The subject and tasks of economics and sociology of labor. The subject and foundations of the methodology of modern economics and sociology of labor Economics and sociology of labor concepts

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1. Economics and sociology of labor: basic concepts and connection with other sciences

There are many independent but closely related disciplines in the system of labor sciences:

Personnel Management;

Physiology of labor;

Psychology of work;

Motivation labor activity;

conflictology;

Innovation management in personnel work;

Personal management;

Ethics of business relations;

Labor market (employment management);

Demography;

Labor history and entrepreneurship;

Income and Wage Policy;

labor law;

labor economics;

Sociology of labor, etc.

The last two specialized sciences - Labor Economics and Labor Sociology - are united under the name "Labor Economics and Sociology".

However, the subject of study of these sciences is different:

In Labor Economics - economic relations that arise in society, in regions and at specific enterprises regarding the use of labor;

In the sociology of labor, these are social relations and social processes in the sphere of labor.

The sociology of labor studies the problems of:

regulation of social processes, motivation of labor activity, labor adaptation of workers, stimulation of labor, social control in the sphere of labor;

· rallying the labor collective, managing the labor collective and democratizing labor relations; labor movements;

· planning and regulation of social processes in the sphere of labor.

AT real life the problems of labor economics and the sociology of labor are interrelated. Categories such as working conditions, work organization, material incentives have both economic and social aspects.

The object of study of the economics and sociology of labor is labor, i.e. purposeful activity of people aimed at creating wealth and provision of services.

In the study and analysis of social labor, the economics and sociology of labor uses a categorical apparatus - both common to both sciences and specific to each of them.

In economic research, specific definitions are:

Labor market;

Labour Organization;

Tariffication of works and workers;

Personnel certification;

Tariff system;

payroll fund;

Standards for the formation of social funds;

Time limits;

Labor force reproduction costs;

Wage;

Labor productivity, etc.

AT sociological research specific definitions are:

social processes;

social relations;

Social group;

social status;

Code of conduct;

Value orientations;

Value-normative regulation of labor behavior;

Motivation;

Adaptation, etc.

The inclusion of sociological definitions in the scientific circulation of concepts and categories of labor economics allows a deeper study of the essence and place of labor in the life of a person and society.

A human need is a feeling of lack of something or a desire for something.

Types of human needs:

Material needs are the needs for food, clothing, shelter, transportation, security, and entertainment;

Social needs are in communication and in joint activities;

Intellectual needs - in knowledge, scientific and technical creativity;

Aesthetic needs - in beauty, harmony, artistic creativity;

Spiritual needs - in moral perfection, honesty, trust, helping other people, love for God.

All these needs correspond to the classical triad: truth, beauty, goodness.

A significant category in the discipline under study is the good, i.e. something that can satisfy any essential and non-essential needs of a person. The variety of goods can be classified according to various criteria.

By origin, goods are divided into natural and produced.

We distinguish five types of benefits:

· material goods ensure the satisfaction of the physiological needs of a person;

· Intellectual benefits are aimed at the development of man, his adaptation to changes in the environment, the growth of living standards;

social benefits create conditions for joint activities of people;

Spiritual goods are the basis of people's mental health and relationships between them;

Aesthetic goods can be both natural and man-made.

The division of goods into material, social, intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic is rather conditional. One can definitely speak only about the predominance of one or another good in satisfying human needs.

Of particular importance in economic science is the category of resources - this is what or due to which various goods are produced. Resources can be natural, human and man-made.

Natural resources are important, first of all, as the main condition for human existence. The significance of resources is determined in relation to the specific characteristics of nature, man, product, substance. Examples could be: the fertility of the earth, human creativity, engine power, etc.

Norm - a rule or value that serves to regulate relationships between people and establish the amount of resources. Norms can be of two types: norms-rules and norms-values.

A norm-rule is a statement that defines relationships between people.

The norm-value is a number that determines the cost of a resource per unit of production or the permissible level of interaction on nature and man.

Capital - everything that is or can become a source of income for a person, organization, state. Capital can be land, knowledge and skills, machines, relationships between people.

Efficiency is the ratio between the cost of resources and the results obtained, which are ultimately determined by the amount of goods produced.

The socio-economic system is a set of interpersonal and intergroup relations determined by the processes of production, distribution and exchange of goods and resources.

The market is a system of voluntary exchange of goods, resources and rights to use them in the absence of hierarchical relations or other relations of administrative coordination.

Organization - a system of two or more people whose activities are coordinated in accordance with the goals of this system or the system of which it is a part.

2. Human needs

The problem of needs is objectively interdisciplinary, since psychological, economic and other aspects are closely interconnected in it.

The object of research by psychologists was the processes of formation of needs, and specialists in microeconomics analyzed the structure of consumption, based on the concept of marginal utility.

The main problems of needs analysis are to establish their composition, hierarchy, boundaries, levels and possibilities of satisfaction.

Currently, the main classification of needs is considered to be proposed by the American psychologist A. Maslow, who distinguishes five groups of needs:

Physiological;

security;

Involvement in the team, society (status needs);

confessions;

Self-realization (self-expression).

These groups form a hierarchical structure, i.e. it is assumed that the needs are satisfied sequentially in the order in which they are listed.

In the classification of needs, as in any other classification, the requirement of completeness must be observed first of all. This means that each element of the analyzed set must be assigned to one group or another. In the problem under consideration, the fulfillment of this condition is complicated by the fact that it is almost impossible to establish a complete list of human needs.

In many classifications, including the most well-known ones, the requirement for completeness is not met. Thus, in many schemes there are no groups to which the needs for freedom, faith, spiritual improvement, etc. could be attributed.

An important aspect of needs analysis is their hierarchy. It is objectively conditioned, first of all, by the fact that the condition for the emergence of intellectual and spiritual needs is the functioning of the physiological systems of the human body.

However, some sequence in satisfying needs undoubtedly exists, but it cannot be considered the same for all people. There are known facts when the need for creativity and spiritual improvement became dominant not after the satisfaction of other needs, but in essence, on the verge of survival, when the basic needs for food, housing and security were not yet satisfied.

The strength of the need for creativity can be judged from the biographies of prominent scientists and artists. Many of them, like P. Gauguin, for the sake of the opportunity to create, refused a prosperous existence. Archimedes (in science) and Dmitri Shostakovich (in music) created great works in besieged cities.

Modern biology and psychology view higher spiritual and social needs as the result of evolution. These needs are aimed at adapting a person to the environment, ensuring the continuity of generations and the sustainability of society.

Experience shows that the hierarchy of needs is predominantly individual or group. The only thing that can be considered common is that the satisfaction of the needs of existence at a certain basic level is a necessary condition for the formation of all other needs. Therefore, when classifying needs, not only their types, but also the levels of satisfaction should be taken into account.

The model of the structure of human needs should take into account:

The whole range of needs;

Individual characteristics of people;

Priorities and levels of satisfaction of needs;

The dynamics of the formation of needs, which determines the mechanism of their interconnections.

Subsistence needs usually include the needs for food, clothing, and security. There is reason to believe that the needs of existence should also include the needs of belonging. This is determined by the fact that a person cannot exist for any long time outside of any group (for example, family).

Thus, the necessities of existence include:

Physiological;

security;

Involvement.

There are two main levels of satisfaction of the needs of existence: minimal and basic.

The minimum level of satisfaction of the needs of existence ensures the survival of man.

The basic level provides the possibility of the emergence of needs that correspond to the main goals of the life of a given person. This level can be defined both subjectively and objectively.

In the first case, the criterion for reaching the baseline can be the proportion of time that a person is occupied with thoughts about satisfying the needs for food, clothing, shelter and security.

An objective assessment of the baseline can be the consumer budget that experts consider necessary for various activities.

For most people, the level of satisfaction of physiological needs significantly affects the structure of intellectual, social and spiritual needs.

At the same time, it has been known since ancient times that the less a person is oriented towards material goods, the more freedom he has from life circumstances and the mighty of this world.

All the great philosophers and religious figures - those who are commonly called the teachers of mankind - called for a reasonable restriction of physiological needs.

Numerous studies have established that people with modest physiological needs tend to live longer and are spiritually more active than the rest of the population.

One of the largest sociologists in the world, Pitirim Sorokin, studied the biographies of 4,600 Christian saints. He found that “despite the ascetic way of life followed by most of them... the average life expectancy of the saints, including 37% of those who died martyrs not of their own death, turns out to be much longer than that of their contemporaries, and even longer than that of today's Europeans and Americans (and especially Russians).

The traditional hierarchy of existence needs can be common to all people only up to the minimum level of satisfaction, i.e. on the brink of survival. Above this level, the sequence of satisfying the needs of existence is determined by the individuality of the person and the specific situation.

In many cases, people strive first for security and only then for saturation. This is especially true for objectively dangerous situations.

In many cases, the need for belonging (inclusion in a group) is the primary one. In mountaineering, such a situation arises, for example, when completing a team for a difficult ascent, or, for example, in a combat situation, when a group is carefully selected for a reconnaissance operation.

For those who find examples from mountaineering seem extreme and exotic, one can recall the folk wisdom “with a sweet paradise and in a hut”, which proclaims the need for belonging for most women.

Thus, within the minimum level, the satisfaction of the needs of existence common to all people is the priority of the need for water and food. The rest of the hierarchy of needs is determined by the individuality of a person and the conditions of his residence and activities.

Needs to achieve life goals can be divided into five groups:

material;

Social;

Intelligent;

aesthetic;

Spiritual.

As the goal of life, one can consider the desire to satisfy material needs that exceed the basic level for the corresponding population group. In practice, we are talking about the need for luxury.

It should be borne in mind that the concept of luxury is largely arbitrary. What is considered a luxury for some social groups is recognized as the norm for others.

Material needs include the desire to accumulate wealth, if the individual considers this as the goal of his life.

The “stingy knight” syndrome in some can be combined with the desire for power, which gives wealth, in others - with the desire for luxury.

It is impossible to exclude the desire for hoarding in its purest form, although this is already close to the sphere of socio-psychological pathology.

Social needs can be divided into predominantly selfish and predominantly altruistic. The first include the need for freedom, fame, power, recognition, respect. To the second - the need for charity, love for children, parents, for people in general.

Intellectual are the needs for knowledge, truth, scientific and applied creativity.

Aesthetic are the needs for beauty, harmony, creativity, art.

Spiritual needs include spiritual perfection, faith, love of God, truth, truth.

Depending on individual inclinations, abilities and claims, after reaching the basic levels, satisfaction of the needs of existence in some people will be dominated by the desire to maximize the consumption of material goods, in others - to power and glory, in others - to knowledge and creativity, in the fourth - to aesthetic goods. , at the fifth - to spiritual perfection.

The structure of needs can change in the same person during different periods of his life. At the same time, the lower the subjectively normal level of existence needs, the more likely it is that after reaching this level, intellectual and spiritual needs will dominate.

The need to achieve life goals is formed in two ways:

as a desire for greater satisfaction of the needs of existence;

as the emergence of new groups of needs.

There are no clearly defined boundaries between these five groups of needs.

The following words with which Bertrand Russell begins his autobiography can serve as an example of the structure of the needs of the goals of life: “Three passions, simple but irresistible in their power, permeated my whole life: the thirst for love, the craving for knowledge and the painful sympathy for the suffering of mankind.”

The needs to achieve the goals of life belong to one level of the hierarchy. In particular, there is no reason to believe that social needs should precede intellectual and spiritual needs, and vice versa.

The same level of hierarchy does not exclude significant differences between these groups of needs, both in content and in other ways. One of these signs is the nature of the activity that ensures the satisfaction of the needs of achieving the goals of life.

In order to satisfy the needs for wealth, luxury and power, it is necessary to perform actions that a normal person cannot give pleasure.

The psychological aspect of the dynamics of needs.

When analyzing the dynamics of needs, it is advisable to distinguish three periods:

Strategic;

Tactical;

Operational.

The strategic period is measured in years and decades. Here we are talking about the individual's awareness of the main goals of his existence, the definition of his abilities and the possibilities for their implementation. This period is especially important for those who are focused on creativity and spiritual improvement.

The tactical period has a horizon of several months. Here a person is clearly aware of several needs and tries to distribute his efforts, time and other resources in such a way as to get as close as possible to achieving one or two or three most important goals.

The operational period is measured in days and hours. At this time, the individual is focused on satisfying one, the most important need for him. All other needs are perceived only as a background, a condition for achieving the main goal.

Synergetic aspect of the dynamics of needs.

The process of formation of intellectual and spiritual needs can be described in terms of synergetics as a process of transition from the state of "chaos", which corresponds to the employment of a person in satisfying only the needs of existence, to the state of "cosmos", when the needs to achieve the goals of life become dominant. This process occurs under the influence of attractors, which are determined by the abilities of a person and the conditions for their implementation.

A qualitative change in the structure of needs occurs at a branching point, or a bifurcation point. In synergetics, special attention is paid to bifurcation points, since it is in them that changes in the system states begin.

Most often, attractors in the dynamics of needs are not isolated facts, but conditions that contribute to the activation of a person’s natural abilities and inclinations.

So, reaching the basic level of satisfaction of the needs of existence, a person, depending on the nature of his abilities and value orientation, begins to experience the influence of the corresponding attractor, which changes the direction of the main interests towards one or another group of needs to achieve the goals of life.

Marginalist aspect of the dynamics of needs.

For a quantitative analysis of the dynamics of needs, the apparatus of the microeconomic theory of consumption can be used, which establishes the relationship between the degree of satisfaction of needs, the consumer's resources and the prices of consumed goods. In microeconomics, two approaches are distinguished: cardinal and ordinal.

The cardinal approach is based on Gossen's laws. The first of them postulates a decrease in the degree of satisfaction from the consumption of each subsequent unit of the good. The experimental basis for this statement is the Weber-Fechner psychophysiological law, according to which repeated stimuli of equal intensity lead to a decrease in the intensity of sensations. Gossen's second law states that the consumer allocates his resources in such a way as to obtain equal satisfaction from the last unit of the resource.

The ordinalist approach is based on axioms that formalize consumer preferences in relation to sets of goods. An important aspect of the ordinalist approach is the allocation of goods to three categories: higher, normal and lower. The consumption of goods of the highest category increases to a greater extent than the increase in income; for goods of the normal category, the increase in consumption is proportional to the increase in income; consumption of goods of the lower category does not change and does not decrease with the growth of income. Accordingly, the goods of the highest category have the highest income elasticity.

Law of diminishing marginal utility (Guseva, Ershov).

Message (Zhurakovskaya, Shipova, Podurushina; Gorbova, Gurkova, Vinokurov)

The evolution of human needs - (Chistyakova, Melikov).

3. Structure and characteristics of the labor sciences

The purpose of the economics and sociology of labor is to study the scientific foundations, theoretical, methodological provisions and practical experience in the field of human resource management - the formation and rational use of the labor potential of each person and society as a whole in the formation of new social and labor relations in a market economy.

The main task is to study the essence and mechanisms of economic and social processes in the sphere of labor in the context of human life and society.

Another important task is to study the factors and reserves of effective employment, the formation and rational use of labor potential, and increasing the efficiency and productivity of labor.

Determining prerequisites for solving this problem:

· firstly, the inclusion of a mechanism for the implementation of Russian laws and socio-economic policy in the field of regulation of social and labor relations;

Secondly, the study of patterns, objective and subjective factors affecting economic and social processes, the attitude of a person to work, his behavior in a team.

Of particular importance is the study of the process of labor costs, as well as the formation of labor costs at all stages of the reproduction cycle.

Expansion and deepening of knowledge in this area requires the study of foreign and domestic experience, the state of domestic labor markets, familiarity with methodological techniques economic analysis, audit, sociological research.

Methodology has two meanings:

The doctrine of the scientific method of cognition;

A set of methods used in any science.

According to the first meaning, the essence of the methodology of economics and sociology of labor is:

· in the study of the most important scientific provisions, due to the objective laws of development of production, labor and society in a socially oriented market economy;

in choosing for these purposes the scientific method of cognition;

· taking these provisions into account when developing a draft state socio-economic policy in the field of labor during the transition to a market economy.

Specifics of the methodology of economics and sociology of labor.

Firstly, it should be recognized that the most objective general scientific method for understanding the development of social labor and its transformations on the way to the market is the dialectical method and its most important provisions, which oblige us to consider all economic and social aspects of labor in interconnection and interdependence, in motion, change, renewal and development; take into account the transformation of the simplest quantitative changes into fundamental qualitative ones; consider the struggle between the old and the new structure of relations in the sphere of labor, taking into account its inherent internal contradictions.

Secondly, when studying the essence and transformation of economic and social labor processes, it is necessary to take into account the historical aspect of the changing social and production conditions in Russia, as well as the practice of foreign countries in the field of transformation and regulation of social and labor relations during the transition to the market.

Thirdly, the theoretical basis for the development of Russian policy in the sphere of labor should be economic theory, which studies the social and production relations of people, explores and formulates the economic laws of society in the sphere of labor, the forms of their manifestation in public organization labor, in the field of production management, distribution of wealth.

Methodology is a set of general techniques and methods for studying the state of an organization, social labor and developing solutions to increase labor productivity, improve its rationing and payment, as well as to restructure processes in the field of labor potential management, labor market regulation.

Human labor activity has become the object of systematic scientific research relatively recently - from the second half of the nineteenth century.

The purpose of such research was originally to find methods for the rational performance of production operations. As a result, a scientific direction arose, which was called the "scientific organization of labor."

Within the framework of the science of labor organization, a number of relatively separate sections have been formed:

· "rationing of labor";

· « wage»;

· “professional selection”, etc.

The formation of the sciences of labor and personnel took place both on the basis of empirical data and as a result of using the achievements of economic theory, mathematics, statistics, human physiology and psychology, sociology, law, technology, and production organization.

Let us consider the main sections of the system of modern scientific ideas about labor and personnel.

At present, the following main problems, directions and sections have been formed in the discussed branch of knowledge:

Labor productivity. Based on the theory of labor productivity, criteria for evaluating the activities of people and economic systems are formed;

Human capital, which is determined by the totality of a person's qualities that affect the results of his activities and the corresponding income;

Working conditions. They are determined by the parameters of the production environment, the work performed, the mode of work and rest, the psychological and social atmosphere;

Workflow design includes selection best ways performance of work, distribution of their total volume between performers, design of workplaces, systems for providing materials, tools, energy and other resources;

Labor rationing consists in establishing the objectively necessary costs and results of labor for the elements of the production process;

Headcount planning includes determining the results of the enterprise's activities depending on the number of employees, calculating the standard labor intensity of products, sources of personnel involvement, personnel dynamics in the enterprise, taking into account expected changes in products and technology;

Selection, training and certification, which are aimed at improving the quality of personnel;

Motivation as a process of inducing a person to fruitful activity based on his needs and goals of the enterprise;

Formation of income and wages. This section discusses the sources of income, the reasons for their differentiation, factors that determine the structure and level of wages, forms and systems of wages;

Relationships in labor collectives determined by economic, psychological and social factors;

Labor markets and employment management. This section is devoted to the analysis of labor markets, the factors that determine the employment of the population, the policy of the enterprise in the field of employment, the organization of employment, the systems of training the unemployed in new professions, the social protection of low-income segments of the population;

Personnel marketing examines the activities of the enterprise to provide human resources, including the company's policy in labor markets;

Personnel controlling is the regulation of the activities of an enterprise in the field of personnel;

The organization of personnel management, which studies the forms, methods and procedures that ensure the effective operation of the personnel service of the enterprise.

On the basis of the considered problems and sections of the sciences of labor and personnel, it is possible to characterize the subjects of these sciences. The areas of labor physiology, labor psychology, ergonomics (the scientific organization of labor), the science of labor safety, the sociology of labor, and labor law are most clearly defined.

Labor physiology studies the impact of labor processes on the physiological characteristics of a person. The conclusions of this science are used in the development of work and rest regimes, the design of workplaces, and the improvement of working conditions.

Labor psychology studies the psychological characteristics of a person in the process of labor activity. results psychological research are used in professional selection, organization of teamwork, management in conflict situations, development of motivation systems.

Ergonomics is the scientific basis for the design of human-machine systems, including machine tools, control panels, tools, and vehicles.

The science of labor safety explores the whole range of problems associated with ensuring safe labor activity.

The sociology of labor explores the relationship between people and social groups in production teams.

Labor law analyzes the complex of legal aspects of labor and management. This is especially important in hiring and firing, developing systems of rewards and punishments, solving property problems, and managing social conflicts.

The science of labor organization is most often considered as a theoretical basis for the design of labor processes and workplaces. The subjects of labor organization and human resource management are practically the same.

Labor economics traditionally includes the problems of labor productivity and efficiency, human capital, labor resources, labor market and employment, income and wages, headcount planning.

Labor rationing as a science explores the principles and methods for establishing labor costs, its results, the relationship between the number of personnel of various groups and the number of pieces of equipment. It is customary to refer to the science of personnel management the problems of headcount planning, selection, training and certification of personnel, labor motivation, management styles, relationships in work teams, management procedures.

Thus, there are different ideas about what problems this or that science of labor and personnel explores. In particular, the problems of motivation are related to the organization of labor, and to labor economics, and to personnel management.

The difference in ideas about the boundaries of certain sciences of labor and personnel is not an obstacle to the study of these sciences. The main thing is a clear understanding of the essence of specific scientific problems.

The relationship of the sciences of labor and personnel, including the economics and sociology of labor, with technical, economic, biological, social, legal and other sciences is objectively due to the multidimensionality of labor problems.

The relationship with the technical sciences is determined by the fact that the rationalization of labor processes is directly related to the analysis of technology, objects and means of labor.

The economics and sociology of labor is closely connected with such economic sciences as macro- and microeconomics, enterprise economics, statistics, and organization of production.

The legal aspects of labor predetermine the relationship with legal disciplines and, above all, with labor law.

An important condition for mastering the course of economics and sociology of labor is the possession of mathematical concepts and methods of calculation. It is especially necessary to have a clear understanding of the structure of problems of choosing optimal options, the concepts of probability theory and mathematical statistics.

4. Essence of labor and labor concepts

From an economic point of view, labor is any socially useful human activity; From a physiological point of view, labor activity is a neuromuscular process due to the accumulation of potential energy in the body.

Labor is a process that takes place between man and nature, in which man, performing a certain activity, mediates, regulates and controls the metabolism between himself and nature.

Labor is activity. However, the concept of "activity" is much broader than the concept of "labor", so it has to be limited. With equal right, we can talk about the activities of both man and the natural forces of nature, technology, animals.

It is only about man that it is equally valid to say that he works and that he works, so that by labor we call human activity.

From a physiological point of view, all manifestations of the activity of a healthy and sick person are quite identical neuromuscular processes, which are carried out, of course, due to the potential energy accumulated in the body. But not all of them relate to the concept of "work".

Its meaning is very conditional: the same engraver can produce, using the same techniques, both full-fledged banknotes and fake credit cards. In the first case, it will be labor, because it is work useful to society, in the second, it will be criminal activity, because it is harmful to society.

Since the middle of the 19th century, the class division of labor in Europe and North America begins to change due to the first industrial revolution, as well as social revolutions and reforms in France, Germany and other countries. As a result of productivity growth and social transformation:

The well-being of hired workers increases;

The length of the working day is reduced;

Opportunities for obtaining education and changing activities are expanding;

The role of science, art and technical progress in the life of society is growing significantly, which has significantly increased the role of creative activity in the life of society.

The results of creative activity depend on the abilities for this type of creativity, as well as on a number of psychological and social factors: enthusiasm for work, its importance, conditions, etc. The most effective creative work, which is carried out by inspiration.

For those who are given creative abilities, the process of creativity itself is the most enjoyable part of life. However, creativity is not only pleasure, but also very hard work. Brilliant ideas and images are prepared by days, and sometimes years of persistent search and reflection.

The purpose of creativity is not so much in self-expression, but in the creation of new ideas, images, methods, ideas, etc. And this goal has never been and in the foreseeable future cannot be independent of external material conditions, especially in science, technology, medicine and other important areas of the national economy.

The fruits of creativity of scientists, inventors, artists, writers, artists are developed countries a significant part of the national wealth (patents, licenses, etc.). Works of science and art are actively involved in economic exchange, and this must be taken into account when developing methods for managing labor processes.

As well as various types creativity an important role in the development of civilization is played by activities aimed at the spiritual development of man. In this area, lifestyle is even more important than in science and art.

Modern economic theory pays more and more attention to a comprehensive study of the cost of human time.

The main purpose of labor is the production of goods and resources; its content is the expedient transformation of natural resources and the resulting costs of time and human energy; Motives are the reasons that motivate a person to work.

The more satisfaction a person receives from the labor process, the more benefits both the enterprise and society under normal social conditions.

Relations between people, which are conditioned by their participation in social labor, represent a social form of labor.

The concept of "social relations" is much broader than the concept of "relations of production", since it includes relations between people regarding not only production, but also other phases of the reproduction cycle:

Demand studies;

Research and development of competitive products;

Realization and consumption of competitive products.

Social relations differ in the nature, content and form of labor.

The nature of work allows us to consider work from the point of view of social conditions production. It is defined:

Forms and methods of attracting members of society to work;

Type of social formation of labor;

The attitude of workers to work.

The nature of labor expresses that special thing that is inherent in social labor in every socio-economic formation and is predetermined by the type of production relations that prevail in society.

The modern cardinal economic reform organically brings all participants in production in society to market relations, radically changes production relations.

Development of labor tools;

The level of social and professional division of labor;

The skill of the worker.

It should be emphasized that the content and nature of labor express two sides of the same phenomenon - the essence and form of social labor. These two socio-economic categories are in a dialectical relationship, and a change in one of them has an impact in one form or another on a change in the other.

The nature of labor is largely formed under the influence of the characteristics of the content of labor, depending on a number of characteristics - the share of physical and mental labor, the level of qualification and intelligence, etc.

According to the nature and content of labor, the following types of labor are distinguished:

hired and part-time labor;

Individual and collective

at will, necessity and coercion;

physical and mental;

· reproductive and creative;

different degree of complexity.

By subject and product of labor:

Scientific work;

Engineering;

managerial;

Industrial;

Entrepreneurial;

Innovative;

Industrial;

Agricultural;

Transport and communication.

By means and methods of labor: manual labor; mechanized and automated; low-, medium- and high-tech; with varying degrees of human involvement.

According to working conditions with varying degrees of regulation: stationary and mobile work; ground and underground; light, medium and heavy; attractive and unattractive; free and regulated.

Preservation and development of the personality of an employee in the process of work, increasing the content and attractiveness of work to a certain extent depend on working conditions.

Working conditions are a combination of elements:

production process;

Environment;

External design of the workplace;

The relationship of the worker to the work performed.

These conditions, separately or in combination, affect the functional state of the human body in the process of labor, its health, performance, job satisfaction, life expectancy, reproduction of the labor force, the comprehensive development of physical, spiritual and creative forces and, as a result, the efficiency of labor and the results of labor activity. .

Working conditions as an objective social phenomenon are formed under the influence of a combination of interrelated factors:

1) socio-economic;

2) technical and organizational;

3) natural.

1) Socio-economic factors include:

Socio-political;

Economic;

Regulatory;

Socio-psychological.

However, during the transition to market relations in the Russian economy, despite the improvement of the regulatory framework, its pronounced positive impact has not yet been observed.

Economic levers work poorly, investments to improve working conditions are reduced, the system of benefits and compensations does not change, the role of socio-psychological factors is underestimated.

2) Technical and organizational factors are:

Means of labor;

Objects of labor;

Technological processes;

Organization of production and labor;

Methods of transportation of raw materials, products, etc.

3) Group of natural factors:

Geographic;

climatic;

Geological;

Biological.

These factors act almost constantly, therefore, in addition to taking into account their direct impact on working conditions, it is necessary to constantly take them into account already at the stage of creating equipment, developing technology, organizing production and labor, as well as in the development and implementation of many legal and economic measures.

All three groups of factors are important, but technical and organizational factors have a more decisive impact on changes in working conditions.

The working conditions formed under the influence of these factors consist of many elements, the classification of which directly depends on the corresponding group of factors, the direction and nature of their impact on a person, and on the specific form of manifestation of one or another element.

The most common is the distribution of all elements of working conditions into four groups:

Psychophysiological elements of working conditions;

Sanitary and hygienic;

aesthetic;

Socio-psychological.

The formation of the first three elements of working conditions depends on the employer, therefore, adapting working conditions to a person is his responsibility.

As for the socio-psychological elements, they are formed as a result of the attitude of the employee to the work performed and, first of all, depend on the employee himself, although the employer has a certain influence on his adaptation to working conditions.

Labor and the social relations in which the process of labor takes place together form the process of production. At the same time, it is human labor that makes production itself possible, i.e. the process of producing wealth.

Marxist theory singles out the personal and material factors of production. At the same time, individual and aggregate labor force acts as a personal factor.

Labor power is the only factor that creates new value, therefore the main goal for the organizer is labor power as the only commodity that contributes to the emergence of new goods and services. Consumption in the production process of a commodity-labor power is accompanied by the creation of new value.

Modern economists usually refer to land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability as economic resources.

In doing so, it must be borne in mind that:

The term "land" is used as a synonym for the term "natural resources";

The term "labor" denotes the cost of working time or the number of workers;

The term "capital" characterizes buildings, structures, equipment used in the production of goods;

The term "entrepreneurial ability" refers to the rational use of land, labor and capital.

The only explanation for the existing classification of economic resources is its relationship with sources of income:

From the land - rent;

From labor (employees) - wages;

From capital - interest (dividends);

From entrepreneurial abilities - entrepreneurial profit.

Despite the external similarity of the above classifications of factors of production, their fundamental differences are clearly traced, the main of which is the allocation of entrepreneurial activity as a separate factor of production within the framework of the economy.

At the same time, special importance is attached to the entrepreneur as a key figure in the business that initiates the production process. Labor in the system of this classification is associated with an employee and wage labor.

Marxism combines all types of activity in the production process into the category of a personal factor of production, without singling out the figure of the entrepreneur as a "worker" and considering him from a class position only as an exploiter, and not an organizer of production.

Moreover, the labor process itself is considered as a process of consumption of labor power by the capitalist, which gives class orientation study of a purely economic phenomenon.

The study of the role of labor in the national economy, the life of society is not limited to these theories.

As a result of the research, a model of "economic man" was formed, which was characterized by the following features:

Determining the economic behavior of each person by his personal interest;

Competence of an economic entity in its own activities;

Accounting for class differences and the precariousness of today's well-being.

Analyzing various labor concepts, we can conclude that with all the differences in approaches to the concept of "labor", to determining the place and role of a person in the economic system of society and the reasons that induce a person to work, the common thing is the recognition of labor as the basis of life - and individual person and society as a whole.

Society's activities are manifested in a variety of economic, social, political and other processes. In practice, the economic sciences developed largely independently of sociology.

The differentiation of sciences has made it possible to obtain a number of significant private results in the study of economic, social, political, ecological and other processes. At the same time, a holistic view of society, characteristic of ancient and medieval science, was largely lost. The concept of sustainable development can be seen as an attempt to revive the comprehensive study of social phenomena.

However, this concept is not a science or even a theory.

When developing the scientific foundations of a systematic study of society and enterprise, it is advisable to proceed from the concept of metatheory. Metatheory is usually understood as the science of science, i.e. a system of principles, axioms, methods, proofs and research in a certain field of knowledge. Mathematics is currently the most developed metatheory.

In accordance with the considered metatheoretical approach, when substantiating the principles and methods of economic science, it should be considered as a subsystem of the complex of sciences about society, human behavior and the environment.

When studying the processes of interaction between people in production systems concepts, ideas and methods of synergetics can play an important role.

The fundamental ideas of synergetics were formulated in the works of one of the most respected natural scientists of our time - Ilya Prigogine, who was born in Russia, but received the Nobel Prize as a Belgian citizen. Before the publications of G. Haken, the English physiologist C. Sherrington called the coordinated work of the nervous system in the control of muscle movements synergistic. The American mathematician S. Ulam, one of the creators of the first computers, wrote about the synergistic interaction between a machine and a person.

Currently, the synergetic direction is most actively developing in physics and psychology.

The synergetic approach is quite actively used in psychology, where synergetics is considered as a set of processes that create a significant increase in labor productivity due to collectivity, corporatism, cooperation and cooperation.

The area of synergetics includes, for example, well-known group methods of intensifying creativity.

The psychological essence of synergetics is the formation of the effects of "stimulated radiation" by a person or a group of people, new ideas and actions under the influence of psychosocial "coherence", i.e. special compatibility, consistency, cooperation of natural qualities and abilities, goals and needs, feelings and motives, knowledge and attitudes.

The economics and sociology of labor is currently one of the few sciences in which an integrated approach to the analysis of the economic and social aspects of labor activity is being implemented. Objectively, this is due to the fact that the rational use of human resources involves the achievement of two interrelated goals:

Creation of favorable working conditions and development of human abilities in the process of labor activity;

Increasing production efficiency.

It is necessary to proceed from these goals when analyzing the problem of labor at all levels of economic activity: from the workplace to the world economy. The object of research requires taking into account mutual technical, economic, social, physiological, psychological, ethical and other aspects of labor activity.

The law of synergy and its use in managing a production team - (Konstantinova 39, Devyatova 38)

Marx's labor concept - (Galeeva 39, Malysheva 38)

Adam Smith's concept of economic man (Semina 39, Vinokurov 37)

Ilya Prigogine's concept - (Melikov 39, Nasonova 37)

Message - Lavrukhina 39, Chernik 39, Gorbova 37, Gudkov 37

5. Human resources as the basis of labor potential

Various concepts and definitions appear in the economic literature, labor statistics and in the practice of human resource management:

Labor resources;

Work force;

Human factor;

Labor potential;

Man of labor;

Economically active population, etc.;

Often, some concepts are confused or interpreted inaccurately.

For example, the concept of "economically active population" is incorrectly identified with the concept of "labor force". It is unreasonably argued that the concept of "labor resources" has generally lost its meaning in the presence of the labor market.

Let us clarify the basic concepts.

"Labor resources" - this is the able-bodied part of the population with physical development, mental abilities and knowledge necessary for the implementation of useful labor activities in the national economy. This is the working and non-working, but able-bodied part of the population.

"Labor force" is a set of physical and spiritual abilities that a person possesses and which are used by him every time he produces any material wealth. It is the labor force that is bought in the labor market. How better conditions transactions for the seller (employee), the more fully, efficiently and fruitfully the employee will use his abilities.

Thus, labor resources are the part of the population that has a labor force.

The concept of "labor potential" should be considered from two positions - as a statistical indicator and as an economic category.

As a statistical indicator, labor potential is the value of the number of labor resources in the period under review, which can be achieved under certain conditions by involving in economic activity labor resources that are not yet employed in the economy, i.e. it is the labor potential of the territory, region, country.

The ability and inclination of the employee to work;

The state of his health;

Endurance;

...

The subject and problems of the course "Economics and sociology of labor"

Most economists believe that the subject of the course "Economics and sociology of labor" is labor as an expedient activity of people that arises in the course of interaction between people in the process and about production.

The complexity and versatility of the labor process attracts the attention of various scientific disciplines. It is the consideration of labor from the positions of economics and sociology that at the same time gives the greatest objectivity and complexity to its study.

labor economics how science studies economic patterns in the field of labor relations, including specific forms of manifestation of the essence of labor, such as organization, remuneration, efficiency, employment, etc. Knowledge of the fundamentals of labor economics allows a specialist to abstractly and reasonably approach the study of ongoing events, explain them driving force and evaluate to 1 .

Experts from various countries believe that labor economics is the study of the functioning and outcomes of the labor market, and in a narrow sense, the behavior of employers and workers in response to the action of general incentives in the form of wages, profits and non-monetary factors in the field of labor relations, for example working conditions. Analysis only economic factors does not provide an opportunity to objectively assess the situation in the labor sphere.

The sociology of work studies the behavior of employers and employees in response to economic and social incentives to work.

Social and labor relations make it possible to determine the social significance, role, place, social position of an individual and a group. They are the link between employees. Not a single member of the labor collective, organization can exist outside of such relations, outside of interactions.

Accordingly, the subject of the course of economics and sociology of labor is

socio-economic relations that develop in the labor process under the influence of various factors - economic, technical, organizational, personnel and other.

Expert opinion

R. J. Ersnbsrg and R. S. Smith believe that labor economics is the study of the functioning and outcomes of the labor market. If we try to narrow this concept, we can say that labor economics is primarily the behavior of employers and workers in response to the action of general incentives in the form of wages, prices, profits and non-monetary factors in the field of labor relations, such as working conditions. It is precisely this kind of incentives that, on the one hand, encourage individual choice, and on the other hand, limit it.

For an economist work is primarily one of production factors. There is a demand for labor and its supply, in the interaction of which the market price is formed. The economist is primarily interested in effective use labor resources. The labor process is considered from the standpoint of economic laws. The relationship between people in this process is reduced to the relationship "seller - buyer". The most important for an economist are the concepts of labor resources, labor market, supply and demand for labor, labor productivity, wages, working hours, etc.

Sociology studies social reality, i.e. relationships between people and their groups. More attention is paid in sociology to the subject of labor, it is emphasized that people are different: they belong to different social strata, have different interests, can not only work peacefully, but also conflict. Therefore, the main concepts for a sociologist are such concepts as labor relations, labor control, social stratification(social inequality), labor collective, labor conflict, labor motivation, alienation of labor, social partnership, etc.

Theory questions

Man as a subject of labor. Economic and sociological approaches to the analysis of the position of a person included in the labor process differ significantly. That is why the analysis of labor processes from the standpoint of two scientific disciplines gives a more objective idea of a person as a subject of a pile.

Through the eyes of an economist	Through the eyes of a sociologist
The person is independent. An atomized individual who makes independent decisions based on his personal preferences. For example, the choice of work is done independently.	The person is addicted. Subject to social norms, belongs to social groups. For example, he goes in the profession in the footsteps of his father or does not engage in activities condemned by society.
The person is selfish. First of all, he takes care of his own interests and strives to maximize his own benefit. For example, the desire of an employee to work less and earn more.	The person is unselfish. It can also pursue altruistic goals, help others. For example, he can provide services for free or work for little money, knowing that his work is useful to society.
The man is rational. Consistently strives for the set goal, calculating various options for behavior in search of the best.	The person is irrational and inconsistent. May follow tradition, duty, or succumb to momentary hobbies.
The person is informed. He is aware of his own needs and has sufficient information about the means and conditions for their satisfaction. For example, it has complete information about vacancies or trends in the labor market.	The person is poorly informed. Unable to calculate benefits and costs (for example, does not know all employment opportunities, unable to assess professional prospects).
The person is mobile. Can easily move around in search of a better job.	The person is immobile. Attached to the place of residence, family, social circle.
Man is universal. By its nature, it is the same in space and time.	The man is historical. It is the product of different cultures in space and time. "Economic Man" is a product of Western civilization.

Training of a specialist professionally engaged in economic, marketing and entrepreneurial activity, involves a holistic perception of all the topics of the course, possession of a culture of thinking, understanding of the profession and its role in relation to other activities.

A specialist in the field of economics and sociology of labor must be able to organize his work and the work of his subordinates; formulate goals and outline ways to achieve them; build and use forecasts and plans; find rational approaches to solving problems; anticipate the consequences of your decisions.

The course of economics and sociology of labor is closely connected with many disciplines: macro- and microeconomics, law, management, sociology, statistics, etc. Economics and sociology of labor is a fairly young scientific discipline, its development takes into account the transformation of labor relations in modern society. Accordingly, many issues of labor relations are still insufficiently studied. These include bonuses, the organization of mental labor, the creation of optimal working conditions for a particular profession, etc. The study of these issues is a long-term task for specialists, as well as the process of developing labor science itself.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE DISCIPLINE "ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY OF LABOR"

Labor as an object of study of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor"

The current stage of development of the economy of our country requires a transformation of approaches to the study of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor", considering the work and relationships of people in the labor process in dynamics. The study and analysis of the patterns of organization, functioning and outcomes of labor markets, the actions of employers and employees under the influence of various incentives (wages, prices, profits, non-monetary factors) and state policy in the field of social and labor relations allow us to form a concept of behavior in the sphere of labor and objectively correct worldview.

Labor is the basis of a person's existence, determines his place in society, serves as one of the most important forms of self-expression and self-actualization, therefore, it must be organized in such a way as to adequately reflect these characteristics of a person and provide appropriate commensurate remuneration.

Features of labor as an object of study and studies are that, firstly, labor is the expedient activity of people to create goods and services, which must be efficient, rational, and economically organized; secondly, labor is one of the main conditions for the life of not only an individual, but also society as a whole, a factor in the functioning of any organization (enterprise); thirdly, it cannot be considered as a commodity, since it is not itself a commodity, but a service of labor, and, finally, in the process of labor, a system of social and labor relations is formed, which constitute the core public relations at the level of the national economy, region, firm and individuals.

Under the conditions of fundamental changes in the system of social relations, the most significant transformations take place in the social and labor sphere, causing a natural confrontation in such cases between the main subjects of these relations. That is why none of the spheres of the economic life of our state is subjected to such harsh criticism as social and labor relations. This was facilitated by a number of factors, among which one can single out the traditions of state paternalism that prevailed for many years in this area, a simplified system for assessing the state of the social and labor sphere.

Under these conditions, there is no doubt that the formation new system social and labor relations, which should be reflected in the modern understanding of the characteristics of labor as an object of research and study, as well as in the interpretation of the subject and method modern economy and the sociology of labor as a science.

The subject of labor economics as such has never changed and was the same for the whole variety of schools. and theories. The subject of economics and sociology of labor- this is labor as a purposeful activity of people, which is always and at the same time an interaction between man and nature, as well as relations between people in the production process.

For each specific moment, the labor process is preceded by material means of production, information, availability of professional knowledge, work experience, a certain type of social and labor relations. In the process of labor, labor skills and experience are improved, the level of empirical and scientific knowledge is increased, the means of labor are improved, social and labor relations are developed, thereby the productive forces of labor are constantly multiplying, that is, the ability of a person as a labor force to create increasing masses of increasingly versatile material and spiritual blessings.

The nature of social and labor relations is such that in their study and analysis we have to reckon with a constant change in relations, and their restructuring enhances this property.

The following circumstances are fundamental for the development of modern labor economics. In a market economy, the importance of an objective reflection of the interests of subjects social partnership increases, respectively, increases the degree of complexity of theoretical and practical knowledge in the area under consideration.

A meaningful transformation of the labor economy and its structuring according to the levels of education should take place taking into account the achievements of world science and foreign teaching practice. Thus, the analysis shows that in American and European universities and training centers The subject "Labor Economics" has been studied for a long time. However, the subject of "Labor Economics" in the West was not identical to the subject of a similar domestic science. The use of this approach to the analysis of labor relations has formed in the Western tradition the economics of labor as a science that studies the operation of labor market mechanisms, i.e. changes in the behavior of employers and employees under the influence of incentives in the form of wages, prices, profits, non-monetary factors. Labor economics explores the factors that determine the demand and supply of labor, the price of labor, investment in human capital, the ratio of unemployment and inflation, the influence of trade unions on the labor market, etc. This also determines the content of labor economics as an academic discipline.

At present, the following main problems, directions and sections have been formed in the sciences of labor and personnel.

1.Labor productivity. The central place here is occupied by methods of comparing costs and results of labor, assessing the contribution of employees and teams to the overall results of the enterprise, determining factors for increasing output and reducing labor costs. Based on the theory of labor productivity, criteria for evaluating the activities of people and economic systems are formed.
2. Human capital is determined by a combination of human qualities (health, education, professionalism) that affect the results of his activities and the corresponding income. In particular, the theory of human capital makes it possible to assess the feasibility of spending on training, depending on the expected increase in income and the duration of using the acquired knowledge.
3.Working conditions are determined by the parameters of the production environment (noise, air temperature, dust content, vibration), the work performed (the rate of movement, the mass of the transported goods, monotony), the mode of work and rest, the psychological and social atmosphere. The most important characteristic working conditions is safety of human activities. The norms of adverse effects on the human body have been established, which must be observed by any enterprise. With the improvement of working conditions, its productivity increases, but this requires corresponding costs. This raises the problem of optimizing working conditions, taking into account the relationship of social and economic factors.
4. Design of labor processes includes the choice of the best ways to perform work, the distribution of their total volume among the performers, the design of workplaces, systems for providing materials, tools, energy, and other resources.
5. Labor rationing consists in establishing the objectively necessary costs and results of labor for the elements of the production process. The most widely used norms for the cost of working time per unit of work. Along with them, the norms of the number of personnel and the intensity of labor are also used.
6. Headcount planning personnel includes determining the results of the enterprise's activities depending on the number of employees, calculating the standard labor intensity of products, sources of personnel involvement, personnel dynamics in the enterprise, taking into account expected changes in products and technology.
7. Selection, training and certification aimed at improving the quality of staff. To achieve this goal, systems have been developed for competitive recruitment, advanced training of employees, and evaluation of the results of their work.
8. Motivation- this is the process of motivating a person to fruitful activity based on his needs and goals of the enterprise. Coordination of the interests of employees and the enterprise is carried out in accordance with the characteristics of the personnel and production situations.
9. Formation of income and wages. This section discusses the sources of income, the reasons for their differentiation, the factors that determine the structure and level of remuneration, forms and systems of wages.
10. Relationships in work teams determined by economic, psychological and social factors. Since the employees of the enterprise differ in gender, age, interests, education, social status and other signs, then contradictions and conflicts are possible that can interfere with productive work. One of the most important tasks of personnel management is to ensure constructive cooperation between individuals and social groups.
11. Labor markets and employment management. This section is devoted to the analysis of labor markets; factors determining the employment of the population; the policy of the enterprise in the field of employment, organization of employment; systems for training the unemployed in new professions; social protection of low-income strata of the population.
12. Personnel marketing examines the activities of the enterprise to provide human resources, including the policy of the enterprise in the labor market.
13. Personnel Controlling- this is the regulation of the enterprise's activities in the field of personnel based on the solution of a complex of tasks of planning, accounting and control. An important aspect is the definition of normative values and control points of indicators characterizing the state of the enterprise's human resources. Personnel controlling is carried out at the operational, tactical and strategic levels.
14. Organization of personnel management studies the forms, methods and procedures that ensure the effective work of the personnel service of the enterprise. In particular, we are talking about the structure of this service, its place in the company's management system, the legal aspects of hiring, dismissal, change of official position.

To number main problems in the field of labor economics relate:

? disclosure of the content of social and labor relations, the labor market and employment;
? determination of economic prerequisites for increasing the efficiency of labor activity;
? study of motivation and incentives that ensure effective, fruitful activity;
? determination of the principles of labor management, including productivity, organization and regulation, wages, the formation of labor incomes of workers, their social protection, insurance and services.

Economic theory of labor as a subsection of political economy, it has as its subject the study of the functioning and results of the labor market, the analysis of state policy in the field of social organization of labor.

The sociology of labor studies labor as a social phenomenon from the point of view of the impact of work (labor activity) on a person's social life, on the one hand, and the impact of social relations on work, on the other. The sociology of labor is a theory of the middle level, or a special sociological theory associated with the study of one or another subsystem of society, understanding its internal and external connections and dependencies.

Sociology of labor- a branch of sociology that studies socially typical processes that find expression in a person's attitude to work, in his social activity.

Labor psychology- a science related to the study of the requirements for the human psyche and his attitude to work.

Physiology of labor studies the regularities of the course of physiological processes and the peculiarities of their regulation during human labor activity.

labor law- a system established and applied by the state, as a rule, with the participation of trade unions and representative bodies of employers, legal regulations, which regulate the labor relations of employees and some other closely related relations.

The study of labor in economics and sociology takes place from different angles. In modeling economic behavior, economic theory proceeds from a set of fairly rigid assumptions. First, the person called "economic" is seen as a kind of atomized individual with independent and stable preferences. Secondly, this person is by nature an egoist, striving for his own benefit. Thirdly, "economic" man is rational: knowing what his benefit is, he calculates the comparative costs that he must incur as a result of this or that choice. Fourthly, the "economic" person is well informed, knows not only his own needs, but also ways to satisfy them. The sociology of labor, exploring human economic behavior, is based on the concept of "sociological" man, which should not be understood as the opposite of "economic", but nevertheless indicates the influence of social and cultural factors. In the case of a “sociological” person, the parameters (autonomy or connectedness, egoism or altruism, rationality or irrationality, awareness or incompetence) are transformed from the initial assumptions of the model into an object of study.

The textbook and workshop, consisting of two parts, contains theoretical and practical materials that allow you to get an idea of the economic and social aspects of the modern labor process. The peculiarity of this publication is an attempt to consider the economic and social problems of the labor sphere at the macro level and propose methods for analyzing and assessing the situation at the micro level (of a particular enterprise, firm). The first part of the textbook outlines the fundamentals of the methodology of modern economics and the sociology of labor, the formation of labor resources and the role of labor potential in economic development society, issues of regulation and planning of the number of employees, organization, regulation and remuneration. The workshop for each chapter includes tests, tasks, assignments, materials for forums and independent work, topics for essays. A large number of examples and tasks is focused on the use quantitative methods analysis of socio-economic data in the sphere of work. The textbook and workshop is intended for bachelors studying in economic areas and specialties, and may also be of interest to university professors and specialists dealing with economic and social problems of labor.

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Goals, objectives and significance of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor". The object and subject of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor", its relationship with other sciences. The impact of labor on human life and modern society. Classification of labor according to various criteria. The role of labor in the development of society. Labor as a sociological category.

Goals, objectives and significance of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor". In the context of the restructuring of the entire social and economic life of the country, when people who do not have a special economic education are quite often involved in business, the role of economic sciences and sociology in solving production problems is increasing.

The economics and sociology of labor, developing at the intersection of economic sciences and sociology, using the achievements of many other sciences - psychology, ergonomics and others - equips managers with knowledge about the main socio-economic processes occurring in labor collectives and the ability to solve problems that arise in the process of labor activities.

One of the main problems of any production, of any team of workers, is to create conditions for more intensive work, for raising individual and collective labor productivity. This is the key to reducing production costs, which contributes to victory in the competition in the markets for goods and services.

Thus, the central point of the economics and sociology of labor is labor. Labor is an activity associated with the expenditure of mental, physical and nervous energies, which people apply to satisfy their needs.

How best to organize and manage such activities are the questions to which the scientific discipline "Economics and sociology of labor" is devoted. With transition Russian economy market relations change the theoretical and practical understanding of labor, developed completely new foundations of life and development. Being the most important economic category, the concept of labor is a multifaceted, multifaceted concept that requires constant research and clarification. Essentially, all the problems of society can be viewed through the prism of labor. The economics and sociology of labor is currently one of the few sciences in which an integrated approach to the analysis of the economic and social aspects of labor activity is being implemented. Objectively, this is due to the fact that the rational use of human resources involves the achievement of two interrelated goals:

Creation of favorable working conditions and development of human abilities in the course of labor activity;

Increasing production efficiency.

It is necessary to proceed from these goals when analyzing the problem of labor at all levels of economic activity: from the workplace to the world economy. The object of research requires taking into account the interrelations of technical, economic, social, physiological, psychological, ethical, environmental and other aspects of labor activity.

The main objectives of the discipline "Economics and Sociology of Labor" are determined by its goal, which provides for the study of the processes of formation of the rational use of the labor potential of each person and society as a whole in the event of the emergence of new social and labor relations in a market economy.

The objectives of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor" are as follows:

In studying the essence and mechanisms of economic and social processes in the sphere of labor in the context of human life and society;

In the study of factors and reserves of effective employment;

In the study of the formation and rational use of labor potential;

In the study of ways to improve efficiency and productivity;

In identifying the relationship of social and labor relations with economic relations and processes occurring in the national economy of a market type, focused on social development, as well as the relationship of the labor market with the markets of raw materials, capital, stock markets.

In the West, the prerequisites for the development of the direction "Economics and sociology of labor" arose in the 19th century. In the scientific literature, it is customary to distinguish two main schools that, having arisen earlier than others, became the direct predecessors of the latest management theories: the school of "scientific management", the founder of which was F. Taylor, and the school of "human relations", the emergence of which is associated with the names of E. Mayo and F. Roethlisberg. The controversy between the two dominant concepts put forward by these schools, as well as the attempt to synthesize the principles put forward by them, contributed to the emergence and development of new trends, in particular, the Economics and Sociology of Labor. The forerunner of the "Economics and Sociology of Labor" in Russia was the discipline "Economic Sociology", which arose quite recently. The fact is that in the USSR sociology was generally not recognized as an official science for a long time. In 1986, the teaching of the course "Economic Sociology" began in one of the Novosibirsk schools. And the first serious attempt to enter the “light” of economic sociology was made in the works of the same Novosibirsk school in 1991. It is summarized in the book "Sociology of Economic Life" by T. I. Zaslavskaya and R. V. Ryvkina.

Currently, economic sociology is represented by the scientific discipline "Economics and sociology of labor". The main objectives of the discipline "Economics and Sociology of Labor" are determined by its goal, which provides for the study of the processes of formation and rational use of the labor potential of each person and society as a whole in the event of the emergence of new social and labor relations in a market economy.

First main task– study of the essence and mechanisms of economic and social processes in the sphere of labor in the context of human life and society.

Second task– consideration of factors and reserves of effective employment.

Third task– study of the formation and rational use of labor potential.

The fourth task- identification of ways to improve efficiency and productivity.

The defining prerequisites for solving the last three tasks are:

firstly, knowledge of the mechanism for the implementation of Russian laws and the socio-economic policy of regulating social and labor relations;

secondly, knowledge of regularities, objective and subjective factors influencing economic and social processes, a person's attitude to work, his behavior in a team.

Fifth task– identification of the relationship of social and labor relations with economic relations and processes occurring in the national market-type economy focused on social development, as well as the relationship of the labor market with the markets of raw materials, capital, stock markets.

The objective necessity of studying the problems of economics and the sociology of labor is explained by a number of circumstances.

With the transition of the Russian economy to market relations, changes appear in the country in the following areas: attracting and using labor force; social and labor relations; organization and remuneration of labor, as well as the formation and use of income of employees and improving the standard of living of the population. In this regard, each specialist (regardless of the area of application of his work) in order to adapt to the market must improve the socio-economic culture, quality, volume of professional knowledge and skills in the field of work and the development of social and labor relations.

Economics and sociology of labor helps to understand the following issues:

How will the supply and demand for labor be carried out in the conditions of market conditions?

How should labor be organized in society and at a specific enterprise (organization) so that the entrepreneur receives the greatest profit, and society as a whole receives an additional gross national product (GNP) and gross national income (GNI)?

How to build wages, conclude labor contract to create conditions for improving the level and quality of life of the population?

How to resolve a labor conflict that has arisen in a production situation, how to resolve an individual and collective labor dispute?

How to neutralize unemployment and form reliable system social protection population in conditions of jumping inflation and hyperinflation?

Economics and sociology of labor allows you to get a more complete range of economic knowledge in the field of labor relations. Consequently, knowledge in the field of economics and sociology of labor is not only of theoretical, but also of practical importance, since it is necessary in the training of highly qualified specialists, scientific and practical workers adapted to the labor market, regardless of the scope of their future professional activity, and help to develop evidence-based approaches to solving socio-economic problems of the labor market, employment and rational use of labor in society

The object and subject of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor", its relationship with other sciences. In the system of labor sciences, there are quite a few disciplines that are relatively independent, but at the same time interconnected: personnel management, labor physiology, labor psychology, work motivation, conflictology, innovative management in personnel work, business ethics, labor market (employment management ), demographics, labor and entrepreneurial history, income and wage policy, labor law, labor economics, sociology of labor, etc.

The last two specialized sciences - "Economics of Labor" and "Sociology of Labor" - are "included" in the "Economics and Sociology of Labor", since these disciplines have much in common: the object of study is the labor of a person, a team, society. The differences between them lie in the subject of study.

The subject of the study of labor economics is the economic relations that arise in society, regions and at specific enterprises in the process of using labor.

The subject of study of the sociology of labor- social relations, social processes in the sphere of labor, problems of regulation of social processes, motivation of labor activity, labor adaptation of workers, stimulation of labor, social control in the sphere of labor, cohesion of the labor collective, management of the labor collective and democratization of labor relations, labor movements, planning and regulation social processes in the sphere of work. In practice, the problems of labor economics and the sociology of labor are interrelated. For example, in order to achieve a high level of labor organization, one should use not only economic, but also social criteria. Labor standards must be justified not only technically and economically, but also socially. Categories such as working conditions, labor organization, material incentives have both economic and social aspects.

Thus, the object of study of the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor" is labor, that is, the expedient activity of people aimed at creating material wealth and providing services.

The subject of this discipline is: the study of the labor potential of society, the ways of its formation and rational use in the interests of increasing the national economy for the purposes of the life support of man and society as a whole.

Investigating and analyzing social labor, the economics and sociology of labor uses the categorical apparatus, both common to both sciences and specific to each of them.

Economic definitions (definitions) are: the labor market, the organization of labor, the tariffing of work and workers, the certification of personnel, the tariff system, the wage fund, the standards for the formation of social funds, the norms of time, the cost of reproducing the labor force, wages, labor productivity, etc.

Sociological definitions- these are social processes, social relations, social group, social status, norms of behavior, value orientations, value-normative regulation of labor behavior, motivation, adaptation, etc.

The inclusion of sociological definitions in the scientific circulation of concepts and categories of labor economics allows a deeper and more differentiated study of the essence and place of labor in the life of a person and society during the market transformation of the economy.

The impact of labor on human life and modern society. Elements of the labor process.Work- this is the expedient activity of people aimed at creating material and cultural values. Labor is an indispensable condition for the life of people. Influencing the natural environment, changing and adapting it to their needs, people not only ensure their existence, but also ensure the development of the progress of society.

Performing a certain type of activity for the production of products or the provision of services, a person interacts with other elements of the labor process - objects and means of labor, as well as with the environment.

To objects of labor include: land and its subsoil, flora and fauna, raw materials and materials, semi-finished products and components, objects of production and non-production works and services, energy, material and information flows ( what to produce).

Means of labor- these are machines, devices and equipment, tools, fixtures and other types of technological equipment, means software, organizational equipment of workplaces (that by means of which they produce).

The interaction of a person with objects and means of labor is predetermined by a specific technology- this is a way of influencing the objects of labor, which is determined by the level of development of labor mechanization (machine, machine-manual and manual processes), automation and computerization of labor processes and production.

Environment and its condition are considered from the point of view of labor microecology, that is, ensuring labor safety and compliance with psychophysiological, sanitary and hygienic, ergonomic and aesthetic requirements for working conditions, as well as taking into account economic and social relations in the organization (at the enterprise, in the labor collective).

The product created in the process of labor as a commodity has physical (natural) and value (monetary) forms.

Physical(natural) form of various finished products industrial, agricultural, construction, transport and other industries, as well as all kinds of production and non-production work and services are expressed in various meters - pieces, tons, meters, etc.

AT value(monetary) form, the product of labor can be expressed as income received or earnings as a result of its implementation.

In this case, a person acts as a labor potential.

concept labor potential is an integral characteristic of the quantity, quality and measure of the total ability to work, which determines the ability of an individual, various groups of people, the working population as a whole to participate in socially useful work.

In the presence of market relations, a person as a subject of labor can realize his labor potential in two ways:

Either on the basis of self-employment, acting as an independent commodity producer who sells his products on the market and receives income and profit for independent use;

Or as an employee offering his services to a commodity producer - an employer, a subject of ownership.

Throughout the history of its existence, mankind has been learning ways of interacting with nature, finding more advanced forms of organizing production, and trying to achieve a greater effect from its labor activity. At the same time, people themselves are constantly improving, increasing their knowledge, experience, production skills.

The dialectic of this process is as follows: first, people modify and improve the tools of labor, and then they change and improve themselves. There is a continuous renewal and improvement of the tools of labor and the people themselves. Each generation passes on to the next the full stock of knowledge and production experience; the new generation, in turn, acquires new knowledge and experience and passes them on to the next generation - all this happens in an ascending line.

The development of objects and tools of labor is only necessary condition for the implementation of the labor process itself, but the decisive element of this process is living labor, i.e. the man himself. Thus, labor is the basis of life and activity not only of an individual, but of society as a whole.

Classification of labor according to various criteria. The concept of "working conditions". The following classification features of types of labor are distinguished:

The nature of labor expresses that special thing that is inherent in social labor in every socio-economic formation and is predetermined by the type of production relations prevailing in society. The modern economic reform brings all participants in production in society to market relations, radically changing production relations: first of all, this is a change in ownership, the rejection of the systematic attraction and distribution of labor resources in the country and the transition to free enterprise based on various organizational and legal forms. property and free employment of labor through supply and demand in the labor market. In this regard, relations are changing along the entire chain of communication between people - from the labor process to the final consumption (appropriation) of the product of labor.

Content of labor expresses the distribution of specific labor functions(executive, control and regulatory) at the workplace and is determined by the totality of the operations performed. These functions are predetermined by the development of labor tools, the organization of labor, the level of social and professional division of labor, and the skill of the worker himself. The content of labor reflects the production and technical side of labor, demonstrates the level of development of productive forces, technical ways combination of personal and material elements of production, i.e. reveals labor, first of all, as a process of human interaction with nature, means and objects of labor in the labor process.

Thus, the content and nature of labor express two sides of the same phenomenon: the essence and the form of social labor. These two socio-economic categories are in a dialectical relationship, and a change in one of them inevitably, in one form or another, contributes to a change in the other.

The nature of labor is largely formed under the influence of the characteristics of the content of labor, depending on the share of physical and mental labor, the level of qualification and intelligence, the level of human domination over nature, etc.

The diversity of the nature and content of labor is reflected in the classification of labor according to various criteria.

I sign- according to the nature and content of work

Hired and private labor;

Labor is individual and collective;

Labor at will, necessity and coercion;

Physical and mental labor;

Labor is reproductive and creative;

Work of varying degrees of complexity.

II sign- according to the subject and product of labor labor can be classified into the following types:

Work scientific, engineering;

managerial labor;

Production labor;

Entrepreneurial work;

The work is innovative;

Industrial labor;

Agricultural labor;

transport labor;

Communication work.

III sign- according to the means and methods of work labor can be classified into the following types:

Manual labor (technically unarmed), mechanized and automated (computerized);

Labor is low-, medium- and high-tech;

Labor with varying degrees of human participation.

VI sign- according to working conditions labor can be classified into the following types:

Labor stationary and mobile;

Labor ground and underground;

Light, medium and heavy work;

Labor is attractive and unattractive;

Labor is free and with varying degrees of regulation.

Preservation and development of the employee's personality in the process of work, increasing the content and attractiveness of work to a certain extent depends on working conditions. What is meant by working conditions and how are they formed?

Working conditions- this is a set of elements of the production process, the surrounding (production) environment, the external design of the workplace and the attitude of the employee to the work performed, which separately or in combination affect the functional state of the human body in the labor process, his health, performance, job satisfaction, life expectancy , reproduction of the labor force, the comprehensive development of physical, spiritual and creative forces and, as a result, on the efficiency of labor, as well as on the results of labor activity.

In working conditions the following main Components:

Social production (degree of mechanization and automation, individual or brigade, remoteness of the place of work from the place of residence);

Socio-economic (duration of the working day, vacation time, salary, social and economic benefits);

Socio-hygienic (labor safety, the level of physical activity and nervous tension, stressful situations, comfort). For example, the comfort of the cab of a tractor, a car. There are dangerous working conditions, survival - pollution, injuries, occupational diseases;

Socio-psychological (moral and psychological climate in the team, relationships with each other and leaders). Women are especially sensitive to the moral and psychological climate.

Working conditions as an objective social phenomenon are formed under the influence of a combination of interrelated socio-economic, technical, organizational and natural factors.

To socio-economic include socio-political, economic, legal and socio-psychological factors. This group of factors, as a rule, has a positive effect on the formation of working conditions. However, during the period of transition to market relations, despite the improvement of the regulatory framework, a pronounced positive impact has not yet been observed. Economic levers work poorly, investments to improve working conditions are reduced, the system of benefits and compensations does not change, the role of socio-psychological factors is underestimated.

Technical and organizational factors are means and objects of labor, technological processes, organization of production and labor, methods of transportation of raw materials, products, etc. the mechanism of action of this group is more complex. Changes in working conditions are ambiguous: in many industries and types of production they are improving significantly, but at the same time, negative changes are also taking place.

natural factors- geographical, climatic, geological, biological - have their own characteristics. These factors affect almost constantly (both positively and negatively), therefore, in addition to taking into account their direct impact on working conditions (on temperature, pressure, etc.), they need to be constantly taken into account already at the stage of creating equipment, developing technology, organizing production and labor, and also in the development and implementation of many regulatory and economic activities. At the same time, the group under consideration is a kind of general sphere in which the influence of factors of other groups is manifested.

All three groups of factors are important, but a group of technical factors has a more decisive impact on changes in working conditions. Formed under the influence of a combination of these factors, working conditions consist of many elements, the classification of which directly depends on the corresponding group of factors, the direction and nature of their impact on a person, and on the specific form of manifestation of one or another element.

The most common classification provides for the division of all elements of working conditions into four groups:

1. Psychophysiological.

2. Sanitary and hygienic.

3. Aesthetic.

4. Socio-psychological.

The formation of the first three groups of elements of working conditions of the production environment depends on the employer, therefore, adapting working conditions to a person is his duty. As for the socio-psychological elements, they are formed as a result of the employee’s attitude to the work performed and, of course, primarily depend on the employee himself, although the employer has a certain influence on his adaptation to working conditions (for example, in terms of monitoring compliance with labor protection requirements and safety precautions).

The totality of working conditions and criteria of responsibility and qualification largely determines labor efficiency. Labor efficiency is understood as the valuation of the volume of work (products, services), taking into account quality requirements, related to the reduced costs of resources or the number of employees. This is a socio-economic category that determines the degree of achievement of a particular goal, correlated with the degree of rationality of spending the resources used in this case.

The role of labor in the development of society. The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of labor not only material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bare created to meet the needs of people, but also the workers themselves develop, acquire new skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor finds its expression in the birth of new ideas, the emergence of progressive technologies, more advanced and highly productive tools, new types of products, materials, energy, which in turn lead to the development of needs.

The development and improvement of production has a beneficial effect on the reproduction of the population, raising its material and cultural level.

It should be borne in mind that such processes are strongly influenced by politics, interstate and interethnic relations. Thus, the consequence of labor activity is, on the one hand, the saturation of the market with goods, services, cultural values, on the other hand, the progress of production, the emergence of new needs and their subsequent satisfaction.

The labor process and related socio-economic results of activities are not limited to their own sphere of production and services. The economics and sociology of labor begins with the problem of the formation of the labor force and its supply in the labor market.

Labor as a sociological category.Sociology of labor are studies of the functioning and social aspects of the labor market. In a narrow sense, the sociology of labor refers to the behavior of employers and employees in response to economic and social incentives to work. The subject of the sociology of labor as a special sociological theory is the structure and mechanism of social and labor relations, as well as social processes and phenomena in the sphere of labor.

The purpose of the sociology of labor- this is the study of social phenomena, processes, the development of recommendations for their regulation and management, forecasting and planning, aimed at creating favorable conditions for the functioning of society, a team, a group, an individual in the world of work and achieving, on this basis, the most complete implementation and optimal combination of them interests.

Tasks of the sociology of labor:

Study and optimization of the social structure of society, labor organization (team);

Analysis of the labor market as a regulator of optimal and rational mobility of labor resources;

Search for ways to optimally realize the labor potential of a modern worker;

Search for ways to optimally combine moral and material incentives and improve attitudes towards work in market conditions;

Studying the causes and developing a system of measures to prevent and resolve labor disputes and conflicts;

Definition of an effective system of social guarantees that protect workers.

It might be useful to read:

The subject and tasks of economics and sociology of labor. The subject and foundations of the methodology of modern economics and sociology of labor Economics and sociology of labor concepts

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