Personal hygiene rules for agricultural workers. Features of occupational health in agriculture and measures taken to improve health. As well as other works that may interest you

Agricultural hygiene studies the impact on the human body of environmental factors and labor processes characteristic of agricultural production, develops measures to improve working conditions necessary to preserve and strengthen the health of workers, the most important among which is the establishment of acceptable, safe for health levels harmful factors production environment.

Principles and Methods agricultural hygiene borrowed from general hygiene labor, however, the peculiarities of agricultural production are taken into account. The main and most general of them is that the main means of production in agriculture are the earth and living organisms - plants and animals. Therefore, the development of agriculture is determined not only by economic, but also by biological laws.
Specific tasks in a certain historical period are determined by the nature and level of development of agricultural production.

With the change in public formations changing the nature of agriculture, its type. In pre-capitalist formations, agricultural production was natural. Under capitalism, as a result of the social division of labor, it becomes an industry that provides the population of cities with food, and many types of industry with raw materials.

Joint Committee on occupational health International Labor Organization and World Organization of health gave the following definitions of agriculture and the agricultural worker: “Agriculture means all forms labor activity associated with growing crops, harvesting all types of grain, breeding, raising and caring for livestock, caring for orchards and nurseries”; "Agricultural worker means a person busy with work permanently or temporarily, regardless of legal status, in agricultural activities as defined above.”
modern agriculture- a large, technically equipped branch of the national economy, consisting of two production sectors - state and cooperative.

Budding process from agriculture many previously integral industries in ecopomically developed countries occurs as industrialization spreads to the production of food and technical raw materials. The scope of the concept of "agriculture" in its usual sense is reduced. An example is the poultry industry, which in recent years in our country and in a number of other countries has become a large broiler industry.

When cultivating various crops they depend on the peculiarities of the cultivation technology of each of them, on the climatic and geographical zone, and finally, on the specific properties of some plants (for example, the ability to cause allergic diseases).

agricultural production, despite industrialization, differs significantly from the industrial one. Its features largely determine the working conditions. However, scientific and technological progress, the achievements of which are being actively introduced into production, changes a lot: some features lose their significance, others become more pronounced.

Second feature agricultural production- relatively frequent change of work operations performed by the same person. It is most pronounced when performing manual work by members of field-breeding teams. Scientific and technological progress in all branches of agriculture gives labor a definite professional character. The most frequently replaced auxiliary operations are mechanized, operator labor becomes predominant. This feature disappears quite quickly due to the fact that many types of industries are actually separated from agriculture.
The process of branching off from agriculture of new branches will continue in the future.

ThThird peculiarity is that agricultural production is geographically dispersed, carried out over long distances. Hence the remoteness of places of work from the place of permanent residence. The hygienic essence of this feature consists in significant energy consumption for overcoming distances on foot, sometimes 8 km or more, in organizing field camps for temporary housing for the period of seasonal field work. Even 15-20 years ago, its hygienic significance was clearly expressed. In the near future, this feature will be completely eliminated.

People are already being delivered to the place of work vehicles . The requirements for field camps should also become qualitatively new. As temporary housing, they are not needed. It is advisable to turn them into dispensaries for machine operators, where they could restore their working capacity in a short time, especially during busy periods of field work.

The fifth feature of agriculture is characterized by widespread chemicalization and the use of pesticides, the inevitability of pollution by them not only of the air of the working zone, but also of the biosphere.

The problem of pesticides has worsened. Their first generation - highly toxic and persistent drugs - was replaced by the second generation, a significant part of which turned out to have more pronounced long-term effects. Currently, we are talking about the third generation of pesticides. These are fundamentally new, selectively acting FOS containing peptide bonds along with carboxyester groups. Of particular interest among them are substances containing amino acid residues. The degradation products of such FOCs are natural biogenic substances that will not pollute the environment.

To pesticides of the third generations Synthetic pyrethroids should also be included. Apparently, we should expect a return to individual highly toxic FOS, but in a granular form. In this form, they will cause less damage to the health of workers and the environment than many low-toxic substances, but having greater persistence and, moreover, capable of causing long-term effects.

In any case, this feature of agriculture It will not only remain, but will become more pronounced, and primarily because, as a result of the rapid development of the production of mineral fertilizers in the country and the well-known lagging behind in the production of pesticides (especially herbicides), the necessary compliance has been violated recently. At present, we are talking about the creation of a special branch of low-tonnage chemistry for the accelerated production of pesticides.

Prevention of diseases among agricultural workers, contrary to the prevailing opinion about the relative well-being of agricultural production in relation to the presence of occupational hazards in it, the state in this industry is still apprehensive.

According to data for 2000, working conditions in agricultural production remain extremely unsatisfactory. The number of jobs that do not meet the established requirements for noise and microclimate in the agro-industrial complex reaches 75%, and for vibration - 50%. During the period of mass field work, the duration of the working day is 10-12 hours.

As a rule, the processes of mechanization of labor-intensive work have been suspended at agricultural facilities, ventilation does not work or is absent, household and household appliances are not heated in winter. industrial premises, the illumination of workplaces is extremely insufficient. The current and overhaul industrial and amenity premises, more than half of the existing amenity premises do not function at all.

Machine and tractor park outdated, significantly reduced, its wear often reaches 85%, the repair base is not updated.

Every year, the number of non-mechanized facilities increases, where the processes of feeding, watering and manure removal are carried out manually. Means of small-scale mechanization practically do not function, the norms for carrying weights established for women are not observed. On most livestock complexes and farms during the stall period in the air of the working area, an excess of the MPC of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide by 2-3 times is noted.

Mechanization labor intensive processes in animal husbandry it is only 20-60%, in vegetable growing it is less than 30%.

Terms labor of machine operators do not meet the requirements of labor safety in terms of noise and vibration levels, air pollution of the working area with dust and fuel combustion products. A large number of mechanical repair shops and machine and tractor stations are not heated during the cold season, there is no forced ventilation, and effective lighting systems. Machine tools and equipment are worn out, there are no sanitary facilities and basic conditions for personal hygiene.

Everywhere a mass of gross violations of the rules for the storage, use and transportation of pesticides are revealed. Despite the categorical prohibition, women of reproductive age are involved in work in contact with pesticides and fertilizers. At the same time, in the vast majority of cases, personal protective equipment is not used.

Occupational health problems in agriculture primarily concern the main branches of agricultural production - animal husbandry, poultry farming and field farming.

animal husbandry is a diversified farm, including meat and dairy cattle breeding (cattle), pig breeding, sheep breeding, horse breeding, etc.

The main occupational hazards for livestock breeders are the air of working premises polluted with various gases, dust and microorganisms; the risk of infection of workers with diseases transmitted from sick animals; significant physical activity on non-mechanized farms; unsatisfactory microclimate.

The presence of fungi and actinomycetes in the air of working premises can cause a disease such as actinomycosis.

Various types of work with infected animals can cause zoonotic infections in farm workers. When working with large cattle- brucellosis, leptospirosis, Q fever, toxoplasmosis, anthrax, hemorrhagic fever, cowpox.

If the rules of personal hygiene are not followed, livestock breeders may experience helminthic infestations: ascariasis, trichinosis, etc. There is a risk of infection with ornithosis, tuberculosis, and toxoplasmosis at poultry farms.

Microclimate standards for personnel serving animals are established in accordance with the technological design standards.

field farming provides for a number of production operations: plowing, harrowing, cultivation, sowing, harvesting, threshing. The main work in field cultivation is mechanized and is carried out by tractors, self-propelled trailed and mounted agricultural machines. All these types of labor activity are characterized by approximately the same working conditions.

Unfavorable factors for workers are: long-term exposure to meteorological conditions depending on the season; inhalation of dust and gases; exposure to noise and vibration; uncomfortable, often forced position of the body; impact on the body of working pesticides.

Unfavorable meteorological conditions are determined by the season of the year and are manifested by the impact on the body machine operators low or high temperatures. So, in spring - summer time, as a result of insolation, engine heat radiation, radiation from heated surfaces in the cabins of tractors and combines, the air temperature can reach 40 - 47 ° C (at an outside air temperature of 25 - 30 ° C).

The dust content of the air in tractors with closed cabs can be up to 600 mg/m 3 or more. In spring and autumn, the dust consists mainly of mineral particles ranging in size from 1 to 5 microns. When harvesting, a significant proportion of dust particles are organic particles smaller than 1 micron in size.

Together with the inhaled air, exhaust gases, which include CO, CO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 , NO 2 , and aldehydes, can also enter the body of machine operators. This is facilitated by the location of the exhaust pipe on the side and in front of the workplace. Thus, the content of carbon monoxide in the breathing zone of tractor and combine operators reaches 500 or more mg/m 3 .

Noise during the operation of tractors and combines is created by engines, exhausts and other factors. The intensity of noise in the workplace ranges from 50 to 100 dB or more.

Vibration affecting tractor and combine operators can be periodic (generated by engine operation) and non-periodic (arising from driving on uneven soil surface). The oscillation amplitude is in the range of 0.75 - 78.5 mm, the frequency is from 2 to 9 per second.

special attention deserves a tractor driver's job. The irrational design of the cabin, the workplace, the inconvenient location of the controls and controls contribute to faster fatigue.

To prevent the adverse effects of harmful factors production process in agriculture, it is necessary to carry out a wide range of preventive measures, due to the nature of the existing factors of occupational hazard.

Agriculture is the most important branch of the national economy of the country and is a complex combination of diverse production processes. As a result of the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress and the strengthening of the material and technical base, agriculture - its state and cooperative sectors - are systematically transferred to an industrial basis. Today, agriculture is a large technically equipped industry.

The nature material production Agriculture is divided into 2 large branches: crop production and animal husbandry. Plant growing includes field growing, vegetable growing, horticulture (horticulture), etc.; animal husbandry - cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, etc. Agricultural production includes workshops for the repair of agricultural machines. The composition of agricultural production includes some types of primary processing of agricultural products.

As Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences L. I. Medved pointed out, the conditions of agricultural labor are directly dependent on “its characteristics.

The first feature is the seasonality of the main work in agriculture. Seasonality and the specific urgency of field work determine the irregularity of labor processes, their great stress in certain periods of the year.

The 2nd feature is the performance of work in the open air ("in the open air"). At the same time, agricultural workers are exposed to frequently changing combinations of meteorological conditions depending on the climate zone, time of year and specific weather conditions. Unfavorable combinations of microclimate are possible, which can lead to overheating or hypothermia of the body.

The third feature is the relatively frequent change of work operations performed by the same worker. This primarily concerns the working field teams, not excluding machine operators. However, the industrialization of agricultural production, its specialization, and the raising of the technical and skilled level of agricultural workers eliminate this peculiarity.

The 4th feature is the dispersal of places of work (fields) and their removal, sometimes at considerable distances from a permanent place of residence, which leads to the constant movement of people and cars, creating difficulties in organizing sanitary services.

The lack of fixed jobs in field cultivation makes it difficult to electrify them. In agriculture, decentralized power generation is widely used with the help of internal combustion engines, which, as you know, serve as a source of pollution of the working area and environment exhaust gases, generates intense noise, etc.


The 5th feature is the widespread chemicalization of agriculture (the use chemicals protection of plants and mineral fertilizers), which inevitably leads to air pollution of the working area and the biosphere. The use of highly toxic pesticides, many of which have long-term effects, turns this feature of agricultural work into an acute hygiene problem.

6th feature - increased biological hazard of agricultural production. If earlier it was limited to the possibility of transmitting zoonotic diseases to humans, now biological plant protection products are becoming widespread in crop production, food additives and premixes (vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, antibiotics), antioxidants obtained by microbiological methods are widely used in animal husbandry as growth stimulants. synthesis of proteins and other biologically active substances.

Due to the high concentration of animals in modern livestock complexes, the biological danger of opportunistic and pathogenic microflora has increased.

Biological factors can cause allergization of the body, changes in the normal bacterial and viral background, infection or intoxication.

In addition, agricultural workers and at home, in household plots, continue to contact in an uncontrolled environment with many of the above harmful factors when caring for animals, using pesticides to control pests, etc.

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE IN THE FIELD

Field farming is the most widely represented in the agriculture of our country - the cultivation of cereals, industrial and vegetable crops. Production processes in field farming are made up of successive stages: pre-sowing tillage, sowing or planting, caring for crops and harvesting. Field farming in our country is a highly mechanized branch of agriculture.

The basis of mechanization is tractors - in an assembly with trailed, mounted or stationary machines (tools) - and self-propelled agricultural machines (SSHM).

In accordance with the accepted classification by purpose, agricultural tractors are divided into general-purpose tractors, universal row-crop tractors, row-crop tractors and specialized tractors (beet-growing, rice-growing, cotton-growing, etc.). Wheeled and caterpillar tractors are produced.

Working conditions in field farming are determined by the level of mechanization of the cultivation of certain crops, cultivation technology and labor organization. Thus, the production of grain crops is a complex mechanized process. All technological operations, from soil cultivation, sowing to harvesting, are carried out by machines without the use of manual labor.

The specific conditions for the cultivation of industrial and vegetable crops still require significant manual labor, which takes place when caring for crops (sugar beet, many vegetables), harvesting (partially sugar beet, raw cotton, potatoes, some vegetables).

The mechanization of crop production in all its branches is proceeding at a rapid pace. Year after year specific gravity unskilled manual labor is reduced through the use of machines and mechanisms. Now every fifth agricultural worker is a machine operator.

Working conditions for mechanics. In recent years, the development of tractor and agricultural engineering has been moving along the path of creating high-energy, high-speed, multi-operation machines, improved and qualitatively new designs, which make it possible to increase labor productivity by 2.5-3 times.

Workplaces on tractors and agricultural machines are equipped with a cab in which the seat, controls and controls are located, the cabs are located behind the engine. Such a line-up makes it difficult for the machine operator to protect himself from powerful ksedashiks tttla ^ ttpGmyai, vibratshi _ tug on visibility, complicating it. p^dazh^njie_Jhela_mechanizator when driving the unit. . >,B

The volume of tractor cabs and SHM ranges from 2 to 3.5 m3. Bo-_Jiee 50% of the entire cabin area is glazed, however, from a hygienic point of view, excessive glazing has a negative side, as it increases insolation and requires additional measures to protect against

Workplaces of machine operators are equipped with depreciated

.^mi with "ideas * adjustable in height, position and stiffness

in accordance with the requirements of GOSTs *. Standards were created

with the direct participation of ZhTpTiVnists, therefore, they take into account

* GOST 16527-80 “Workplace of the operator of agricultural self-propelled machines. Basic parameters and dimensions. Technical requirements”, GOST 20062-81 “Tractor seat. General specifications anthropometric, physiological, psychophysiological and hygienic indicators. There are certain ergonomic requirements for the layout of the controls, the amount of effort when manipulating them. If these requirements are deviated from, the efficiency and rationality of working movements decrease, energy consumption and labor intensity of machine maintenance increase, and premature fatigue develops.

In promising tractors and SHM, workplaces are equipped in accordance with hygienic and ergonomic requirements.

The working speed of modern tractors is 4.5-15 km/h. The tractor driver spends 85-90 ° / o of working time driving a machine. The length of the working day in the cultivation of tilled crops depends on the type of work and specific conditions. On average, it is: during the sowing period - 10 hours, with inter-row cultivation - 8 hours and during the harvesting period - 11 hours or more.

The main adverse factors when working on tractors and SHM are: peculiar microclimatic conditions (more often a heating microclimate), air pollution of the working area with dust and exhaust gases, the presence of noise and vibration, contact with fuels and lubricants.

Microclimate. The cab of the tractor and SHM allows you to protect the machine operator from the direct effects of weather conditions. At the same time, microclimatic conditions at the workplace are determined by the degree of tightness of the cabin, its thermal insulation, glazing area, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.

In real conditions, tractors are used all year round to perform certain agricultural work in almost all soil and climatic zones of the country, at temperatures of 40 ° C and higher, down to -30 ° C and lower. As for the SHM, they are mainly harvesting units. Grain and forage harvesters in the southern and central regions work in hot weather. Beet harvesters, potato harvesters and other machines operate during the transitional and cold periods of the year during precipitation at low temperatures and high humidity.

The main source of heat in the cabins is solar radiation (70-80%); other sources of heat are the engine, transmission and the machine operator himself.

Special studies of the microclimate of tractor cabins and SHM, conducted by employees of the Kiev Research Institute of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases during the warm season in the 2nd and 3rd climatic zones, indicate the insufficient effectiveness of the means used to protect against solar radiation and excess heat. Thus, the air temperature in the cabins of serial tractors is higher than the outside temperature by 8-15°C, in the cabins of the SSHM - by 5-9°C. The maximum values ​​of differences are noted in the 3rd climatic zone.

On promising machines (T-150K, MTZ-102, 142, JIT3-145 tractors; Don-1500, Rotor-12 combines) due to an increase in cabin volume and air exchange rate, improved thermal insulation of fences, the use of heat-shielding glasses and air coolers type managed to normalize the air temperature at the workplace of the machine operator or bring it closer to normalized values. The most perfect way of thermal protection is thermal insulation in combination with air conditioning with cabin tightness. So, on the T-150 tractor, a powerful evaporative air conditioner is capable of supplying up to 600 m 3 per hour of purified and cooled air to the cab. The excess pressure created at the same time, by 2-3 mm Hg. Art. exceeding the outside, excludes the ingress of dust and gases into the cabin.

According to hygienists, more

simple, but quite effective means of protection against thermal radiation: visors, blinds, reflective screens.

In the cabins of tractors and SHM, as rooms of small volume, conditions arise that impede the normal heat exchange of the body with external environment. In hot, sunny weather, heat transfer by radiation is practically excluded. On the contrary, the heated enclosing surfaces of the cabin (up to 50 °C and above) are themselves a source of secondary radiative heat acting on the operator; the rear surface of the body in contact with the seat does not participate in heat transfer; at low air speeds, heat transfer by convection and evaporation is difficult. Such conditions lead to thermoregulation tension among operators, which is manifested in an increase in body temperature, an increase in heart rate, a decrease in blood pressure, profuse sweating, and significant moisture loss. Premature fatigue develops.

Work in early spring and late autumn is carried out in conditions of subnormal temperatures, often in combination with strong winds and precipitation, and in winter - at low temperatures. However, protecting agricultural machine operators from hypothermia is less of a problem than protecting them from overheating. All tractors for cab heating are equipped with special heaters of various designs. From a hygienic point of view, preference should be given to heat exchangers that use water from the engine cooling system as a coolant. With such a system, the ingress of exhaust gases into the breathing zone is excluded, the quality of the air supplied to the cabin is not disturbed.

Dust. The formation of dust and its content in the air of the working area are most significantly affected by: humidity and nature of the soil, type of work, direction and speed of the wind and other weather conditions, the presence of a cabin and the degree of its tightness.

The most significant dust formation is observed during combine harvesting of sugar beets, potatoes, and some grain crops with simultaneous straw chopping. Dust content in the workplace of the machine operator with the cab windows down and its poor sealing can reach hundreds of milligrams per 1 m 3. High dust content - up to several tens of milligrams per 1 m 3 - is observed when sowing industrial crops, inter-row cultivation of crops.

The least dust content is observed during early spring plowing and sowing, as well as late, pre-winter tillage.

Trailers operating in open areas in the immediate vicinity of the dust source are most susceptible to dust exposure.

The dust content of the working area of ​​the machine operator during the working day fluctuates significantly, which is associated with a certain cyclical nature of the production process and frequent changes in the direction of movement of the unit relative to the direction of the wind.

During the performance of most works in field cultivation, predominantly mineral (soil) dust is formed, only when harvesting grain and some industrial crops (cotton) is predominantly organic (vegetable) dust.

Soil dust always contains organic matter, may include mineral fertilizers, pesticides. In addition, the soil always contains different kinds bacteria, mold fungi, pathogenic microflora and helminth eggs may be contained.

Mineral dust mainly consists of particles up to 5 microns, organic dust approximately 70-80% consists of particles less than 1 micron.

Plant dust is formed as a result of the vital activity of plants (plant pollen), during their harvesting and processing. In their composition, they contain pesticides, other organic compounds, and some of them - biogenic amines (histamine, acetylcholine, serotonin).

During the processing of cotton, flax, hemp, which is partly produced on collective farms and state farms, fibrous dust is formed.

It should be borne in mind that both agricultural machine operators and laborers during the season are exposed to the most diverse dusts in composition with significant fluctuations in their concentrations.

The diseases caused by the action of agricultural dust include chronic dust bronchitis. In agricultural workers, it develops, as a rule, after a long - up to 15 years or more - work experience in the dust profession. Prolonged exposure to fibrous plant dusts can cause byssinosis. Native soil dust in the presence of free silicon dioxide and silicates in it with prolonged exposure can lead to the development of moderately pronounced diffuse-sclerotic and nodular changes in the lungs. The pollen of some wind-pollinated plants can cause allergic diseases - hay fever.

Periodic performance of some agricultural work in an extremely dusty area can cause diseases of the respiratory tract (rhinitis, pharyngitis, tracheitis, acute bronchitis), eyes (conjunctivitis, blepharitis, corneal ulcers) and skin (dermatitis, pyodermatitis). These diseases are mostly seasonal and stop with the completion of certain works.

Effective way Dust control in the cabs of tractors and other agricultural machines is their sealing in combination with supply ventilation equipment, which creates a certain air pressure. These measures make it possible to reduce the dust content to normal values ​​or close to them. Significantly reduced dust content in cabins equipped with air conditioners. To protect the trailer from dust, the wheels of trailers must be protected by rigid protective wings. On combines, it is necessary to monitor the shelter of the nodes that are the source of dust formation. To protect the eyes, machine operators must be provided with anti-dust goggles.

When performing particularly dusty agricultural work, one should not neglect the use of personal respiratory protection equipment (respirators such as Petal, F-62Sh, Astra-2, U-2K, etc.).

Noise. The work of tractors, SSHM is accompanied by intense noise. Noise sources are the operation of the engine, transmission, vibration of fences, etc.

Due to the fact that domestic wheeled tractors are equipped with effective silencers, their external noise does not exceed the permissible (GOST Yl. "l. Ulit- / 6) values.

Noise from its sources is conducted to the driver's workplace in two ways: by air and through the metal structures of the fences (structural noise).

Thanks to the use of a system of design solutions to combat noise on the T-150K, K-701, T-70S, YuMZ-6L and DT-75S tractors, it is at the level of an acceptable value at the workplace. Noise at workplaces on tractors MTZ-80, MTZ-82 reaches 90-92 dBA.

In the cabs of operated domestic combines, the noise is at the permissible level (SK-5 "Niva", KS-6) or slightly exceeds the standard values ​​(SK-6 "Kolos", SKD-5KR "Sibiryak").

According to the spectral composition, the noise on tractors is high-frequency; on combines, the highest noise levels are observed in the low-frequency part of the spectrum.

Operators of agricultural machines may develop hearing loss as a result of intense noise combined with vibration. The first signs of hearing loss in agricultural machine operators appear with a professional experience of 15 years or more. Moreover, these observations refer to persons who have worked for a long time old technology, often not equipped with cabins or with cabins without adequate sound absorption.

As already noted, the fight against noise on tractors and SHM is effectively carried out technical means(noise dampening, sound insulation, depreciation, etc.).

According to the achieved levels of noise intensity in the cabins, domestic power-saturated tractors correspond to world standards of the same class, and surpass them on certain types of machines (Table 28).

Table 28. Sound pressure level in tractor cabs

(according to T. I. Ryabtseva et al.)

Agriculture is divided into two main branches - agriculture and animal husbandry. In addition, it includes various types of primary processing of plant and animal products.

Field work.

Work with. - x. workers is characterized by the fact that most of the main work is carried out in the field, in the open air, from early spring to late autumn and partly in winter. At the same time, workers are constantly affected by a complex of meteorological factors, the intensity of which is determined by the climatic zone, season and weather conditions. Seasonality cause uneven loads of page - x. workers during the year, creating a lot of stress at certain periods. With the advancement of agriculture in the northern regions, this feature becomes even more pronounced.

An important feature of page - x. labor is the frequent change of work operations performed by the same person, which is especially pronounced in field farming. The peculiarities of labor in agriculture also include work on large spaces, which is accompanied by a significant expenditure of energy to overcome distances from the place of residence to the place of work.

In agriculture, pesticides, mineral fertilizers, growth stimulants, mineral food additives and other biologically active substances are widely used. The irrational use of chemical plant protection products leads to pollution of not only the air of the working area, but also the biosphere. Working conditions in the cultivation of cotton are characterized mainly by the fact that the air temperature during summer work can reach 40 ° and more, there is significant solar radiation. Greenhouses create an increased risk of exposure to pesticides on workers. More than 85% of the work in greenhouses is done manually, of which about 50% of the work belongs to the category of medium and high severity. In plant breeders, among diseases with temporary disability, the first place is occupied by respiratory diseases, diseases of the peripheral nervous system and the female genital area. The level of diseases of the liver and biliary tract in greenhouses is 3 times higher than the corresponding indicator in vegetable growing workers on the open ground.

Work on agricultural machinery

Due to high temperatures, work is often carried out with open windows, which increases the dust content of the air in the working area of ​​the tractor driver. Soil dust, depending on the type of soil, contains from 8% (gray forest and chestnut soils) to 60% or more (sandy and subsandy soils) of free silicon dioxide. The noise at the workplace of the machine operator depends on the nature of the field work, humidity and soil density. The highest levels are observed during plowing, lower levels - during transport work, planting potatoes, and mowing.



The levels of noise and vibration, dust and gas contamination of the air increase as the life of the machines increases. Prolonged exposure of machine operators to a complex of adverse factors can lead to the development of occupational diseases. Most often they have sciatica, neuritis of the auditory nerve, vibration disease, chronic bronchitis. The leading forms of diseases with temporary disability among agricultural machine operators are respiratory diseases, injuries, diseases of the peripheral nervous system.

In animal husbandry, one of the most labor-intensive processes is the manual milking of cows. Milkmaids of manual milking may have characteristic diseases of the hands, sciatica, and neuralgia. When distributing feed, especially dry feed, the amount of dust containing microorganisms sharply increases. One of the pronounced unfavorable factors of the production environment of livestock breeders is a specific unpleasant odor. It is caused by the presence in the air of mercaptans, indole, skatole, amines, aldehydes, ketones, ammonia, carbon disulfide and other substances formed during the decomposition of manure.

Thus, livestock workers are affected complex complex factors, of which the most pronounced are: biological (bacteria, fungi, wool, fluff, feathers, etc.), chemical (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, silo gases) and physical (noise, high humidity). The most common forms of diseases with temporary disability in livestock breeders are diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system and musculoskeletal system, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Hygienic feature page - x. labor consists of the occurrence of diseases transmitted from animals to humans. With the transfer of animal husbandry to an industrial basis and the use of biological preparations (antibiotics, fodder yeast, protein and vitamin concentrates, amino acids, vitamins), new types of occupational pathology have arisen due to the impact of both biological preparations used as feed additives and microorganisms.



Prevention:

Measures to reduce noise, vibration. Ventilation, air conditioning, good sealing. Labor mechanization. Use of PPE. Passing medical examinations.

Intensive equipping with machines and mechanisms of agriculture brings it closer to industrial production. However, agricultural work has its own hygienic features, due to the specifics of the production process. Field farming is the most widely represented in the agriculture of our country.

All major field work is mechanized and carried out with the help of tractors and combines.

At present, the following types of tractors are mainly working on the fields of collective farms and state farms: wheeled - MTZ-50, MTZ-80, T-40, T-150, K-700, K-701, caterpillar-T-74, DT-75, T-130, T-150 and combines: grain - SK-4, SK-6, Niva, Kolos; beet-harvesting type KKU-2, etc.

The energy costs of a tractor driver and a combine driver and their working conditions depend on the design of the machine, the type of agricultural work they perform, the geological and geographical features of the area and amount to about 12560 kJ / day (3000 kcal / day).

The work of a tractor driver and a combine driver is often associated with significant nervous tension. So, for example, sowing, inter-row cultivation of tilled crops, and harvesting of grain require great nervous tension.

The main unfavorable professional factors when working on tractors and combines are: high or low air temperature, air pollution of the working area with dust, harmful gases and vapors, the presence of noise and vibration.

When working on tractors (especially those not equipped with cabs) in early spring and late autumn, the tractor operator's body may be excessively cooled. During summer work, the air temperature in the cabins (at an outside temperature of 23-30°C) can reach 35-400C. The source of heat is: solar radiation, heated engine surfaces, control panel, cabin floor and ceiling, the temperature of which can rise to 50-60 ° C. The tractor driver’s body temperature rises to 37.5 ° C, the heart rate increases to 1, 83 Hz (normal 1.17-1.25 Hz).

Dust pollution in the air of the working area when working on tractors and combines can vary in a very wide range - from 7 to 1300 mg/m3. At the same time, 90% of dust particles have a size of less than 5 microns, that is, they are able to penetrate, together with the inhaled air, into the alveoli of the lungs.

The air of the working area can be polluted by the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, which contain significant concentrations of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and aldehydes. The concentration of carbon monoxide can reach 180-500 mg/m3.

Noise and vibration are of great importance in the hygienic assessment of the working conditions of a tractor driver and a combine operator. Vibration on agricultural machines is complex and is caused by the operation of the engine and running systems.

The main sources of noise are the engine, exhaust devices and transmission mechanisms. The noise spectrum is dominated by high frequencies (3000 Hz and above), and the noise level exceeds the established standards by 20-25 dB.

Preventive measures to improve the health of machine operators are regulated special rules on the arrangement of tractors, agricultural machines and trailed implements. According to these rules, tractors of all types and agricultural machines must be equipped with a cab. The workplace must be equipped with a soft seat with a semi-soft movable back and armrests. The air temperature in the cabin should not exceed the outside temperature by more than 2-3 ° C, and the air movement in the workplace should not exceed 1.5 m/s.

To heat the cabin, a heating system is installed that maintains the air temperature in cold weather at least 16 ° C.

The fight against dust in the air in the cabins during the operation of machines is carried out by sealing them. A highly effective means of dust control is the supply ventilation device, which provides the supply of purified air and its back-up in the cab.

To eliminate air pollution by exhaust gases, the mouth of the exhaust pipe on the engines of tractors and combines should be led 400 mm above the cabin roof.

 

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