia had a highly developed agriculture, labor productivity in it was about 5 times higher than the average for the USSR. In the early 1990s, the liquidation of large agricultural enterprises and the transition to the farm method was carried out, after which there was a multiple reduction in the area of cultivated land and the livestock of large cattle... The share of agriculture in GDP has consistently decreased from 5.8% in 1995 to 4.8% in 2000, 3% in 2006, 2.9% in 2008.
One of the main problems of Estonian agriculture, due to the northern location of its territory, is the high energy costs of production, which exceed costs in other EU countries.
Estonia is located in northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, i.e. in the northern part of the temperate zone, in the transition zone of the maritime and continental climate. Since Estonia is part of the East European Plain, its territory is low and flat: hills and plateaus alternate with lowlands, depressions and valleys. Soddy soils - podzolic and podzolic
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Economy
Exports - 9.233 billion
Export items:
- machinery and equipment 29%,
- wood and paper 13%,
- metals 10%,
- foodstuffs 8 %,
- textiles 5%,
- chemical products
- Finland 18.2%
- Sweden 12.2%
- Latvia 9.1%
- Russia 7.9%
- USA 6.6%
- Germany 5%
- Lithuania 4.8%
- Gibraltar 4.5%
Import items:
- machinery and equipment 33.5%,
- chemical products 11.6%,
- textiles 10.3%,
- food products 9.4%,
- transport equipment 8.9%
- Finland 18.4%
- Russia 12.9%
- Germany 12.3%
- Sweden 9.2%
- Lithuania 6.4%
- Latvia 5.8%
International organizations:
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Tourism
Tallinn is the capital of Estonia, the city is a museum of medieval architecture. The heart of Tallinn is the Old Town of Toompea (Vyshgorod) with numerous cathedrals, fortified walls and medieval towers, and the adjacent Lower Town. The Upper Town was built in the XIII-XIV centuries, the Lower Town in the XIV-XVI centuries.
Old city
In 1997 historical part Tallinn - Old Town - was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Tallinn's Old Town is especially significant due to its unique medieval architecture and the inimitable spirit of antiquity, which other capitals of Northern Europe have largely lost.
In Tallinn, as one of the best-preserved cities in medieval Europe, the network of streets and land plot boundaries that were formed between the 11th and 15th centuries remained practically unchanged.
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Maiden's Tower
Maiden Tower (Neitsitorn) is a medieval prison tower for girls of easy virtue.
This tower was built in the second half of the 14th century, simultaneously with the construction of the city wall. Over the past centuries, the Maiden Tower has been repeatedly severely damaged and rebuilt each time it was restored. Today, a cozy cafe is located on the floors of this ancient building.
Tallinn Zoo is one of the most interesting collections in Scandinavia.
Founded in 1939, Tallinn Zoo hosts over 5,400 representatives of nearly 350 species of fauna. Among them there are many rare specimens that live not only in temperate climates, but also in arctic latitudes and in other exotic places. In the "tropical house" you can watch crocodiles, monkeys and other inhabitants of the jungle. The kids' favorite place is the pet zoo with hamsters, rabbits, guinea pigs and other animals.
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Jagala waterfall
Jagala Falls - a waterfall in the lower reaches of the Jagala River, approximately 4 km before the river flows into the Gulf of Finland. The waterfall is about 8 meters high and over 50 meters wide. It is the widest natural waterfall in Estonia. Jagala-Joa is quite a popular destination among tourists.
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One of the largest natural attractions in Estonia - the Kaali group of meteorite craters - is located on the Saaremaa island, 18 km north of the city of Kuressare. There are nine meteorite craters in the 50-hectare landscape reserve.
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One of the largest quarries is located in the village of Rummu. It is not working and is flooded. As a result of the flooding, a lake of extraordinary beauty was formed in which many people swim and fish.
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Famous people
- Ekaterina Volkova - Russian theater and film actress, best known for her role as Vera in the television series "Voronin"
- Alexy II or Alexy II - Bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church; from June 7, 1990 - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Academician.
View all slides
Engineering industry: Estonia manufactures various electronic goods, computers, cables, laboratory instruments, turbines, lifts, sea transport, car parts, etc. precision mechanics and optical goods, the manufacturers of which are very few in the world. The Estonian machine-building industry is dominated mainly by small companies cooperating with various foreign companies. Metalworking industry: they produce both various building parts and shipbuilding products. Products made from both ferrous and non-ferrous metals are exported. Chemical industry: large enterprises chemical industry are located in the industrial region of North-East Estonia. Nitrofert produces fertilizers and chemicals ammonia, nitrogen. Velsicol is benzoic acid. Viru Keemia is engaged in the manufacture of various oil shale products. Many Estonian chemical plants produce paints and other construction chemicals
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General information Republic of Estonia Territory area - 45 thousand km2 Population - 1.3 million people Capital - Tallinn Form of government - parliamentary republic Monetary unit - euro. International organizations: European Union, NATO, Schengen zone
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Geographical information Located in the northeastern part of Europe. It is washed from the north by the waters of the Gulf of Finland, from the west by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga. It shares borders with Latvia in the south and Russia in the east. Estonia has a land border with Latvia; the border with Russia runs along the Narva River, along the Chudskoye and Pskovskoye lakes and along the land section of the Pskov region. The length of the coastline is 3794 km. Estonia includes 1521 islands in the Baltic Sea with a total area of 4.2 thousand km². The largest of them are Saaremaa (2673 km²) and Hiiumaa (1023.26 km²), as well as Muhu (206 km²), Vormsi (93 km²), Kihnu (16.4 km²), etc. Estonian rivers are small, but quite deep ... Estonia has a transitional climate from temperate maritime to temperate continental with mild winters and cool summers. The climate is greatly influenced by Atlantic cyclones, the air is always humid due to the proximity of the sea
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Administrative division: 15 counties (maakondas), headed by county elders (Est. Maavanem), appointed for a term of five years by the Government of the Republic on the proposal of the Minister of Regional Affairs. Ida-Virumaa - Jõhvi Jõgevamaa - Jõgeva Läänemaa - Haapsalu Lääne-Virumaa - Rakvere Põlvamaa - Põlva Pärnu County - Pärnu Raplamaa - Rapla Saaremaa - Kurassaare Tartumaa - Tartu Hijumaaaa - Võrügailäälävä - Tallin Hariumaaa - Valuilävälävä - Tallin Hõjumaaaa -
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History The first human settlements arose in this area approximately 9500-9600 years before our time. By the X-XIII centuries, an early feudal structure of society was formed, where the elders and leaders of military squads stood at the head of the lands. In the XIII century, the Danish crusaders, having suppressed the resistance of the Estonians, included these lands in the Livonian and then Teutonic orders. In the 16th century, Estonia went through the era of the Reformation, since that time Protestantism became the main religious denomination on its territory.After the Northern War between Sweden and Russia, Estonia was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1721, later becoming the Estonian province After the collapse of the Russian Empire on February 24, 1918 the Republic of Estonia was proclaimed. On February 2, 1920, Soviet Russia and Estonia signed the Tartu Peace Treaty on mutual recognition. As a result of the division of spheres of influence between the USSR and Germany, Estonia in September 1939 The Soviet Union the "Pact of Mutual Assistance" was imposed, and on August 6, 1940, Estonia was incorporated into the USSR. In the period from July 7, 1941 to November 24, 1944, the territory of Estonia was occupied by Nazi Germany. After the Soviet troops regained control over the territory of Estonia, it was again incorporated into the USSR. On August 20, 1991, Estonia's independence was restored.
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Population size Population dynamics (thousand people) From 1992 to 2009, there was a depopulation of the country, which was caused by both mass emigration and negative natural growth. By 2008, the population of the country has decreased in comparison with 1990 by 14.5%. Year 1712 1897 1934 1970 1989 2000 2012 Total 150-170 958 1126 1356 1566 1370 1294 Including Estonian 868 993 925 963 921 890
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Peoples of Estonia Ethnic composition of the population according to the 2012 census: Estonians - 68.7% Russians - 24.8% Ukrainians - 1.7% Belarusians - 1% Finns - 0.6% Others - 3.2%
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Estonian Traditions The culture that originated in the peasantry is quite colorful. For example, it is believed that a marriage is concluded according to all the rules only after the bride has put on the headdress of a married woman and tying it with an apron, and a wedding in a church or a painting in the registry office does not matter. ... Various pranks at weddings are considered normal, such as kidnapping a bride, blocking the road on the route of a wedding cortege, checking the household skills of a young couple, and so on. June 24 is quite active - games with bonfires on Ivana-Kupala, songs, dances and jumping over the flames of the bonfire. Choir festivals. Up to 30 thousand choristers take part in this bright event at the same time, who are listened to by a quarter of a million listeners placed on the field.
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Estonian Traditions June 24 is quite active - games with bonfires on Ivana-Kupala, songs, dances and jumping over the fire.
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Character traits of an Estonian First of all, individualism. The Estonian believes that he should live separately - my farm, my land is the main thing, it is the center of the universe. A neighbor should live far from me, at a distance of sight, not closer. On the bus, the Estonian wants the nearest person to be at least a meter away. These are the criteria for personal space. It seems that Estonians are slow. It's just our temperament. Estonians are quick to think and quick to make decisions. This is shown by the last 15 years of our history. We made quick and effective economic decisions and are now receiving good dividends from this. It's just that Estonians, unlike some other nationalities, really think before doing or saying something, and this process just physically takes some time. The best dish of an Estonian is another Estonian. The neighbor is always in sight. If he has a new car - it worries us, if he does something better than ours - it worries us. This pushes us to act - everything should be no worse than that of our neighbor. Such competition is a good stimulator of society.
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Anecdotes about Estonians Four Estonians are sitting at work at their computers. One says: - What the Internet is slowing down! A second hour later: - Ttttaaa, slow down! Two hours later, the third: - It is not called out to me either! Three hours later, the fourth: - It is true that the network is disconnected! An Estonian comes out on the porch in the village and calls his dog: -Shaaarik, shaaarik, shaaaaaaariik !! In response, silence. ... ... Estonian: - SHARIKASS !!! In response with dignity: - GAVSS !!!, GAVSS !!!
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Estonian economy It is believed that the advantages of Estonia are the stable monetary exchange rate of the kroon used until 2011, through the link to the euro, and a simplified tax system. Also among the advantages of the Estonian economy is the system electronic regulation the relationship between business entities and the state, a simplified legal system in the field of small and medium-sized businesses, one of the lowest corruption rates in the world. However, Estonia is dependent on energy supplies, had a slightly negative trade balance, but in November 2012 the trade balance turned positive.
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Estonian economy The largest enterprises are Ericsson Eesti AS. The plant employs over 1200 workers. He is engaged in the assembly of equipment for mobile networks and broadband networks. Mining companies of Eesti Energia (Estonian oil shale mining company in north-east Estonia, the volume of production in 2006 was about 14 million tons. LRT Grupp is an engineering concern that owns ship repair and metalworking plants in Estonia. 74% of production is exported - ships, mobile power plants, pontoons, etc.) Tallinn Port is the third largest port complex on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea
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Estonian cuisine The national cuisine is influenced by German and Swedish culinary traditions and consists of simple and hearty "peasant" dishes based on pork, potatoes, vegetables, cereals, fish, milk and bread products. There are more than 20 dairy soups alone. Soups themselves are a fairly common dish: there are, for example, soup with barley and potatoes, with dumplings, peas and pearl barley, bread, blueberry, herring with potatoes and even beer soup. Almost every Estonian dish is accompanied by "kastmed" - milk and milk-sour cream gravies. Popular "syir" - a special dish made of cottage cheese, smoked trout "suitsukala", pork legs with peas, dumplings made from barley flour, "mulgikapsas" - pork stewed in a special way with barley and sauerkraut, "piparcooka" boiled meat and jelly. The national drink is undoubtedly beer - the lighter Saku and the darker Saare from Saaremaa.
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