Electronic state: problems of legal regulation
Electronic state- is the implementation of Internet solutions and basic infrastructure for the provision of information resources and information services to individuals and legal entities by state bodies in order to ensure transparency in the work of the public sector and ensure interactive participation among top officials in decision-making.
Types of states at different stages of development of human society:
- the control state is a pre-industrial society;
- the rule of law - an industrial society;
- welfare state - post-industrial society;
- electronic state - information society.
The goal of the e-government is to ensure the interactive participation of individuals and legal entities and the transparent work of the public sector.
The implementation of the ideas of the electronic state is carried out through the creation of state websites that: a) exercise the right of citizens to information, and the subject bears full responsibility for the information posted on this website; b) perform a communicative function.
Features of government websites
1) submission of applications, registration, submission customs declarations;
2) liquidation of paper document circulation and restructuring of state archives;
3) creation of a single center to control the collection of personal information and their automated processing.
Today, the Russian system of public administration uses the Electronic Russia program, within the framework of which such projects as Electronic Government, Telemedicine, and Distance Education have been developed. A modern information system of public administration is gradually emerging, which mainly uses information technologies for public rule.
Vasilenko I.A. highlights the following main characteristics of public administration in the XXI century:
- development of state policy using infocommunication technologies, political analytics and forecasting;
- development, implementation and evaluation of government programs using modern methods socio-political and socio-economic diagnostics, identification and pattern recognition, aggregation of information and its computer processing (using methods of mathematical modeling of social processes in the development of management decisions at the local, regional and national levels);
- forecasting and taking into account in practice of positive and negative trends in the development of social phenomena, development of measures to localize and eliminate shortcomings, determine the needs for changes and innovations and take practical actions to implement them;
- analysis, generalization and interpretation of social, political and economic indicators characterizing the state of the region, region, country;
- organizing and conducting empirical research on the study of socio-political and socio-economic processes in the region (region, country) to find optimal management decisions, making such decisions;
- the use of rational methods of searching, processing, storing and using the necessary social, political, economic and scientific information.
Electronic government Is the concept of public administration inherent in the information society. This concept is based on the capabilities of information and telecommunication technologies and the values of an open civil society.
In many countries "electronic government" is just being created, and in some countries it has been successfully functioning for a long time.
The US Electronic Government Act of 2002 is divided into five sections (titles).
1. Electronic state service of administrative and budgetary management.
2. Federal Department of Electronic Civil Service.
3. Information security.
4. Approval of appropriations and dates.
5. Protection of confidential information and accuracy of statistics.
The goals of creating an electronic state:
1) ensuring interdepartmental cooperation;
2) development of the spread of electronic government;
3) expanding the participation of citizens in public administration;
4) raising the level of awareness of those who make power decisions;
5) reduction of costs and expenses for state structures;
6) access to reliable government information. The system of authorities exercising powers in the field of creation and functioning of the electronic state:
1) information agencies;
2) information officer;
3) council of senior officials on information (interdepartmental in nature);
4) Department of Electronic Government Issues;
5) administration administrator (appointed by the president);
6) administrative and budgetary management;
7) director of administrative and budgetary management;
8) interdepartmental commission on state information.
However, today "electronic government", with rare exceptions, has not yet become a reality. There are more and more examples of “government on-line”, which is not inherently the same as “e-government”. "Government on-line" is a static site of government structures that rarely contain anything other than general information about the work of a given government structure and contact numbers. The most advanced of them offer citizens a small number of electronic transactions, such as paying taxes.
Naturally, among specialists there are different points of view on the content of the concept of "electronic government". Let's consider just some of the interpretations of this term. Thus, e-government is defined as follows:
- organization of public administration on the basis of electronic means of processing, transmission and distribution of information, the provision of services of state bodies of all branches of government to all categories of citizens (pensioners, workers, businessmen, civil servants, etc.) by electronic means, informing citizens about work by the same means government agencies;
- information technology in public administration;
- automated state services, the main functions of which are: ensuring free access of citizens to all necessary state information, tax collection, registration Vehicle and patents, issuance of the necessary information, conclusion of agreements and registration of supplies of materials and equipment necessary for the state apparatus. This can lead to a decrease in costs and savings of taxpayers' funds for the maintenance and financing of the activities of the state apparatus, an increase in the openness and transparency of the activities of governing bodies;
- the use of new technologies in government bodies, including Internet technologies.
According to some experts, these definitions represent e-government rather as a way to modernize existing structures and services, and not as an independent idea of a comprehensive transformation of the very principles of organizing state governance. From this point of view, such an approach is incorrect, since, in the first place, it is economically unjustified. E-government as providing state structures with modern information technologies that implement traditional services means additional budgetary costs aimed at simple duplication in in electronic format off-line (off-line) activities. But there is also another approach. In many countries, primarily in the United States and Great Britain, e-government is viewed rather as a concept aimed at improving the efficiency of the state as a whole.
Let's consider the main provisions of the concept of electronic government on the example of foreign experience.
In the public life of any country, there are three main subjects - the state, citizens and commercial organizations... Therefore, ideally, e-government should consist of three main modules: G2G (government for government) - government to government; G2B (government to business) - government to business; G2C (government to citizens) - government to citizens.
Electronic government contains online services for citizens and businesses on a single portal, electronic document management in government and parliamentary structures, a database common to different government structures to prevent duplication of information and repeated costs, often a closed specialized information network for intra-government transactions (for example, Govnet), an extensive information and telecommunications infrastructure, cryptography systems and other methods of protecting information, including personal data, digital signature, electronic key, smart cards, other means of authorizing access to information and operations with it.
Thus, e-government empowers government agencies to use new technologies to provide people with better access to government information and services, improve the quality of these services, and better enable them to participate in democratic institutions.
Speaking about improving the public administration system, the following are named among the main achievements of "electronic government".
1. Possibility of "economical public administration". The savings from replacing paper information streams with electronic ones are enormous. The US government alone spends about a billion dollars a year to print a number of documents that are also published on the Web. The main circulation - 30 million copies of the federal register, 1 million copies of verbatim records of hearings and 65 million copies of the presidential budget - is intended for officials with Internet access. Thus, most of this printed matter goes straight to the city's waste bins.
Another example. Electronic publication of telephone numbers, postal and physical addresses of employees government agencies allowed the state of Florida to save $ 295 thousand a year on the reproduction and distribution of paper directories, as well as to solve the problem of updating this information, 30% of which after a year (from publication to publication) becomes obsolete. Multiply by 50 states and add the federal government apparatus manual, and here's another source of huge savings.
The US Code of Federal Regulations on the Hiring and Firing of Workers weighs 490 kilograms in print and 15 pages of Liver Requirements for the Army. Publishing all government documents on the Web will help both reduce costs and make information more accessible. In addition, the electronic form is much better suited for complex specifications. The printed documentation for a government tender for a new cargo plane weighs 3.5 tonnes, and in electronic form it could easily fit on a couple of CDs.
By moving its key structures to the Internet, the government could itself, without the involvement of any external allies, provide citizens with a powerful incentive to adopt the web-style of life. If the state - usually the largest "enterprise" in any country - takes the lead in introducing new technologies, this will automatically raise the technical level of the entire national economy and give impetus to the development of the information market. By administrative prescription or various benefits, it can induce all companies that have at least some relationship with it to take the necessary steps.
2. Saving time. For example, South Australia used to publish its 50-page official job list with a print run of 5,000 every week. At the same time, announcements of the appeared free space reached the addressees with a delay for the time of replication of the booklet and its distribution to several hundred offices scattered throughout the state, so that the deadline for accepting applications from applicants began taking into account the time they were sent by regular mail.
Now the whole process is carried out in the automation system. electronic document management based on Microsoft Exchange software. Job vacancies are first reported to the human resources departments of government agencies and to a number of privileged recruitment agencies. If it turns out that any of the civil servants would like to transfer to the vacant position, the hiring manager will automatically receive a notification by e-mail and will cancel the wide publication of the ad, so that no one is wasting time offering their services. And if there are no such applicants, the ad will go to the press and the hiring manager will also receive notifications about its publication by e-mail, indicating the names and numbers of newspapers. Thus, the state government expects not only to save 50-80% of its annual recruitment costs through the introduction of the new system, but also to significantly reduce the time to fill vacancies while unconditionally observing the principle of equal opportunity, including for employees of remote offices of government agencies.
3. The ability of government organizations to open their knowledge management and business accounting systems for public access. The German Federal Ministry of Finance is developing an electronic management system for public records. The project provides for the automatic routing, storage and publication of documents on closed or public websites, depending on the stamp.
Another example is the Massachusetts competition system. Conditions of participation, all documents that may be required for this, and subsequently information about the winners are published on the network. The result of the introduction of this system was not only a reduction in the cost of holding tenders, but also the emergence of various public organizations real opportunity to purchase the goods they need at lower prices. As in most states, in Massachusetts, municipalities, country governments and school districts can buy their products from manufacturers under the same terms as the government. In the paper world, however, it is almost impossible to find traces of "state" prices for most of the necessary goods. Now, any city office or school can check the state's best price on the new system's website.
4. An opportunity for citizens to directly influence the adoption of management decisions. So, for example, in the case when a government structure is going to amend the procedure for providing certain service, it will be able to post information about the proposed changes to its policy on its website and invite interested parties to express their views on this service and the proposed new policy. The feedback received can then be used to improve this policy.
5. Improving the quality of services provided by government organizations to citizens. The implementation of government services over the Internet will allow citizens to use them from the comfort of their homes. This will increase the flexibility, speed and availability of government services, as well as possibly reduce their costs.
6. The ability to receive comprehensive services, as different government organizations can interact more effectively with each other. For example, as a result of an accident, a person needs to contact several different government organizations and in each state his situation and needs. If all these organizations had the opportunity to exchange information and integrate their services, a person would have to go through all the required procedures just once.
7. Raise awareness of the public to receive up-to-date and comprehensive information on government laws, regulations, policies and services... By making this information about all existing rules and regulations available on the Internet, people will have more opportunities to engage in any activity, both personal and professional, safely and within the framework of the law.
Naturally, the implementation of such a large-scale concept is associated with overcoming many difficulties. In order to stimulate citizen participation in government, the following points should be taken into account when developing ways to use information and communication technologies.
8. The possibility of dividing the population into those who have the skills and tools to use new technologies, and those who do not. If citizens are not armed and do not own technology, then they are unlikely to be able to influence in any way on e-government. E-government should unite people, not separate them. Therefore, the "e-government" should be organized in such a way that, on the one hand, the usual ways of access to government services for those who need them are preserved, and on the other hand, public Internet access points are created and educational programs operate, the task of which is - to help citizens master new technologies.
As for the process of creating a government network infrastructure in the Russian Federation, it corresponds to the stages that all governments go through.
The first phase, which is characterized by the creation of the initial “departmental interfaces”, is almost complete. The overwhelming number federal bodies of the executive branch, Internet sites have been created and are functioning steadily.
On the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation prepared and approved the List of regular mandatory information for placement by federal executive authorities in the Russian segment of the Internet. The list requires the following information to be posted without fail:
- the official name of the federal executive body and official requisites (address, information service telephone numbers, e-mail address);
- regulations on the federal executive body;
- the organizational structure of the federal executive body (management, structure of the central office, territorial bodies, subordinate institutions and enterprises);
- regulations governing the activities of the federal executive body;
- regulatory legal acts affecting the rights and obligations of citizens and organizations, adopted by federal executive bodies in accordance with their competence;
- information on the state of affairs in the industry (sphere of reference);
- information on federal targeted programs in the implementation of which the federal executive body participates, including information on the implementation of the provisions of the programs;
- daily information of the press service (public relations departments) on the activities of the federal executive body;
- details of public reception offices of the federal executive body (address, telephones, procedure for working with citizens and organizations).
The above information must be provided in full, with the exception of information classified in accordance with the law as information with limited access.
To develop this List, the Department of Government Information developed in July 2001 "Recommendations for the creation and maintenance of the Internet site of the federal executive body", which take into account the experience of creating "electronic" infrastructure by the world's leading governments, detail many tasks and issues related and maintenance of government websites.
The next stage is the deployment on the Internet of an infrastructure that provides users with possible services of a purely informational nature, working with the user in an external information circuit.
Today, as part of the work on the creation of the Internet portal of the Government of the Russian Federation, a more perfect infrastructure of the system for informing the public about the activities of the bodies is being formed state power... We are talking about the creation of horizontally and vertically integrated government news resources, supported by the information departments of various federal departments and local authorities.
Within the framework of the government network information circuit, mechanisms are being created that support online departmental communities, primarily information departments of ministries and departments (press services or public relations departments), which are more than others ready to master new technologies of the Internet ". As these network mechanisms and services are developed, experience and solutions can be transferred to other areas of the government control loop.
An infrastructure of network mechanisms of dialogue (interaction) between the government (departments) and citizens (communities) is being created in the form of specialized online forums on various socially significant issues. Forums can solve problems of supporting permanent expert communities. The portal contains a specialized interactive module that allows you to quickly support any dialogue task.
Online services are being created for journalists and media editors. We are talking about the creation of a virtual accreditation system that provides online access for journalists to events held in the Government House, ministries and departments (which is especially important for regional media).
The portal will have a modern Catalog of network resources of public authorities that provide a full-fledged search and other services. This is not only useful and convenient for users, but also allows you to monitor situations in the field of public network resources.
For users, a reference and information database of government documents has been created, which integrates the texts of more than 17 thousand government documents with interfaces, providing a convenient search.
The development of a network government infrastructure, which allows solving the problems of information support for the activities of the government, ministries and departments in non-standard (crisis, problematic) situations, may become promising. New technologies make it possible to quickly create "virtual sites" for the task "", it is quite easy to administer them. But the most important thing is not to create additional off-line structures.
An infrastructure is being developed to support network projects for various government agencies, as well as an online training system and vocational training civil servants.
Since 2002, the "electronic government" project has been identified as a priority in the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia (2002–2010)".
In particular, the Program includes the tasks of ensuring information transparency of the activities of state authorities and openness of state information resources for civil society, creating prerequisites for effective interaction between state authorities and citizens on the basis of widespread use of information and communication technologies. It is envisaged to implement a set of measures to increase the openness of state information resources not only at the federal, but also at the regional and local levels (through the introduction of information and communication technologies).
In order to accelerate the formation of the infrastructure of interactive interaction between citizens and public authorities, a unified Concept of state policy in the development of the Russian segment of the infrastructure of payment cards and the use of electronic personal instruments v automated systems interaction of public authorities.
Undoubtedly, the implementation of this program will play an important role for the development of the Russian Federation as a democratic, "information" state.
Chapter 5. Legal regimes of information resources
- Zakharova Anastasia Ivanovna, student
- Bashkir State Agrarian University
- ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT
- POPULATION
- STATE
- ELECTRONIC INTERACTION
The article is devoted to the problem of the development of the system of electronic interactions between the state and the population.
- Development of the legal system of electronic interactions between the state and the population
- Development of a system of electronic interactions between the state and the population
- Methodology of civil society and its interaction with the state
- Integrated land policy as an object of political science research
In the 21st century, Russia has entered a new stage of information development. Electronic communication systems are coming to the fore, the Internet information and telecommunications network is becoming widespread. Meanwhile, the leading countries of the world are already switching to an innovative path of development and introducing electronic systems in all spheres of state life, including in the sphere of providing public services to the population, a modern concept of introducing the so-called "electronic government" is emerging. There is such a thing as electronic interaction between the state and the population.
This scientific work is based on the research of A.F. Garifullina, who has a number of scientific papers on this topic.
Electronic interaction between the state and the population is a system of interaction between public authorities and the population, based on the widespread use of modern information technologies, including the Internet, to increase the availability and quality of public services, reduce the time for their provision, as well as reduce the administrative burden on citizens and organization associated with their receipt.
Every year information technologies are gaining more and more importance in the activities of government bodies. It is IT that is aimed at reducing the “gap” between the state and the population. This can be confirmed by the transition to an electronic municipality, which significantly reduces the time for the provision of state and municipal services, makes municipalities more accessible to citizens, and the activities of local authorities themselves - more transparent.
No one doubts the relevance of this topic today. After all, the special role of information support for management and the provision of electronic information services was even noted by the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin: “We need to save people from the need to go to offices, wag their nerves in queues when they need to get basic papers from the BTI, social security, DEZ, passport offices and registries in polyclinics. In this regard, in the coming years we must completely rebuild the system of providing state and municipal services in electronic form. We are talking about information and service portals, integrated communication channels, departmental and regional data banks ”.
In my opinion, the development of a system of electronic interaction between the state and society in Russia will depend primarily on the participation of citizens themselves. There are two main problems that hinder the development of civic participation in the development of e-government - the problem of access to technology and the problem of access to information.
In modern legal science, there are several approaches to understanding the term "electronic state":
- the system of state bodies ensuring the implementation of state policy in the field of informatization;
- organization of state power based on the use of information and communication technologies;
- organization of interaction between public authorities and society in order to provide public services and ensure the possibility of participation in the exercise of power by the population using information and telecommunication technologies.
The introduction of e-government implies that the activities of state bodies should be based on a powerful, efficient and secure electronic system both in their internal activities and in interaction with citizens. So that the databases of various departments are compatible and can exchange information, so that a citizen can issue from home Required documents, to state procurements were made through open electronic trading.
The role of the electronic state is to improve the mechanism of interaction between society and the state in order to resolve vital problems, simplify the procedures for the provision of public services and the exercise of power by the population, reduce the cost of maintaining the state apparatus, improve the quality of government decisions, ensure the principles of transparency and openness in the exercise of power, to raise the legal awareness of the population and ensure the exercise of power by the population through information and communication technologies, to correspond to the image of the modern information society... Of course, the formation of an electronic state in our country is a necessary step towards improving power and management, ensuring the possibility of effectively combating corruption and paperwork in all government structures, maintaining Russia's position in the international arena in the field of information and communication technologies and electronic government.
USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ORGANIZATIONS
( as a percentage of the total number of surveyed organizations)
Organizations that used: |
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personal computers |
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Computers of other types |
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local area networks |
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global information networks |
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of which network: |
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Internet |
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including broadband |
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Intranet |
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Extranet |
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Organizations that had a website on the Internet |
Thus, we can conclude that the mechanism for creating electronic interaction between citizens and the state has been "launched", the main steps towards ensuring the presence of authorities and information about their activities on the Internet have already been taken. Further, it is necessary to place special emphasis on creating conditions for the transition from the industrial model of “big government” - centralized, hierarchical and operating in a material economy - to a new model of governance based on self-organizing inter-institutional networks of cooperation that exchange knowledge and operate in the “digital economy”.
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Development of a system of electronic interaction between the state and the population
Safin Ruslan G
This scientific work is based on the research of A.F. Garifullina, who has a number of scientific papers on this topic.
Electronic interaction between the state and the population is a system of interaction between public authorities and the population, based on the widespread use of modern information technologies, including the Internet, to increase the availability and quality of public services, reduce the time for their provision, as well as reduce the administrative burden on citizens and organization associated with their receipt. ...
In other words, it is a system for the provision of public services by simplifying the processing of citizens' applications and providing them in a “one window” format. Electronic interaction between the state and the population is implemented through the introduction of the institution of "electronic government". "Electronic government" (e-Government) - Internet technologies that provide informational interaction of government bodies with the population and civil society institutions. ...
By mid-2013, the lag in the implementation of a large-scale plan for transferring federal, regional and municipal services to electronic rails on the EPGU + SMEV platform became chronic and growing; As a result, this problem was specially considered at a meeting of the Government Commission on the implementation of information technologies in government bodies. The chairman of the commission D. Medvedev expressed his opinion at the meeting that the transfer of services to electronic form can be accelerated by solving the following tasks.
- Formation of a unified federal structure for the provision of services, including both online and offline services. This structure means not only a single portal of public services, on which more than 4 million citizens are currently registered, but also a network of multifunctional centers. At the time of the meeting, about 700 centers were created, by 2015 about 3 thousand will open. Another element is the branch network of Russian Post, of course, subject to the modernization of the branches themselves, and there are more than 40 thousand of them, and training of the relevant personnel so that he is ready for this job,
- A clear definition of the concept of “providing a service in electronic form”. Behind it should not be the web page of the relevant department, but "a normal, modern, full-fledged interface that would simplify communication with officials." The interface should be understandable not only for "advanced" users, but also ordinary people, including the elderly, who, nevertheless, are trying to master electronic services.
- Creation of a system that allows receiving state and municipal services throughout the country, regardless of place of residence or stay.
At the first meeting of the renamed Government Commission of the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications and the Ministry of Economic Development - after discussing the situation with the slowdown in the development of the system for the provision of electronic services, it was concluded that it is necessary to develop, agree and approve the "Concept for the development of mechanisms for the provision of state and municipal services in electronic form" (Protocol No. 1 p. 4 p. 1 of 19.09.2013). The draft Concept on October 16, 2013 was presented to the public for discussion on the website of the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications.
The concept sums up the previous development of electronic government in Russia and sets tasks for a new period in order to optimize the most successful and proven solutions. However, the issues of semantic integration of ministries and departments, the creation of a truly unified information space of all levels of government, the implementation of seamless design technologies and the provision of electronic services, as it seems to the author, are not clearly reflected in it, which requires more detailed consideration and formulation of requirements that are absent in the Concept.
For 2016, among the priority tasks for optimizing e-government are:
- improving the convenience and simplification of the use of electronic services on the gosuslugi.ru portal;
- popularization of the advantages of receiving public services in electronic form;
- improving the quality of the operation process to ensure the availability of electronic services for key departments at a level of at least 97 percent;
- mass distribution of the system of pre-trial appeal against the quality of public services (do.gosuslugi.ru).
In general, although electronic services are available in Russia, they are still quite complex for mass use... It takes time for departments and regions to realize that e-services are a combination of technologies and new business processes, and take active steps to optimize them.
First of all, the user interface was simplified, which will increase the number of citizens who not only want to use electronic services, but also implement them in practice, that is, get the final result.
Secondly, the new version provides for the integration of a single password for the EPGU and the user's personal account with regional and departmental portals. So, for example, the entrance to Personal Area taxpayer (for certain user accounts).
Third, will apply new technology"widgets" and "open platform" EPGU, in order to transfer electronic government services to trusted sites of departments and commercial organizations.
Thus, federal services will become available on a variety of portals, and not only on the portal of state services. Since technologically access to third-party sites will pass through the portal of public services, this will also significantly expand the audience of the portal.
Since January 1, 2016, citizens have the opportunity to pre-trial appeal against decisions and actions committed by civil servants of federal executive bodies and state non-budgetary funds in the provision of public services. This can be done through the information system of pre-trial appeal, developed by us as part of the implementation of the state program "Information Society". The system is integrated into the e-government infrastructure and is represented by a separate portal at do.gosuslugi.ru.
The system will receive complaints filed directly through the websites of departments that provide public services, as well as through multifunctional centers for the provision of state and municipal services. The creation of this system will allow to centralize all methods of filing complaints, combining them into single register complaints of the Russian Federation, the conduct of which will strengthen control over their consideration. Now the process of connecting departments to the system is underway.
Today, the development of electronic interaction between the state and the population in Russia is undergoing a stage of formation, therefore it is important in this environment to adopt any positive experience of foreign countries and
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Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the development of public services in the modern information society.
1.1. The role and place of the service sector in the modern development of society.
1.2. The system of regulatory legal regulation the sphere of providing public services.
1.3. Goals, objectives and features of the administrative reform at the regional level.
Chapter 2. Study of factors and trends in the development of the system of public services.
2.1. The state of development of the service sector in the context of informatization.
2.2. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the existing forms and methods of regulation of public services.
2.3. Research of rational foreign approaches to the provision of public services in Russian practice.
Chapter 3. Formation of an effective system for the provision of public services.
3.1. Methods for monitoring the official websites of the executive bodies of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and multifunctional centers in the performance of state functions.
3.2. Analysis of the content of the official websites of multifunctional centers for the provision of public services.
3.3. Prospects for the development of the system for the provision of public services in the conditions of modern Russia.
Recommended list of dissertations
Improving the processes of providing public services based on information and communication technologies 2006, Candidate of Economic Sciences Shestakova, Svetlana Vyacheslavovna
Legal and organizational issues of standardization of the activities of internal affairs bodies for the provision of services to the population 2010, candidate of legal sciences Chislov, Vladimir Ivanovich
State policy in the field of information technology: the experience of the Russian Federation 2012, Doctor of Political Science Ustinovich, Elena Stepanovna
Development of administrative regulation in the context of public administration reform 2012, Doctor of Economics Keil, Yakov Yakovlevich
Political leadership of the development of the sphere of public services at the level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation 2011, candidate of political sciences Shevchenko, Viktor Mikhailovich
Dissertation introduction (part of the abstract) on the topic "Development of the system for the provision of electronic public services to the population: the example of the Kurgan region"
Electronic government is a single complex of technologically interconnected state information systems and elements of information technology infrastructure that provide a new level of efficiency and effectiveness of government bodies.
Public services, in response to the expectations of citizens to receive quality and efficient services, seek to improve their activities using new technologies and various solutions that simplify relationship management and access to information. In addition, informatization is becoming an important component of optimizing processes within the state structures themselves, playing a special role in connection with the ongoing administrative reform in the country, the reform of the education system, pension and other reforms.
The strategic goal of e-government is to change the relationship between the government and society - to improve the provision of services to the population and business, as well as to expand the degree of participation of all citizens in the processes of managing society and the state.
Electronic government as an effective tool of public administration solves numerous problems of information interaction - it helps to eliminate the bureaucratic barrier between the public service and the person, improving access to government information resources, making it easier to obtain the necessary information and services.
The definition of the principles and basic approaches to the transition to electronic services today is one of the key points in the development of the system for the provision of public services in electronic form.
As part of the implementation of the administrative reform, analyzing the reasons for reforming the public sector in different countries, it can be concluded that an incentive to carry out administrative reform will be an increase in the level of information and provision of services provided by the state in electronic form, the desire to reduce public spending, and increase transparency in work. bodies of state and municipal authorities.
The administrative reform is a program for the modernization of the executive branch, affecting changes in its functionality, organizational structure, work technologies, and the nature of interaction with civil society.
The reform should be viewed not as something imposed from above on civil society, but as an ongoing process that directly affects the improvement of management efficiency and the achievement of final results. Today, a systematic approach to the provision of services to the population in an electronic version (form) is needed, involving the solution of organizational, economic, legal and a number of other issues.
Of particular relevance is the task of automating communication between citizens and the state in the provision of public services, obtaining a unique opportunity to interact with the state 24 hours a day in self-service mode, determining the quantitative characteristics of the public availability of information regarding the provision of public services and the implementation of public functions on the basis of existing administrative regulations, as well as the availability of electronic interaction functions on the official websites of the executive authorities.
When forming centralized programs for the informatization of regional information systems, many of them are implemented within the framework of separate programs and have no connection with each other. Thus, information systems are closed to service a limited range of tasks, and the processes of informatization in the regions are of a departmental nature.
To improve the quality of life of citizens when transferring public services to electronic form, it is necessary to form new mechanisms for intellectual and creative activity, to identify the best foreign practices, to improve the regulatory framework governing the procedures for the provision of public services, to constantly monitor the quality of services provided.
These circumstances determined the choice of the topic of the dissertation, determined its goal, objectives, subject, object and research methods.
The purpose of the study is to develop forms and methods for the development of interaction between the state, represented by its executive bodies and officials, with citizens and organizations in the provision of public services in electronic form.
The implementation of this goal required the solution of a number of tasks: - study of the theoretical and methodological foundations, principles and mechanisms for regulating the provision of public services to the population in electronic form, specifying the specifics of the formation of a system of informing potential consumers about public services and their provision through the development of appropriate infrastructure (formation of databases on public services and the introduction of advanced information and communication technologies, as well as the creation of information centers);
Determination of opportunities and rational directions for the application of world practice in the provision of public services to the population in electronic form;
Analysis of the effectiveness of the creation and modernization of information systems of authorities in the transition to electronic services;
Justification of proposals for the transition to electronic services, taking into account the development electronic way receiving services, generating demand electronic applications, elimination of barriers to obtaining services, reducing the cost of public services to citizens who receive them in electronic form;
Development of an approach to create the necessary prerequisites for the provision of services in electronic form, the formation of demand for services provided in electronic form, with the preparation of recommendations for the development of the system of public services to citizens in electronic form.
The subject of research work is a set of measures for the effective and high-quality provision of public services to the population in electronic form.
The object of the research is public services provided to the population at the level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in electronic form.
The scientific novelty of the research as a whole lies in the development of organizational and methodological foundations and a system of practical recommendations for the formation of effective provision of services in electronic form.
The most significant results of the dissertation research are as follows: the sequence of the gradual transition of state executive bodies to the provision of public services in electronic form has been scientifically substantiated; a system of indicators for assessing the quality and availability of electronic public services has been developed, factors that have a negative impact on the quality and availability of public services have been identified; a methodology for assessing consumer satisfaction with the quality of the provided public service is proposed, on the basis of which the final coefficient of readiness for electronic interaction is calculated, reflecting the level of electronic interaction of a state body, as well as showing the degree of its readiness to provide services in electronic form;
A set of organizational and economic recommendations has been developed for the development of methods for express analysis of an e-government project, the essence of which is reflected in the constant monitoring of the current situation, which provides a point-based assessment of the population's satisfaction with the quality of the provision of services in electronic format and allows us to identify factors that can contribute to an increase in citizens' satisfaction with quality and accessibility. services.
Theoretical and methodological basis research served as the development of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists in the field of economic development, information technology, state and municipal government.
The information base of the work was made up of data from the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Federal Laws of the Russian Federation, target programs, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation and its subjects, the Ministry of Communications and mass communications RF, results of sociological research, Internet information resources. Reference and methodological literature, materials from specialized periodicals were used.
Practical significance and approbation of the research results.
The main provisions of the dissertation were discussed and tested in published articles and a speech at a scientific and practical conference: "Problems of the integration of education, science and business in the context of new challenges of the global economy" (Moscow, 2013).
Practical recommendations proposed by the author for the development of methods for express analysis of an e-government project and assessment of satisfaction with the quality of the public service provided have been introduced into the practice of the State Budgetary Institution of the Kurgan region "MFC". The performed scientific developments are also used in educational process when teaching economic disciplines at the Kurgan branch of the Modern Humanitarian Academy.
Using the recommendations and conclusions of the dissertation will improve the efficiency and quality of provided state and municipal services. The main provisions of the dissertation research can be used in the performance of state functions and the transfer of public services to the population in electronic form by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as the development of administrative regulations of the executive authorities.
The structure and content of the work are determined by the goals, objectives and logic of the dissertation research. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a list of references. The volume of work is 126 pages of the main text, including tables and figures.
Similar dissertations majoring in Economics and National Economy Management: Theory of Economic Systems Management; macroeconomics; economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries, complexes; innovation management; regional economy; logistics; labor economics ", 08.00.05 code VAK
Assessment of new forms of interaction between executive authorities and consumers of public services 2007, Candidate of Economic Sciences Golubeva, Anastasia Alekseevna
Formation of electronic government in the Russian Federation: socio-political aspect 2009, candidate of political sciences Kashina, Elena Aleksandrovna
Administrative and legal regulation of public services 2008, candidate of legal sciences Beschastnova, Liliana Vladislavovna
Development of public services in the modern economic system 2006, candidate of economic sciences Seleznev, Petr Ivanovich
The economic value of information electronic services of local governments 2012, candidate of economic sciences Acorn, Alexey Alexandrovich
Conclusion of the thesis on the topic “Economics and management of the national economy: the theory of management of economic systems; macroeconomics; economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries, complexes; innovation management; regional economy; logistics; labor economics ", Zhidkova, Oksana Sergeevna
Conclusion
Improving the quality of the provision of public services should become an integral part of public administration capable of ensuring the effective development of socio-economic processes in Russia. The provision of services has long played an essential role in the socio-economic development of society. The availability of services as a form of human interaction determines the formation and construction of a modern economically developed society.
The social significance of information about the activities of state bodies is as follows: firstly, at the stage of modern development of society, public authorities are carriers and holders of the largest volume of socially significant information, environmental, legal, information about emergencies and incidents, which causes constant heightened interest the whole society; secondly, the information resources of state authorities will be the most significant and essential for society today; thirdly, the realization of the possibility of gaining access to such resources is relatively new for the Russian Federation, and the legislation in this area is the youngest; fourthly, the Internet is the most effective modern means of disseminating information among a wide range of people.
Thus, not only providing stakeholders with access to information on the activities of state bodies, but also the entire public will contribute to the development of public (electronic) state information resources, allowing: - to improve the quality of public administration; -to achieve transparency in managerial decision-making;
Create a system of control over the activities of government bodies by the society itself.
At the same time government bodies still not effectively use the potential of information technologies in order to move to a qualitatively new level of interaction with the population.
Today, a systematic approach to the provision of services to the population in an electronic version (form) is needed, involving the solution of organizational, economic, legal and a number of other issues.
An important task is the formation and development of the industry and the corresponding infrastructure, which increases the level of demand for electronic services aimed at the mass consumer using information (electronic) resources that ensure a high level of quality, accessibility and efficiency in the provision of electronic public services. It is necessary to establish a unified system for the provision of services in electronic form throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, including the creation of a unified database, the requirement for the composition and content of information about the service provided in electronic form, and the mechanism for authorizing service users.
Of particular relevance is the task of automating communication between citizens and the state in the provision of public services, obtaining a unique opportunity to interact with the state 24 hours a day in self-service mode, determining the quantitative characteristics of the public availability of information regarding the performance of functions and the provision of public services based on the current administrative regulations. , as well as the development of opportunities for electronic interaction on the official websites of executive authorities.
Today, it is necessary to create and develop state interdepartmental electronic interaction, which allows exchanging data and making decisions in real time, while ensuring the security of the recipient and the representative of services provided in electronic form.
Despite the existing differences between the subjects of the country in informatization, as well as the level of information and communication infrastructure of public authorities, most of them strive for a phased transition to electronic interaction, the provision of information resources using the Internet. Based on this, the work proposed a method for calculating the final coefficient of readiness for electronic interaction, which reflects the level of electronic interaction of a state body and shows the degree of readiness of a state body to provide services in electronic form.
In the study, a questionnaire "Quality of public services through the eyes of the population" was developed, consisting of several blocks: the first block of questions of the questionnaire is the position and opinion of the population about interaction with executive authorities in the provision of public services. This block includes questions aimed at clarifying:
Problems that may arise for individuals and legal entities when receiving public services in a public authority;
The reasons why citizens have to refuse to receive public services;
Social institutions, which citizens trust more when filing a complaint about the actions (inaction) of officials in the provision of public services;
Citizens' desires to use the services of intermediary organizations when receiving public services; the second block of questions in the questionnaire is the availability of the appropriate infrastructure available in government bodies that provide and provide government services. Prospective respondents are invited to answer the questions that arise when contacting a public authority for obtaining the necessary public service; the third block of questions of the questionnaire is the wishes of citizens about what needs to be done to improve the work of civil servants at all levels and improve the quality and availability of public services. the fourth block of questions of the questionnaire is to determine the indicators of the quality and availability of public services, allowing the satisfaction of the needs and desires of the population in the provision of public services.
Based on the questionnaire, the main reasons for the dissatisfaction of the population with the quality of the provision of services in electronic format and factors that can improve the quality and availability of public services to the population in any region of the country can be identified.
At present, the reality is that Russia does not have a sufficient number of specialists, as well as specially developed information programs in the field of provision and development of public services to the population in electronic form. In order to narrow the gap, our country has to do a lot of work, in which persons interested in the accelerated informatization of the country should participate. There is a need for serious support from the government and government bodies at different levels, their close interaction.
Another problem is the qualifications of specialists called upon to implement the Electronic Russia program. Unfortunately, in our country there are not enough specialists capable of working with modern information technologies, and one cannot but take into account the ongoing so-called "brain drain" abroad, where they offer a better standard of living and well-being.
The possibilities and implementation of financing programs, interaction between the state and society, coordinated actions of public authorities at all levels are also among the priority issues in building an electronic state.
With modern opportunities for the development of information and communication technologies and the implementation of interaction both between public authorities within state structures, and directly with consumers of services (individuals and legal entities), it should earn continuous process interconnection before the implementation of specific solutions in the country. Today, the proposed and adopted decisions by public authorities are directly subordinate to the executors of state structures and can only be approved by the top management, without taking into account the opinions and criticism of society.
An open information society, in our opinion, is:
Continuous operation Internet portals of public authorities;
Well-coordinated feedback process;
The ability of the population to take a direct part in assessing the effectiveness of the work of public authorities when making decisions;
Development and approval normative legal documents regulating access to information resources;
Organization of continuous and uninterrupted work of sa11-centers, consulting receptions;
Development of activities that implement the conduct of public examinations;
Formation of a system of public service standards, allowing the provision of services to citizens and businesses in electronic form.
The implementation of the concept for the introduction of e-government in the region will increase the budget expenditures for organizing the work and activities of the executive authorities of state structures, however, it should be noted that the total budget expenditures for organizing a new state administration will decrease.
The introduction of e-government should lead to a reassessment of values and an awareness of the modern and effective level of interaction not only of certain categories of citizens of our country, but of the whole society as a whole, including civil servants of all levels. At the same time, civil servants and employees of government departments of a functioning system of public administration need to understand that not adopting a new system of interaction between government bodies, government bodies with citizens and organizations will contribute to the ousting of such officials from outside and the arrival of new ones who realize and understand the prospects for interaction by means of information and communication technologies.
The main elements of e-government in the region should be the following:
Information and analytical subsystems that implement an increase in the socio-economic development of the region through monitoring, analysis, forecasting and planning in the work of the state authorities of the region;
Functional subsystems that implement the measurement of information between citizens and public authorities of the region in the provision and provision of public services in electronic form;
Integration subsystems that implement the functioning of interdepartmental interaction of e-government authorities in the region between different levels of government;
Common information technology infrastructures that implement the interconnected existence of various subsystems of the region's electronic government.
The methods of regulating the provision of public services are as follows:
Increasing the number of Internet users due to: support from the state to create an opportunity for all categories of citizens to receive reference and special information upon request about the activities of state authorities, regulatory documents in public and most visited places;
Ensuring uninterrupted operation of the Internet in hard-to-reach and remote places from the centers, such as villages, villages, etc .;
When planning the budget, allocate subsidies for the implementation of building a network of access to Internet resources in remote areas;
Raising awareness of the population about e-government services: creating and organizing training programs on the use of state online services in schools, employment centers; monitoring and information activities;
As part of the implementation of the e-government system, involve independent organizations for the implementation of the planned projects.
To participate independent organizations it was effective it was necessary:
Continuous training of internal personnel and personnel reserve and acceptance of the expertise of third-party employees;
Assess the feasibility of using independent organizations instead of their own state structures and departments;
Formation of priority public services provided at the initial stage of the implementation of the e-government system. At the same time, the services provided at this stage from the list must meet the following criteria:
Rendering on the principle of "one window". For the consumer of services, it should not matter which of the state institutions will provide him with the service;
When developing an online version, the entire process of providing each of the services should be optimized.
The introduction of e-government should be facilitated by the ease and massiveness of access to the receipt of public services in electronic form by individuals and legal entities. Responsible for the documents submitted to government bodies will not be citizens, but civil servants.
The thesis outlines a methodology for monitoring the official websites of executive authorities. Monitoring the content of official sites is the observation of the work of state bodies on the dissemination of information and electronic interaction services on their sites on the execution of state functions and the provision of state services in order to identify the compliance of the current level of electronic interaction with the desired result.
This technique can be used:
For annual independent monitoring of the current state of readiness for electronic interaction on the official websites of the executive bodies of state power of the subject, the MFC in connection with the adoption and application of administrative regulations;
For the introduction of new developments to improve the analysis of the content of the official sites of authorities ,.
The methodology for monitoring the content of the official websites of the executive bodies of state power in the region of the Russian Federation and the MFC presented in the dissertation research is based on determining the quantitative characteristics of information and services posted on the official websites.
The quantitative characteristics of information and services are determined using the criterion of presence / absence of information and services posted on the official website of the state body, for each administrative regulation, taking into account the total number of administrative regulations.
The dissertation proposes a methodology for assessing consumer satisfaction with the quality of the public service provided, on the basis of which the final coefficient of readiness for electronic interaction is developed, reflecting the level of electronic interaction of a state body, and also showing the degree of readiness to provide services in electronic form.
The problem of informatization of the public administration system was given a significant place in the dissertation. This allows us to speak about the applied nature of the research carried out.
Thus, the development of the socio-economic society is currently closely related to the developing Internet technologies, which should enable government bodies to provide high-quality, in-demand and affordable electronic services. Revealing negative influences on the quality and widespread distribution of public services, determined on the basis of indicators for assessing the quality and availability of electronic public services, which allow public authorities to constantly analyze and improve the provision of public services to the population.
Using the recommendations and conclusions of the dissertation will improve the efficiency of management and the quality of public services provided. The main provisions of the work can be used by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the formation of administrative regulations for the execution of state functions and in the course of transferring public services to the population in electronic form.
By introducing special devices and software into everyday life, allowing you to work at home and provide government services in electronic format quickly and conveniently for the population. This is necessary in order for society to realize and accept the organization of the creation of a new public administration - the provision of electronic public services.
To implement interactive interaction, specialists in the field of information and communication technologies must develop and improve existing software products for public authorities, their clients, citizens and businesses, as well as create special programs for certain categories of citizens (pensioners, people with disabilities and those with disabilities).
Today, state authorities must ensure not only the high quality of the provision of electronic public services, but also the continuity of work on their provision.
In order to create effective functioning electronic region it is necessary to carry out among users of public services an analysis of the electronic public services and official information provided, which are the most demanded and often requested by citizens in a particular region of the country, since Russia is a huge country with different territorial characteristics and specific mentality.
The dissertation research analyzes the offered and demanded public services provided to the population in electronic form on the territory of the Kurgan region. The most significant and demanded for the population are services that have a social orientation. The Department of Healthcare and the Main Directorate of Social Protection of the Population in the Kurgan Region are high indicators of the demand for public services.
Particularly important, in our opinion, the implementation of the e-region program will be the creation and existence of access to the Internet on the territory of the region among the municipalities of regional settlements and settlements... To do this, it is necessary to create special conditions for attracting highly qualified specialists to work, capable of creating a system for the provision of public services to the population in electronic form, capable of training existing personnel on the ground in villages remote from the center, as well as organizing the possibility of control and supervision in the region over the activities of local authorities municipal levels. In turn local authorities authorities municipality should organize among their citizens, future recipients of public services, new opportunities for obtaining official information on the activities of public authorities and a new way of providing public services in electronic form.
The introduction of information technologies into the public administration system should provide a new level of economic, social and educational development in Russia.
Thus, it will be fundamentally important that citizens (individuals and legal entities), when submitting a request for the provision of the necessary information, as well as within the framework of the provision of a public service, will be able to monitor the possibility and progress of its provision.
Equality, without exception, of all categories of citizens and customers to whom electronic services will be provided will be very important and unique in the implementation of the e-government program.
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The transition to a post-industrial society presupposes an inevitable transformation of political institutions and public administration, taking into account the requirements of the information age. New information integrative technologies are becoming more widespread, have become the basis for globalization, and have a significant impact on social development. The number of individuals and institutions that have access to the Internet and are using it to meet their growing needs is growing rapidly.
In these conditions, overly centralized structures are unable to react with the required speed to the diverse changes in the surrounding world. There is a growing need for greater flexibility and mobility of public services based on the principles of flexibility, transparency, political neutrality, etc. Opportunities for the use of political and social technologies in governance are expanding (with mixed results). In the context of deepening globalization processes, national governments are forced to respond to the latest information technology advances and trends to ensure or support the required level of international cooperation.
Internet technologies that provide informational interaction of government bodies with the population and institutions of civil society have received a stable name in modern literature as "electronic government" (E-Government). It is viewed as a single socially responsible and informationally open institution (institution) with constant feedback.
In general, "e-government" is defined as a specialized complex system of interaction between executive power structures with citizens, civil society and business structures via the Internet. In this semantic series, one-order concepts are used: "electronic business" ( E-Business), "Electronic citizen" ( E-Citizen), "E-democracy" ( E-Democracy), "Electronic self-government", etc.
The model of the concept of "electronic government" implies three types of interaction: between the state and citizens (G2C -govemment-to-citizen), government and business ( G2B - government-to-business), various branches of government (G2G -govemment-to-govemment).
The implementation of the concept of "e-government" is closely related to the reform of public administration. On the one hand, the need for the transition to e-government requires a certain restructuring of the foundations of the administrative system, and on the other hand, the transition to "e-government" to a certain extent contributes to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of management decisions; reducing the costs of maintaining the state apparatus, increasing the productivity of civil servants; fight against corruption in government structures, etc.
Note!
It is expedient to consider “electronic government” as a phenomenon that gives a new quality to administrative institutions, and its genesis - as a kind of process of their further institutionalization. The government itself can also be seen as a political institution. Accordingly, for its analysis, it is necessary to use institutional and neoinstitutional approaches, the potential of the concepts of new public administration (management), network theory and other aspects of communication science, qualitative (value and target) approaches, expert assessments of the quality of public policies and management. Citizens (E-Citizen) are considered as consumers of electronic services of the state with corresponding rights and obligations. “Electronic government” makes institutions work in a new way and, creating new rules of the game, acts as a moderator of new institutionalization.
"Electronic government", on the one hand, is seen as a technology that should improve the work of existing structures. On the other hand, it is called upon to organize in a new way the system of interactions between the traditional structures of the federal, regional, municipal levels, therefore, it brings with it new institutional rules of the game.
The main institutional and technological features and characteristics of "electronic government" are formed depending on the political and economic systems of specific countries, government initiatives, programs and sequence of actions for its deployment, involved economic and social resources, information and communication tools, etc.
Analysis of the "electronic government" system is advisable in the following areas:
- 1) the stages of its development (stages);
- 2) the level and nature of the development of electronic media, especially the Internet;
- 3) features of socio-cultural foundations and principles of functioning of "electronic government";
- 4) general and specific in its country (national) model;
- 5) the relationship of e-government with the nature of administrative reforms;
- 6) monitoring the feedback of "electronic government", its interaction with civil society and business structures, etc .;
- 7) the nature and quality of training managers in government and other structures 1.
The process of formation and transformation of the "electronic government" system can be conditionally divided into five ideal stages-directions (Table 6.2).
Table 6.2
Stages of formation and genesis of "electronic government"
|
Stage name |
|
|
Initial presence |
Characterized by the presence of a website and basic information on it, links to other authorities, departments of the government itself and non-governmental organizations |
|
Advanced presence |
The stage of the developed information presence of a government authority on the Internet, measured by indicators of the availability of archives of documents (laws, regulations, etc.), current information, databases (statistical and other information), a news section, a department of frequently asked questions, availability of services on the saiga search, help, download files and sitemap. This is the stage of one-way interaction, involving the flow of information from the state to the population. |
|
Interactive presence |
It is characterized by the ability to download and fill out forms for various services, the availability of contact information and the ability to contact representatives of the government body, interactive communication between all authorities (and at all levels) with common databases, etc. |
|
Transactional presence |
The stage of two-way interaction of authorities with the population and business, which involves the use of the Internet to carry out the entire transaction - paying taxes and fines, requesting and receiving documents, paying for services using various payment systems, electronic signature etc. |
|
presence |
Characterized by dedicated tools and opportunities for citizen engagement in discussion and decision-making - web forms for comments, online consultation tools with the public, discussion forums on policy and government action, online surveys, opportunities to respond to inquiries by e-mail or via web forms (indicating the response time) and subscribe to receive information by e-mail |
A source: Political Science: Textbook for Academic Bachelor's Degree / Ed. V.S.Komarovsky. M .: Yurayt Publishing House, 2017.S. 280-282.
The creation of "electronic government" is taking place in line with the reform of the entire system of public administration. It presupposes great openness and responsiveness; introduction of competitive and contractual principles; creation of separate specialized management structures with increased responsibility for the results of activities; increasing the role of ethical requirements for management, active interaction with civil society, greater orientation of state interests to the needs and requirements of citizens, etc. The advantages of "electronic government" are obvious: simplification of bureaucratic procedures, a significant reduction in the time required for processing documents, ensuring easily verifiable, strict tax accountability of legal and individuals through the introduction of a unified electronic accounting system, an increase in the level of budget revenues, a reduction in the scale of corruption and, accordingly, an increase in citizens' confidence in government institutions.
For the reorganization of the public administration system in the paradigm of "electronic government", a number of conditions are required. Among them: the adoption of relevant government decisions; a sufficient level of "internetization" of society and state institutions; development of a rational concept of "electronic government" and the creation of the necessary information and technological prerequisites and electronic forms (documents, signatures, etc.), financial support, training of new personnel in the algorithm of this government; taking into account the most complex social and administrative-legal problems arising from the implementation of new electronic-organizational management models in life; “Removal” of narrow technological approaches in the formation and operation of “electronic government” (“information technologies will solve all problems”), overcoming the possibilities of using it for antisocial purposes; rational and critical use of accumulated foreign experience, etc.
There are a number of social, political, psychological, financial and organizational factors that impede the formation of e-government. Among them: the competition between the new "information-public" and traditional methods of government; significant costs for informatization of state management structures; changing management mentality and improving ICT qualifications of civil servants; insufficient effectiveness of certain technological programs; problems of ensuring information security, a sharp increase in the volume of information and its optimization, social and digital inequality, etc.
Many types of public services have become accessible and convenient in a number of countries as part of the online e-government activities. Among them: inquiries to state bodies, the ability to check the stages of passage, receiving an answer indicating the result and those responsible for its adoption; payment of various payments by electronic forms (from rent to fines and taxes), receiving common forms of official documents, filling them out and sending them (including accepting tax returns, registering with the employment service); admission to universities for distance learning, interactive forms education; statements to the police (in case of theft or car theft) (Table 6.3). In the Republic of Korea, for example, the official web nortal allows the applicant to get acquainted with the stages of passing through 54 types of citizens' appeals, to control this process at any time.
Table 63
Examples of improving management efficiency as a result of the implementation of electronic services
|
Service type |
before implementation |
Time after implementation |
|
|
Brazil |
Electronic forms of documents |
A few days |
|
|
Electronic tax payment forms |
|||
|
Electronic registration of commercial entities |
|||
|
Property registration |
A few days |
||
|
Registration of land plots |
|||
|
Changes to real estate ownership |
|||
|
Property ownership certificate |
|||
|
Electronic customs |
|||
|
Philippines |
Electronic customs |
from 4 to 48 h |
A source: Irkhip Yu.V. Problems of the effectiveness of "electronic government" // Russian state and socio-economic challenges of our time // collection of articles. articles of international. conf. IGSU RANEPA. T. 1.M .: Prospect, 2015.S. 41-47.
The American and European models and the dominant theories of information and communication technologies are somewhat different. In Europe as a whole, more emphasis is placed on the role of IKT in administrative reform and services for citizens viewed as buyers. In the United States, in addition to improving administrative activities, more attention is paid to the influence of ICT on political participation, improving the functioning of the political system as a whole.
In principle, each country has its own characteristics of the formation, development and implementation of the concept of "electronic government".
There are numerous known problems of using information and communication technologies in management. Thus, the lack of "internetization" of many states, their institutions, and the population is obvious. The appropriate training of citizens is weak. Even if the necessary information database is available, it takes the necessary skills to understand it. To become a truly “electronic citizen” (and not just a user of certain services), who understands the problems of public administration, is no easier than becoming a conscious participant in political processes. Serious questions arise about the role of "electronic administrators" who have direct access to the technological mechanisms of infocommunications, information theft, technological failures, viruses, etc.
The European Union has introduced a system of continuous monitoring of the availability and status of the following electronic services for citizens and businesses.
For citizens: income tax, declaration; job search through the employment service; social help, unemployment benefit, per child, reimbursement of expenses for medical services, tuition fees; personal documents (passport, driver's license; car registration; submitting applications for construction; informing the police (theft, etc.); public libraries (availability of catalogs, search tools); birth certificates, marriage certificates (inquiries and submissions); submission of applications for admission to universities; informing about a change of residence; services related to medicine (interactive consultations, requests for treatment in specific places, the availability of services in the hospital).
For business: social contributions for workers; corporate taxes and declarations; value added tax; registration of a new legal entity; submission of statistical data; Customs declaration; obtaining permits related to security environment; state procurements.
The first country in the world to adopt a law on electronic services was Finland (2001). The law contains provisions on the rights, duties and responsibilities of government bodies and their clients in the field of electronic services, on the key requirements for the electronic identification of the identity of citizens. In accordance with the Law, the authorities must provide the public with a choice of electronic delivery of notices, invoices and other similar documents and messages. Authorities and clients can electronically sign their decisions.
The official web portal of Singapore (http://www.gov.sg) unites all spheres of life: government, business, education, science, medicine and even the entertainment industry (the state allocates up to $ 0.5 billion per year for the program) ... The portal is subdivided into four interrelated areas: government; resident citizens (permanent residents); business; non-residents. A large number of information services are provided on them in the current time mode, interactive communication operates. To do this, you need to register in advance (specify the password, login and user code) and receive the necessary information in any of the directions 1.
A customer-centered approach is essential to the organization of government services. In general, there is a formation of a public administration model focused on the efficiency of business processes, the idea of differentiation between policy and practice, and the multiplication of performance indicators. At the same time, laptops and smartphones are increasingly used, which make it possible to carry out online transactions without being tied to a specific place.
"Electronic governments" contribute to a certain openness of states, appropriate reporting, a decrease in the level of corruption and irresponsibility of officials, it improves financial management... In general, managerial thinking is changing for the better. Reforms have improved in a number of countries thanks to information technology, increasing confidence in the government, high-quality processing of the growing flow
data and knowledge. Activity " e-governments»Presupposes rapid and profound changes in a number of legal documents. In the Republic of Korea, up to 40% of the regulations governing public administration and service were changed over several years. In general, the workflow is being improved. As a rule, young cadres of managers come to the leadership of public services more widely, it is possible to increase salaries according to the final results of their work.
At the same time, there are numerous problems of using information and cybernetic technologies in management. The appropriate training of citizens is weak. Even if the necessary information database is available, it takes the necessary preparation to understand it. To become a truly “electronic citizen” (and not a user of individual services) who understands the problems of public administration is no easier than becoming a conscious participant in political processes.
- See: Yakunin V.I., Sulakshin S.S., Bagdasaryan V., Eorlov I. B., Stroganova S. M. The quality and success of public policies and management. M., 2012. P. 5.
- During a visit to Singapore, D.A.Medvedev (as an experiment) from his laptop submitted to the electronic signature of this country several documents necessary for opening a cafe (registration sheet, application, passport data and account died), immediately received a response from the electronic signature about their receipt, and a week later - an electronic notification of permission for the requested activity.
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