"Electronic government" as a modern institution of interaction between the state and society. Development of a system of electronic interactions between the state and the population
Vaskova MG, post-graduate student of the Altai State University.
The processes of informatization, the formation of the information society have influenced the understanding of the state in the traditional sense. There are new requirements for its information state and understanding of new terminology. For example, the term "electronic state" is not found in classical textbooks on the theory of state and law, is new and unexplored, and as a result does not arouse serious enough interest not only among lawyers, but also among representatives of other professions. Meanwhile, due to changes in the legislation, the information component is changing legal status subjects of intrastate relations, the nature of the relationship between different states. Powers to be reviewed government agencies and local self-government bodies, their officials, issues of providing certain public services. Such changes in public life require the practical implementation of the concept e-government.
In modern legal science, when defining the term "electronic state", which appeared at the end of the 20th century, there are several approaches to its understanding:
- post-industrial philosophy of interaction between the state and society using the latest information technologies<1>, as well as the theory of the organization of power by the population, which includes such institutions as the concept of an electronic state, its features, essence, functions, the basics of interaction between society and electronic states, the legal basis for the formation and functioning of an electronic state;
- a system of state bodies that ensure the implementation of state policy in the field of informatization<2>;
- organization of state power based on the use of information and communication technologies<3>;
- a legal entity using the achievements and discoveries of electronic business, an independent participant in electronic interaction<4>;
- organization of interaction between public authorities and society in order to provide public services and ensure the possibility of participation in the exercise of power by the population using information and telecommunication technologies<5>.
In our opinion, it is most correct to understand the political and legal organization of society as an electronic state, which is a way of interaction between state and municipal authorities and society in order to provide public services and provide the opportunity to participate in the exercise of power of the population using information and telecommunication technologies, ensuring its unity. and territorial integrity, including in the electronic space, carrying out through the state electronic mechanism the management of the affairs of society, sovereign public authority, giving the law a universally binding value, guaranteeing the rights, freedoms of citizens, law and order.
In theory, it is assumed that during the formation of the electronic state, state bodies are representatives of the population and fully rule, which is now typical for Russia. However, in the future, state bodies will perform intermediary functions, being a tool for serving public needs and an organizer of decision-making by society.<6>. The role of the electronic state is to improve the mechanism of interaction between society and the state in order to resolve vital problems, simplify the procedures for the provision of public services and the exercise of power by the population, reduce the cost of maintaining the state apparatus, improve the quality of government decisions, ensure the principles of transparency and openness in exercise of power, increase the legal awareness of the population and ensure the exercise of power by the population through information and communication technologies, correspond to the image of the modern information society. Undoubtedly, the formation of an electronic state in our country is a necessary step towards improving power and governance, ensuring the possibility of effectively combating corruption and paperwork in all government structures, maintaining Russia's position in the international arena in the field of information and communication technologies and electronic government controlled. In this regard, in our opinion, it seems that the construction of an electronic state for Russia is one of the important tasks.
<6>See: Rudenko V.N. Direct democracy: models of government, constitutional and legal institutions. Yekaterinburg: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003, pp. 55 - 67.
We will try to analyze the practice of implementing individual elements of the electronic state in Russia, taking into account current legislation devoted to the issues of its formation and functioning. In Russia, there is no basic law dedicated to the problems of the electronic state, but some of its elements are already enshrined in law.
Legal basis formation of the electronic state in Russia are a number of by-laws adopted to implement the concepts aimed at establishing an electronic state. First of all, such legal acts are of a program nature, since in order to create a system, a set of certain measures is required. In the context of informatization, such activities should be reflected in the law. Thus, on January 28, 2002, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 65 dated January 28, 2002 "On federal target program"Electronic Russia (2002 - 2010)", which approves the program of the same name<7>. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2008 N 632-r approved the Concept for the formation of e-government in the Russian Federation until 2010, which understands the e-government as a new form of "organizing the activities of public authorities, providing through the widespread use of information and communication technologies a qualitatively new level of efficiency and convenience for organizations and citizens to receive public services and information on the results of the activities of state bodies" (section 1) and determines the priorities and directions for the formation of e-government (section 4)<8>. From the analysis of these acts, it follows that Russia is actively moving towards the formation of an electronic state.
<7>Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2002. N 5. S. 531.
<8>Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2008. N 20. S. 2372.
The legislative acts of the Russian Federation also contain a number of rules establishing certain legal basis for the functioning of the electronic state. First of all, these are the issues of the implementation of certain state procedures in electronic form, the introduction of information technologies in the activities of state bodies. So, in accordance with Art. 28.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2001, the reason for initiating an administrative offense case is the fixation of an administrative offense in the region traffic working in automatic mode by special technical means<9>. Such fixation of an offense in automatic mode will allow to determine with certainty the presence or absence of an administrative offense, which is the basis for the application of administrative sanctions. Also, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation of July 31, 1998 allows taxpayers to submit tax returns (calculations) along with documents to the tax authority in in electronic format(art. 80)<10>.
<9>Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2002. N 1. S. 1.
<10>Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2000. N 32. S. 3340.
Novella Russian legislation is the emergence of a list of public services (functions) carried out using information and telecommunication technologies, which will be provided from 2011. The List of public services provided in electronic form includes state registration legal entities, individuals as individual entrepreneurs, car registration Vehicle, taking qualifying exams in the traffic police, promoting the employment of unemployed citizens, licensing certain types of activities and others<11>. It should be noted that the List of public services is limited and not all government agencies have the right to carry out the relevant electronic procedures. It should also be taken into account that the fundamentals for the provision of public services in electronic form are not legally defined. In this regard, individual departments develop their own regulations for the provision of public services. Thus, the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation approved the procedure for providing electronically open and publicly available information contained in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and in the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs<12>.
<11>See: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 25, 2009 N 872-r "On the list of public services and (or) functions carried out using information and telecommunication technologies" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2009. N 26. S. 3259.
<12>See: Order of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 2009 N MM-7-6 / [email protected]"On Approval of the Procedure for Provision in Electronic Form of Open and Public Information Contained in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and in the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs" // Bulletin of Normative Acts of Federal Executive Authorities. 2009. No. 27.
An important innovation in Russian legislation is legal definition of interdepartmental electronic document management, which refers to the interaction of federal information systems of electronic document management - the exchange of electronic messages (conducting official correspondence in electronic form)<13>. Maintaining electronic document management is the basis for the formation of electronic interaction between government agencies, the state and society. However, at present, the right to implement interdepartmental electronic document management belongs exclusively to the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation and the Office of the Government of the Russian Federation on a limited range of issues.<14>, as well as from January 1, 2010 to federal executive authorities<15>. Despite this, the legal consolidation of such opportunities for electronic interaction is a step towards establishing the foundations for the functioning of the electronic state.
<13>See: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 22, 2009 N 754 "On approval of the Regulations on the system of interdepartmental electronic document management" // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2009. No. 183.
<14>See: Ibid.
<15>See: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 5, 2009 N 805 "On Amendments to the Standard Regulations for the Interaction of Federal Executive Authorities" // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2009. No. 194.
Also in the legislation of Russia there are legal norms regulating functioning of state websites. In particular, in the Federal Law of February 9, 2009 "On Providing Access to Information on the Activities of State Bodies and Local Self-Government Bodies", which comes into force in 2010, the official website of a state or municipal body is understood as "a website in the information and telecommunications the Internet, containing information about the activities of a state body or local government, the electronic address of which includes a domain name, the rights to which belong to the state body or local government" (Article 1)<16>. Prior to its adoption, the concept of a website of a state body was not enshrined in law. At the same time, according to statistics, out of 84 public authorities, 82 authorities have websites<17>, but there is no unified approach to their content, access and organization of work, and therefore the level of their development leaves much to be desired.
<16>Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2009. N 7. S. 776.
<17>Government off-line // Company. 2009. September 21. N 34. S. 26.
The legislation of the Russian Federation also reflects certain issues of electronic interaction citizens, organizations and state bodies in the exercise of state power. Individuals and legal entities are users of information when searching for information about the activities of state and municipal bodies<18>. Thus, the legislator fixed the circle of participants in electronic interaction when receiving information. Limited are forms of interaction with state bodies: the possibilities of users in the framework of electronic interaction in the exercise of state power are limited to requests for information. In this connection, it is necessary to expand their opportunities in obtaining public services in electronic form.
<18>Cm.: the federal law dated February 9, 2009 N 8-FZ "On providing access to information about the activities of state bodies and local governments" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation. 2009. N 7. S. 776.
Establishment in Russian legislation legal regulation individual elements of the formation and functioning of the electronic state makes us seriously think about the transformation of today's management system. However, it is too early to talk about the actual formation and full-fledged functioning of an electronic state with elements of democracy in Russia. This is due to a number of reasons. Firstly, this is due to the fact that information and communication technologies are not sufficiently developed, the level of informatization of state and public life is low. The interaction of society and the state, the construction and functioning of the electronic state are carried out on the basis of cyberspace. Cyberspace is a virtual interaction environment that includes "both people of all countries, cultures, languages, ages, professions, and a worldwide network of computers interconnected by means of communication infrastructures that provide digital processing and transmission of information<19>. Informatization is understood as "the general social process of production and widespread use of information as a public resource that ensures the intensification of the economy, the acceleration of the scientific and technological progress of the country, the processes of democratization and intellectualization of society"<20>. That is, for the functioning of the electronic state, a certain network of electronic computers interconnected with each other (for example, created on the basis of the Internet) is necessary. Through such a network, citizens can exercise their rights, including the right to exercise power, to associate, the right to search, receive, transmit, disseminate information, and others. Perhaps the right to participate in the management of state affairs will become the main and priority in the implementation of the concept of electronic state. This will be reflected in the conduct of electronic voting, polls, elections of state bodies, electronic meetings of citizens, and in resolving issues of local self-government. However, in order to organize communication through cyberspace, it is required to provide equal access to it for participants in electronic interaction. In Russia, not every state (or municipal) body has the appropriate equipment, specialists for the implementation of electronic procedures. What can we say about ordinary citizens, not all of whom can afford to buy a computer, for various reasons do not have the skills to work with new technologies. The way out of this situation could be the allocation of subsidies to poor families for the purchase of computers, the creation of collective centers for access to information resources, the organization free seminars and courses to train citizens to work with electronic resources. So, on January 10, 2002, the Federal Law "On Electronic Digital Signature" was adopted.<21>, which until now does not have an implementation mechanism due to the lack of the necessary technical base. That is, it is unlikely that the equality of participants in electronic interaction will be ensured in the near future, and, accordingly, the functioning of the electronic state.
<19>Antonos G.A. International dimensions of cyberspace law. M., 2002. S. 174 - 175.
<20>Theory of State and Law: A Textbook for High Schools / Ed. MM. Rassolova. M .: Publishing house UNITY-DANA, "Law and Law", 2004. S. 699.
<21>Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2002. N 2. S. 127.
Secondly, in Russia the need of the population for new forms of interaction with state and municipal authorities power, new methods of exercising power. The basis for the formation of an electronic state is the information society - a qualitatively new state of the elementary cells of society, an individual state and humanity as a whole, due to the development of information technologies, communication systems, reflecting a new level of development of scientific knowledge, which is a new type of organization of society, society of the new century. The people as a subject of democracy in the theory of the electronic state has specific features. Scientists are talking about the emergence of a "people-voter" as a single subject of democracy, as well as its qualitative transformation - the acquisition of the properties of a digital public<22>. The digital public, according to S. Moscovici, is a dispersed mass of voters, consisting of individual voters who are in constant dialogue with each other. It is a self-organized system capable of making independent decisions.<23>. V.N. Rudenko argues that the ability of such a public to interact and self-organize is a transition from the community of "governed" to the community of "managers", which will be an alternative to governments and parliaments.<24>. Answers to questions about whether there is an information society in Russia and whether the population of Russia has the properties of a digital public are ambiguous. On the one hand, many of us can no longer imagine our lives without the use of information technology, electronic communication. On the other hand, there remains a fairly large number of citizens who are not ready to deal with a computer instead of actually communicating with other people in reality; little interest in information achievements and transformations. For example, few people know about the implementation of the concept of e-government in Russia, but it is we who will have to use electronic state procedures in the future. Thus, it is highly doubtful that the entire population today will be able to exercise power through the Internet. The mentality of Russian citizens is quite conservative, in connection with which any state reforms should be carried out gradually and purposefully. In this regard, it seems necessary to raise the level of legal awareness of people by informing them about the formation of an electronic state, explaining their rights and freedoms, and new information opportunities. It is also necessary to introduce additional requirements for civil servants when appointed to positions related to work with information and communication technologies.
<22>See: Rudenko V.N. Decree. op. S. 60.
<23>See: Moskovichi S. Age of crowds. M., 1998. S. 253 - 266.
<24>Rudenko V.N. Decree. op. S. 62.
The current legal acts do not fully regulate all aspects of building an electronic state. The legislation of the Russian Federation does not contain a basic law that establishes the foundations for the functioning of an electronic state, there is no concept of "state service provided in electronic form", in many cases the conditions and requirements for their provision are not defined. That is, a government body endowed with appropriate powers, according to the current legislation, will not be able to fully carry out its activities in electronic form, providing only information about such activities and performing only certain electronic procedures. In addition, the idea of electronic interaction between the population, organizations and state bodies in the exercise of power remains unfulfilled, the list of forms of interaction between participants in electronic interaction is limited, the issues of exercising power by the population in electronic form and others are not reflected. The above problems need legal regulation. It is necessary to introduce into the Constitution of the Russian Federation and other normative legal acts articles on giving the Russian state the status of an electronic one; establish the possibility of exercising state power in electronic form, using information and communication technologies, in particular, provide for the organization of electronic meetings; to consolidate the provisions on the functioning of the websites of state bodies on the network, as well as on the possibility of citizens to participate in the exercise of power through the use of information and communication technologies, to consolidate the right of citizens and organizations to reliable information, including legal information; to consolidate the right of citizens to choose the form of obtaining public services and participation in the exercise of state power and the resolution of issues of local importance; to consolidate the right of citizens to equal access to information and communication technologies; introduce the mandatory placement of a legal act in electronic form on the official website. In order to protect public relations against encroachments in the electronic state, it is necessary to introduce administrative liability for offenses in the electronic state (in particular, for hacking attempts and unauthorized access to electronic databases), as well as to tighten the already established administrative and criminal sanctions. The problem of legal regulation is that information and communication technologies are developing quite rapidly and the legislator does not have time to cover all the necessary issues. It may be necessary to strengthen the work of the legislature by increasing the number of bills under consideration in this area, to involve specialists in the information environment for the preparation of bills.
So, the electronic state is characterized as based on the interaction of authorities and society in order to provide public services and ensure the possibility of participation in the exercise of power by the population using information and telecommunication technologies. We can say that in the age of informatization, the formation of an electronic state is an inevitable process. Moreover, the achievements of a particular state in its construction will affect the position of this state on the world stage. It is positive that the electronic state is being created, among other things, in order to simplify government procedures, reduce the cost of maintaining the state apparatus, as well as ensure transparency in the activities of public authorities, which may lead in practice to reduce the number of deliberately illegal actions and decisions of authorities and officials.
At the same time, in all approaches to the concept of an electronic state, its negative feature can be traced - an orientation towards a universal idea of \u200b\u200bthe personality and a person, the absence of individual characteristics when performing any legal actions. In addition, advanced information and communication technologies can be a powerful tool for suppressing the population and become a prerequisite for the emergence of an anti-democratic regime. Therefore, the legislation of the emerging electronic state should contain guarantees for the suppression of unlawful interference in the life and consciousness of people in certain interests, as well as be ready for information changes and reflect the main issues of its functioning. An analysis of Russian legislation allows us to speak about the beginning of the formation of an electronic state. However, the creation of democracy in the modern era will require the joint efforts of the state and society in the direction of protecting human rights and freedoms. It is on a full-fledged dialogue between the state and society that the formation and functioning of a full-fledged electronic democratic state depend.
Development of a system of electronic interaction between the state and the population
Safin Ruslan G
This scientific work is based on the research of Garifullina A.F., which has a number of scientific works on this topic.
Electronic interaction between the state and the population is a system of interaction between public authorities and the population, based on the widespread use of modern information technologies, including the Internet, to increase the availability and quality of public services, reduce the time for their provision, as well as reduce the administrative burden on citizens and organization associated with them. .
In other words, this is a system for the provision of public services, by simplifying the processing of citizens' applications and providing them in the "one window" format. Electronic interaction between the state and the population is implemented through the introduction of the institution of "electronic government". "Electronic government" (e-Government) - Internet technologies that provide information interaction of authorities with the population and civil society institutions. .
By the middle of 2013, the backlog in the implementation of a large-scale plan for the transfer of federal, regional and municipal services to electronic rails on the EPGU + SMEV platform became chronic and was growing; as a result, this problem was specifically considered at a meeting of the Government Commission on the introduction of information technologies in government bodies. Chairman of the Commission D. Medvedev expressed the opinion at the meeting that the transfer of services to electronic form can be accelerated by solving the following tasks.
- Formation of a unified federal structure for the provision of services, including both online and offline services. This structure means not only a single portal of public services, on which more than 4 million citizens are registered today, but also a network of multifunctional centers. At the time of the meeting, about 700 centers were created, by 2015 about 3 thousand will open. Another element is the branch network of the Russian Post, of course, subject to the modernization of the branches themselves, and there are more than 40 thousand of them, and the training of the relevant personnel to be ready for this job,
- A clear definition of the concept of “provision of services in electronic form”. Behind it should be not the web page of the relevant department, but “a normal, modern, full-fledged interface that would simplify communication with officials.” The interface should be understandable not only to "advanced" users, but also to ordinary people, including the elderly, who, nevertheless, are trying to master electronic services.
- Creation of a system that allows receiving state and municipal services throughout the country, regardless of place of residence or stay.
At the first meeting of the renamed Government Commission of the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Economic Development - after discussing the situation with the slowdown in the development of the system for the provision of electronic services - it was concluded that it was necessary to develop, agree and approve the "Concept for the development of mechanisms for the provision of state and municipal services in electronic form" (Minutes No. 1 item 4 p. 1 dated 09/19/2013). On October 16, 2013, the draft Concept was presented to the public for discussion on the website of the Ministry of Communications.
The concept sums up the previous development of e-government in Russia and sets tasks for the new period in order to optimize the most successful and proven solutions. However, the issues of semantic integration of ministries and departments, the creation of a truly unified information space of all levels of government, the implementation of seamless design technologies and the provision of electronic services, as it seems to the author, are not clearly reflected in it, which requires more detailed consideration and formulation of the requirements that are not in the Concept.
For 2016, among the priority tasks for optimizing e-government are:
- improving the convenience and simplification of the use of electronic services on the gosuslugi.ru portal;
- popularizing the benefits of receiving public services in electronic form;
- improving the quality of the operation process to ensure availability electronic services for key departments at a level of at least 97 percent;
- mass distribution of the system of pre-trial appeals against the quality of public services (do.gosuslugi.ru).
In general, although electronic services in Russia are available, they are still quite difficult to mass application. It takes time for departments and regions to realize that electronic services are a combination of both technologies and new business processes, and take active steps to optimize them.
First of all, the user interface was simplified, which will increase the number of citizens who not only want to use electronic services, but also put them into practice, that is, they will receive the final result.
Secondly, in new version the integration of a single password to the EPGU and the user's personal account with regional and departmental portals was ensured. So, for example, access to Personal Area taxpayer (for certain user accounts).
Thirdly, it will apply new technology"widgets" and "open platform" EPGU, in order to transfer electronic public services to trusted sites of departments and commercial organizations.
Thus, federal services will become available on a variety of portals, and not just on the public services portal. Since technologically access to third-party sites will pass through the public services portal, this will also significantly expand the audience of the portal.
From January 1, 2016, citizens have the opportunity to pre-trial appeal against decisions and actions taken by civil servants of federal executive bodies and state non-budgetary funds in the provision of public services. This can be done through the information system of pre-trial appeal, developed by us as part of the implementation of the state program "Information Society". The system is integrated into the e-government infrastructure and is represented by a separate portal at do.gosuslugi.ru.
The system will receive complaints filed directly through the websites of departments that provide public services, as well as through multifunctional centers for the provision of public and municipal services. The creation of this system will allow centralizing all methods of filing complaints, combining them into single register complaints of the Russian Federation, the conduct of which will strengthen control over their consideration. Now the process of connecting departments to the system is underway.
Today, the development of electronic interaction between the state and the population in Russia is in its infancy, so it is important to adopt any positive experience in this environment foreign countries and
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Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the development of public services in the modern information society.
1.1. The role and place of the service sector in the modern development of society.
1.2. The system of legal regulation of the provision of public services.
1.3. Goals, objectives and features of administrative reform at the regional level.
Chapter 2. Study of factors and trends in the development of the system of public services.
2.1. The state of development of the service sector in the context of informatization.
2.2. Evaluation of the effectiveness of existing forms and methods of regulation of public services.
2.3. Study of rational foreign approaches to the provision of public services in Russian practice.
Chapter 3 effective system provision of public services.
3.1. Methodology for monitoring official sites executive bodies state authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and multifunctional centers in the performance of state functions.
3.2. Analysis of the content of official websites of multifunctional centers for the provision of public services.
3.3. Prospects for the development of the system for the provision of public services in the conditions of modern Russia.
Recommended list of dissertations
Improving the processes of providing public services based on information and communication technologies 2006, candidate of economic sciences Shestakova, Svetlana Vyacheslavovna
Legal and organizational issues of standardization of the activities of internal affairs bodies for the provision of services to the population 2010, candidate of legal sciences Chislov, Vladimir Ivanovich
State policy in the field of information technology: the experience of the Russian Federation 2012, doctor of political sciences Ustinovich, Elena Stepanovna
Development of administrative regulation in the context of reforming public administration 2012, doctor of economic sciences Keil, Yakov Yakovlevich
Political leadership in the development of public services at the level of the subject of the Russian Federation 2011, candidate of political sciences Shevchenko, Viktor Mikhailovich
Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Development of the system for the provision of electronic public services to the population: on the example of the Kurgan region"
E-government is a single complex of technologically interconnected state information systems and information technology infrastructure elements that provide a new level of efficiency and effectiveness of public authorities.
Public services, in response to the expectations of citizens in obtaining high-quality and responsive services, are striving to improve their activities, using new technologies and various solutions that simplify relationship management and access to information. In addition, informatization is becoming an important component of optimizing processes within the state structures themselves, playing a special role in connection with the ongoing administrative reform in the country, the reform of the education system, pension and other reforms.
The strategic goal of e-government is to change the relationship between government and society - to improve the scope of providing services to the population and business, as well as to expand the degree of participation of all citizens in the processes of managing society and the state.
e-government as effective tool public administration solves numerous problems of information interaction - helps to eliminate the bureaucratic barrier between the public service and the person, improving access to public information resources, making it easier to obtain the necessary information and services.
Determining the principles and basic approaches for the transition to electronic services today is one of the key points in the development of a system for the provision of public services in electronic form.
As part of the implementation of administrative reform, analyzing the reasons for reforming the public sector in different countries, we can conclude that the incentive for administrative reform will be to increase the level of information and provision of services provided by the state in electronic form, the desire to reduce public spending, increase transparency in the work state and municipal authorities.
The administrative reform represents a program for the modernization of the executive power, affecting changes in its functionality, organizational structure, work technologies, and the nature of interaction with civil society.
The reform should not be seen as something imposed from above on civil society, but as an ongoing process that directly affects the improvement of management efficiency and the achievement of final results. Today, a systematic approach is needed to the provision of services to the population in an electronic version (form), involving the solution of organizational, economic, legal and a number of other issues.
Of particular relevance at present is the task of automating communication between citizens and the state in the provision of public services, obtaining a unique opportunity to interact with the state 24 hours a day in self-service mode, determining the quantitative characteristics of the public availability of information related to the provision of public services and the implementation of public functions on the basis of existing administrative regulations, as well as the availability of electronic interaction functions on the official websites of the executive authorities.
During the formation of centralized programs for the informatization of regional information systems, many of them are implemented within the framework of separate programs and have no connection with each other. Thus, information systems are closed to serve a limited range of tasks, and informatization processes in the regions are of a departmental nature.
To improve the quality of life of citizens when transferring public services to electronic form, it is necessary to form new mechanisms for intellectual and creative activity, identify the best foreign practices, improve the legal framework governing the procedures for the provision of public services, and constantly monitor the quality of services provided.
These circumstances determined the choice of the dissertation topic, determined its purpose, objectives, subject, object and research methods.
The purpose of the study is to develop forms and methods for developing interaction between the state represented by its executive bodies and officials with citizens and organizations in the provision of public services in electronic form.
The implementation of this goal required the solution of a number of tasks: - the study of theoretical and methodological foundations, principles and mechanisms for regulating the provision of public services to the population in electronic form, clarifying the features of the formation of a system for informing potential consumers about public services and their provision through the development of an appropriate infrastructure (formation of databases on public services and the introduction of advanced information and communication technologies, as well as the creation of information centers);
Determining the possibilities and rational directions for applying world practice in the provision of public services to the population in electronic form;
Analysis of the effectiveness of the creation and modernization of information systems of authorities in the transition to electronic services;
Substantiation of proposals for the transition to electronic services, taking into account the development of an electronic method of receiving services, generating demand for electronic applications, eliminating barriers to receiving services, reducing the cost of public services to citizens who receive them electronically;
Development of an approach to create the necessary prerequisites for the provision of services in electronic form, the formation of demand for services provided in electronic form, with the preparation of recommendations for the development of a system of public services to citizens in electronic form.
The subject of the research work is a set of measures for the effective and high-quality provision of public services to the population in electronic form.
The object of the study is public services provided to the population at the level of the subject of the Russian Federation in electronic form.
The scientific novelty of the study as a whole lies in the development of organizational and methodological foundations and a system of practical recommendations for the formation of effective provision of services in electronic form.
The most significant results of the dissertation research are as follows: the sequence of implementation of the gradual transition of state executive bodies to the provision of public services in electronic form is scientifically substantiated; a system of indicators for assessing the quality and accessibility of electronic public services has been developed, factors that have a negative impact on the quality and accessibility of public services have been identified; a methodology for assessing consumer satisfaction with the quality of the public service provided is proposed, on the basis of which the final coefficient of readiness for electronic interaction is calculated, reflecting the level of electronic interaction of the state body, as well as showing the degree of its readiness for the provision of services in electronic form;
A set of organizational and economic recommendations has been developed for the development of methods for express analysis of an e-government project, the essence of which is reflected in the constant monitoring of the current situation, which provides for a scoring assessment of public satisfaction with the quality of services provided in electronic format and allowing to identify factors that can contribute to increased satisfaction of citizens with the quality and availability of services.
theoretical and methodological basis research served as the development of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists in the field economic development, information technology, public and municipal government.
The information base of the work was made up of data from the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Federal Laws of the Russian Federation, target programs, resolutions and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation and its subjects, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, the results sociological research, Internet information resources. Reference and methodical literature, materials of specialized periodicals were used.
Practical significance and approbation of the research results.
The main provisions of the dissertation were discussed and tested in published articles and in a presentation at the scientific and practical conference: “Problems of integrating education, science and business in the face of new challenges of the global economy” (Moscow, 2013).
Suggested by the author practical advice for the development of methods for express analysis of the e-government project and for assessing satisfaction with the quality of the public service provided, have been introduced into the practice of the State Budgetary Institution of the Kurgan Region "MFC". The completed scientific developments are also used in the educational process when teaching economic disciplines at the Kurgan branch of the Modern Humanitarian Academy.
Using the recommendations and conclusions of the dissertation will improve the efficiency and quality of public and municipal services provided. The main provisions of the dissertation research can be used in the performance of state functions and the transfer of public services to the population in electronic form by the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as the development of administrative regulations of executive authorities.
The structure and content of the work are determined by the goals, objectives and logic of the dissertation research. The dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references. Scope of work - 126 pages of the main text, including tables and figures.
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Dissertation conclusion on the topic “Economics and management of the national economy: the theory of management of economic systems; macroeconomics; economics, organization and management of enterprises, industries, complexes; innovation management; regional economy; logistics; labor economics”, Zhidkova, Oksana Sergeevna
Conclusion
Improving the quality of public services should become an integral part of public administration capable of ensuring the effective development of socio-economic processes in Russia. The provision of services has played a significant role in the socio-economic development of society since ancient times. The presence of services as a form of interaction between people determines the formation and construction of a modern economically developed society.
The social significance of information about the activities of state bodies is as follows: firstly, at the stage modern development public authorities are the bearers and holders of the largest volume of socially significant information, environmental, legal, information about emergencies and incidents, which causes a constant increased interest of the whole society; secondly, today for society the most significant and essential will be the information resources of public authorities; thirdly, the implementation of the possibility of gaining access to such resources is relatively new for the Russian Federation, and the legislation in this area is the youngest; Fourth, the Internet is the most effective modern facility dissemination of information among a wide range of the population.
Thus, not only providing interested persons with access to information about the activities of state bodies, but also the entire public will contribute to the development of state public (electronic) information resources allowing: - to improve the quality of public administration; -achieve in acceptance management decisions transparency;
Create a system of control over the activities of government bodies by society itself.
At the same time, state bodies are still not effectively using the possibilities of information technology in order to move to a qualitatively new level of interaction with the population.
Today, a systematic approach is needed to the provision of services to the population in an electronic version (form), involving the solution of organizational, economic, legal and a number of other issues.
An important task is the formation and development of the industry and the corresponding infrastructure that increases the level of demand for electronic services targeted at the mass consumer using information (electronic) resources that ensure a high level of quality, accessibility and efficiency in the provision of electronic public services. It is necessary to establish a unified system for the provision of services in electronic form throughout the Russian Federation, including the creation of a single database, the requirement for the composition and content of information about the service provided in electronic form, and the mechanism for authorizing service users.
Of particular relevance at present is the task of automating communication between citizens and the state in the provision of public services, obtaining a unique opportunity to interact with the state 24 hours a day in self-service mode, determining the quantitative characteristics of the public availability of information related to the performance of functions and the provision of public services on the basis of existing administrative regulations. , as well as the development of opportunities for electronic interaction on the official websites of executive authorities.
Today, it is necessary to create and develop state interdepartmental electronic interaction that allows exchanging data and making decisions in real time, while ensuring the security of the recipient and the representative of services provided electronically.
Despite the existing differences between the subjects of the country in informatization, as well as the level of information and communication infrastructure of public authorities, most of them are striving for a phased transition to electronic interaction, the provision of information resources via the Internet. Based on this, the paper proposed a method for calculating the final coefficient of readiness for electronic interaction, which reflects the level of electronic interaction of the state body and shows the degree of readiness of the state body to provide services in electronic form.
In the ongoing study, a questionnaire "Quality of public services through the eyes of the population" was developed, consisting of several blocks: the first block of questions of the questionnaire - the position and opinion of the population on interaction with executive authorities in the provision of public services. This block includes questions aimed at clarifying:
Problems that may arise for individuals and legal entities when receiving public services in a public authority;
The reasons why citizens have to refuse to receive public services;
social institutions, which citizens trust more when filing a complaint against the actions (inaction) of officials in the provision of public services;
The desire of citizens to use the services of intermediary organizations in obtaining public services; the second block of questions in the questionnaire is the availability of an appropriate infrastructure available in public authorities that provide and provide public services. Intended respondents are invited to answer questions that arise when applying to a public authority for obtaining the necessary public service; the third block of questions in the questionnaire is the wishes of citizens about what needs to be done to improve the work of civil servants at all levels and improve the quality and accessibility of public services. the fourth block of questions of the questionnaire is to determine the indicators of the quality and accessibility of public services, allowing satisfaction of the needs and desires of the population in the provision of public services.
Based on the questionnaire, the main reasons for the dissatisfaction of the population with the quality of the provision of services in electronic format and factors that can improve the quality and accessibility of the provision of public services to the population in any region of the country can be identified.
At present, the reality is that Russia does not have a sufficient number of specialists, as well as specially designed information programs in the provision and development of public services to the population in electronic form. In order to narrow the gap, our country has to do a lot of work, in which people interested in the accelerated informatization of the country should participate. Serious support is needed from the government and public authorities at different levels, their close interaction.
Another problem is the qualification of specialists called to implement the Electronic Russia program. Unfortunately, in our country there are not enough specialists capable of working with modern information technologies, and one cannot but take into account the ongoing so-called "brain drain" abroad, where they offer a better standard of living and well-being.
Opportunities and implementation of financing programs, interaction between the state and society, coordinated actions of public authorities at all levels are also among the priority issues in building an electronic state.
With modern opportunities for the development of information and communication technologies and the implementation of interaction both between state authorities within state structures, and directly with consumers of services (individuals and legal entities), continuous process interconnections before the implementation of specific decisions in the country. Today, the proposed and adopted decisions by public authorities are directly subordinate to the executors of state structures and can only be approved by the top management, without taking into account the opinions and criticism of society.
An open information society, in our opinion, is:
Permanent operation Internet portals of public authorities;
Well-coordinated feedback process;
The ability of the population to take a direct part in assessing the effectiveness of the work of public authorities in decision-making;
Development and approval legal documents regulating access to information resources;
Organization of continuous and uninterrupted work of sa11-centers, consulting receptions;
Development of measures that implement the conduct of public examinations;
Formation of a system of standards for public services, allowing the provision of services to citizens and businesses in electronic form.
The implementation of the concept for the introduction of e-government in the region will increase the budget expenditures for organizing the work and activities of the executive authorities of state structures, however, it should be noted that the total budget expenditures for the organization of the new public administration will decrease.
The introduction of e-government should lead to a reassessment of values and awareness of the modern and effective level of interaction not only for certain categories of citizens of our country, but for the entire society as a whole, including civil servants at all levels. At the same time, civil servants and employees of government departments of a functioning public administration system need to understand that not accepting new system interaction between authorities, authorities with citizens and organizations, will contribute to the displacement of such officials from the outside and the arrival of new ones who realize and understand the prospects for interaction through information and communication technologies.
The main elements of the e-government of the region should be the following:
Information and analytical subsystems that increase the socio-economic development of the region through monitoring, analysis, forecasting and planning in the work of state authorities in the region;
Functional subsystems that implement the measurement of information between citizens and state authorities of the region in the provision and provision of public services in electronic form;
Integration subsystems that implement the functioning of interdepartmental interaction of the authorities of the electronic government of the region between different levels of government;
Common information technology infrastructures that implement the interconnected existence of various subsystems of the electronic government of the region.
The methods for regulating the provision of public services are as follows:
Increasing the number of Internet users due to: support from the state to create the possibility for all categories of citizens to receive reference and special information upon request about the activities of public authorities, legal documents in public and most visited places;
Ensuring uninterrupted operation of the Internet in hard-to-reach and remote places, such as towns, villages, etc.;
When planning the budget, allocate subsidies for the implementation of building a network of access to Internet resources in remote areas;
Raising public awareness about e-government services: creation and organization of training programs on the use of public online services in schools, employment centers; conducting monitoring and information activities;
As part of the implementation of the e-government system, attract independent organizations to implement the planned projects.
In order to participate independent organizations was effective:
Continuous training of internal personnel and personnel reserve and adoption of the experience of employees of third-party organizations;
Assess the feasibility of using independent organizations instead of their own state structures and departments;
Formation of priority public services provided at the initial stage of the implementation of the e-government system. At the same time, the services provided this stage from the list must meet the following criteria:
Rendering on the principle of "one window". For the consumer of services, it should not matter which of the public institutions do him a favor;
When developing an online version, the entire process of providing each of the services must be streamlined.
The introduction of e-government should be facilitated by the ease and mass access to public services in electronic form by individuals and legal entities. Responsible for documents submitted to public authorities will not be citizens, but civil servants.
The dissertation outlines the methodology for monitoring the official websites of executive authorities. Monitoring the content of official websites is monitoring the work of state bodies in distributing information and services of electronic interaction on their websites on the performance of state functions and the provision of public services in order to identify whether the current level of electronic interaction corresponds to the desired result.
This technique can be used:
For annual independent monitoring of the current state of readiness for electronic interaction on the official websites of the executive bodies of state power of the subject, the MFC in connection with the adoption and application of administrative regulations;
To introduce new developments to improve the analysis of the content of official websites of authorities,.
The methodology for monitoring the content of official websites of the executive authorities of the region of the Russian Federation and the MFC presented in the dissertation research is based on determining the quantitative characteristics of information and services posted on official websites.
The quantitative characteristic of information and services is determined using the criterion of the presence / absence of information and services posted on the official website of the state body, for each administrative regulation, taking into account the total number of administrative regulations.
The thesis proposes a methodology for assessing consumer satisfaction with the quality of the public service provided, on the basis of which the final coefficient of readiness for electronic interaction was developed, reflecting the level of electronic interaction of the state body, as well as showing the degree of readiness for the provision of services in electronic form.
The problem of informatization of the public administration system was given a significant place in the dissertation. This allows us to talk about the applied nature of the study.
Thus, the development of a socio-economic society is currently closely connected with developing Internet technologies, which should allow public authorities to provide high-quality, popular and affordable electronic services. Revealing negative influences on the quality and ubiquity of public services, determined on the basis of indicators for assessing the quality and accessibility of electronic public services, allowing public authorities to continuously analyze and improve the provision of public services to the population.
Using the recommendations and conclusions of the dissertation will improve the efficiency of management and the quality of public services provided. The main provisions of the work can be used by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the formation of administrative regulations for the execution of state functions and in the course of transferring public services to the population into electronic form.
Through the introduction into everyday life of special devices and software that allow you to work at home and provide public services in electronic format quickly and conveniently for the population. This is necessary in order for society to realize and accept the organization of the creation of a new public administration - the provision of electronic public services.
To implement interactive interaction, specialists in the field of information and communication technologies should develop and improve existing software products for public authorities, their clients, citizens and businesses, as well as to create special programs for certain categories of citizens (pensioners, people with disabilities and people with disabilities).
Today, state authorities must ensure not only the high quality of the provision of electronic public services, but also the continuity of their provision.
In order to create an effective functioning of the electronic region, it is necessary to analyze among the users of public services the provided public services of electronic form and official information, which are the most popular and frequently requested citizens in a particular region of the country, since Russia is a huge country with different territorial features and a specific mentality.
In the dissertation research, an analysis was made of the proposed and demanded public services provided to the population in electronic form in the territory of the Kurgan region. The most significant and in demand for the population are services that have a social orientation. High rates demand for public services are the Department of Health and the Main Department of Social Protection of the Population in the Kurgan Region.
Particularly important, in our opinion, the implementation of the program of the electronic region will be the creation and existence of access to the Internet in the region among the municipalities of district settlements and settlements. This requires the creation special conditions to attract highly qualified specialists to work who are able to create a system for the provision of public services to the population in electronic form, who are able to train available personnel on the ground in villages remote from the center, and also organize the possibility of monitoring and supervising activities in the region local authorities authorities municipal levels. In turn, local authorities of the municipality should organize among their citizens, future recipients of public services, new opportunities for obtaining official information about the activities of public authorities and a new way of providing public services in electronic form.
The introduction of information technologies into the public administration system should provide a new level of economic, social and educational development in Russia.
Thus, it will be fundamentally important that citizens (individuals and legal entities), when sending a request for the provision of the necessary information, as well as within the framework of the provision of public services, will be able to control the possibility and progress of its provision.
Very important and unique in the implementation of the e-government program will be the equality, without exception, of all categories of citizens and customers who will be provided with electronic services.
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The formation of e-government involves a comprehensive solution of the following tasks:
Full automation of public administration based on modern information technologies;
· Implementation of the reform of public administration institutions;
· providing a government web presence;
· achievement of a high level of telecommunication infrastructure;
· raising the level of readiness of the population to use information services.
In turn, the government web presence (according to the classification of the European Commission) is characterized by the sequential passage of five stages:
1. Information (Information) - means a 20% web presence and involves the creation of regularly updated government websites with the publication of basic government information on them ( regulations, orders, resolutions, etc.) references to ministries and government departments (education, health, finance, etc.).
2. Interactive one-way (One way interaction) - assumes a 40% web presence and consists in organizing passive interaction between clients and the government. It implies, for example, providing electronic access to various forms of documents that citizens and businesses need to interact with the state. You can print the form you need, but you will have to send it in the traditional way, and not via the Internet. Or, for example, searching for vacancies in government organizations based on user-specified criteria.
3. Two way interaction - means 60% web presence and is implemented through interactive two-way interaction. At this stage, online services acquire interactivity and it becomes possible to request information on certain speeches and discussions, contact government officials by e-mail, participate in online discussions or leave comments on message boards, etc.
4. Transactional (Transaction) - assumes 80% web presence and is characterized by transactional interaction, due to which it is possible to provide services that can be performed online at all stages. Examples include filing applications electronically for licenses to practice, filing tax returns, applications for exchange of documents, etc. At this stage, one of the serious problems is to ensure the safety of work.
5. Proactive (Targetisation) - means 100% web presence and is characterized by the fact that the government not only provides services to citizens and businesses, but also involves citizens in decision-making and two-way dialogue based on interactive services. Shlyakhtina S. Internet in figures and facts / S. Shlyakhtina // Computer press. - 2003. - No. 2. - . 8-19
In general, "electronic government" is defined as a specialized complex system of interaction between executive authorities and citizens, civil society and business structures via the Internet. The following levels of interaction can be distinguished:
C2B (customer-to-business) -- between citizens and private companies;
B2B (business-to-business) -- between private companies;
G2C (government-to-citizen) - between public services (at the level of government, departments and regions) and citizens;
G2B (government-to-business) - between the state and private companies;
G2G (government-to-government) -- between government bodies. Prokhorov. A. Electronic government in figures and facts / A. Prokhorov // Computer-press. - 2006. - No. 5. - S. S. 144-150
In the concept of "electronic state", the entire system of executive authorities functions as a single service organization designed to provide services to the population. The activities of "e-government" should be sufficiently open, transparent and accessible to citizens. Special attention is given to the principle of feedback, speed and quality of service delivery, through the widespread use of centralized Internet systems. All this is designed to improve both the quality of public services provided by the state, and the efficiency of the functioning of the government itself. Irkhin Yu.V. "Electronic government": theory and practice // Public service. -- 2008 . -- N 4. - 163-173
The process of establishing the "e-government" system can be divided into three main stages-directions: "publicity", "participation" and "online transactions".
"Publicity" - means the use of the latest communication technologies to expand the access of citizens and civil society institutions to the information of interest to them of state authorities and local self-government.
"Participation" - implies the expansion of opportunities for citizens to participate in the management of state and public affairs at all levels of government and throughout the cycle of preparing and making political decisions. It involves the publication of contact addresses on the relevant websites of state and municipal structures Email and feedback forms.
"Online transactions" - ensure the provision of public and municipal institutions via the Internet - payment utility bills, filing tax returns and collecting taxes, registering public associations, and in the future - entrepreneurs without a legal entity, small businesses, etc. At this stage, an "information economy" is being formed, which is a new step in terms of the economic effect resulting from the constant interactive functioning of state portals.
The advantages of the electronic state are obvious - the simplification of bureaucratic procedures, a significant reduction in the time required for registration required documents, ensuring easily verifiable, strict tax accountability of legal entities and individuals through the introduction of a unified electronic accounting system, increasing the level of budget revenues, reducing the scale of corruption and, accordingly, increasing public confidence in government institutions Vasilenko L.A. Internet in the informatization of the Russian public service. M., RAGS, 2000; Irkhin Yu.V. "Electronic government": theory and practice // Public service. -- 2008 . -- N 4. - 163-173; Kupryashin G.L., Solovyov A.I. State management, (Section "Electronic government"). M., 2004. .
A number of conditions are necessary for the reorganization of the public administration system in the e-government paradigm. Among them:
1. Adoption of relevant state decisions;
2. A sufficient level of "Internetization" of society (at least 30% of the country's amateur population and most state institutions);
3. Development of a rational concept of "e-government" and the creation of the necessary information and technological prerequisites and electronic forms (documents, signatures, etc.), financial support, training of new personnel in the algorithm of this government;
4. Taking into account the most complex social and administrative-legal problems arising from the introduction of new electronic organizational management models into life, the traditions of the development of society, the features of its management, bureaucracy;
5. Removing narrow-technological approaches in the formation and operation of the "electronic state" ("information technology will solve all problems"),
6. Overcoming the possibilities of its use for anti-social purposes;
7. Rational-critical use of the accumulated foreign experience Irkhin Yu.V. "Electronic government": theory and practice // Public service. -- 2008 . -- N 4. - 163-173.
S. Shlyakhtina in her work highlights following conditions:
· reorganization of internal structures and processes of state institutions through automation of processes and taking into account the principles of accountability, transparency and efficiency;
secure access to services (deployment of identity systems, support of security policy, etc.), without which the development of online services is doomed to failure;
the use of a wide range of channels for the effective provision of services, and innovative channels (computer, mobile phone, digital TV, etc.) should not exclude, but complement traditional ones, since not all categories of the population (for example, the elderly) will want to switch to new ways of getting services;
· standardization of services based on international standards and support for multilingualism, since services should be available to all citizens regardless of their nationality, language of communication, place of residence, etc.;
· convenience and support, since the receipt of services should be designed for all categories of the population (regardless of the level of education, skills, physical abilities, etc.), while citizens should be able to consult at any time on the subject of obtaining services.
Websites of government agencies are not a tribute to fashion, they carry a large information and legal burden. As I. Bachilo rightly points out, in the conditions of “the information society... the issue of transparency of the activities of executive authorities is of particular importance. These circumstances should affect the state of information and state security in general, the reality of the institution of responsibility of both public authorities and civil servants” Bachilo IL. Information law. - M., 2001. .
State bodies are becoming more open and accessible to society, focused on citizens. Under the conditions of the "electronic state", the society receives not only wide access to information, but also the opportunity to influence the process of making government decisions, to take an interactive part in their preparation, which ultimately also increases the transparency of the public sector. "Electronic state" in general creates new opportunities for the development of democracy. This is extremely important in conditions when "the globalization of the process of democratization of the world is accompanied by the problem of the crisis of modern democracy", expressed "in the exhaustion of the possibilities of self-development of democracy, its progress" Kovler A.I. Crisis of Democracy? - M., 1997. .
Thus, the electronic state (electronic government, e-government) is an Internet technology that provides information interaction of authorities with the population and civil society institutions. It appeared at the end of the 20th century due to the low efficiency of the work of state authorities. The process of establishing the "electronic state" system can be divided into three main stages-directions: "publicity", "participation" and "online transactions". The electronic state is a system of interaction between executive authorities and citizens, civil society and business structures via the Internet.
The main features of the e-government are the introduction of ICT in the activities of governments of various countries, the openness and availability of state information, the principle of feedback between the population and state authorities, the responsibility of the state for decisions, decentralization of power.
Electronic state is the implementation of Internet solutions and basic infrastructure for the provision of information resources and information services to individuals and legal entities by government agencies in order to ensure transparency in the work of the public sector and ensure interactive participation among the first persons in decision-making.
Types of states at different stages of development of human society:
- control state - pre-industrial society;
– constitutional state- industrial society;
– welfare state- post-industrial society;
– electronic state – information society.
The purpose of the e-government is to ensure the interactive participation of individuals and legal entities and the transparent work of the public sector.
The implementation of the ideas of the electronic state is carried out through the creation of state websites that: a) exercise the right of citizens to information, and the subject is fully responsible for the information posted on this site; b) perform a communicative function.
Features of government websites
1) submission of applications, registration, submission of customs declarations;
2) elimination of paper document circulation and restructuring state archives;
3) creation of a single center to control activities for the collection of personal information and their automated processing.
Today at Russian system public administration uses the program "Electronic Russia", within the framework of which such projects as "Electronic Government", "Telemedicine", "Distance Education" have been developed. Gradually, a modern Information system public administration, which uses predominantly information technology for public rule.
Vasilenko I.A. identifies the following main characteristics of public administration in the XXI century:
– development of public policy using information and communication technologies, political analytics and forecasting;
– development, implementation and evaluation government programs using modern methods socio-political and socio-economic diagnostics, identification and recognition of images, aggregation of information and its computer processing (using methods of mathematical modeling of social processes in the development of management decisions at the local, regional and national levels);
- forecasting and taking into account in practice positive and negative trends in the development of social phenomena, developing measures to localize and eliminate shortcomings, identifying the needs for changes and innovations and taking practical steps to implement them;
- analysis, generalization and interpretation of social, political and economic indicators characterizing the state of the region, region, country;
– organizing and conducting empirical research to study socio-political and socio-economic processes in the region (region, country) to find optimal management decisions, making such decisions;
- the use of rational methods of searching, processing, storing and using the necessary social, political, economic and scientific information.
e-government is the concept of public administration inherent in the information society. This concept is based on the possibilities of information and telecommunication technologies and the values of an open civil society.
In many countries, "electronic government" is just being created, and in some countries it has been successfully functioning for a long time.
The US Electronic Government Act of 2002 consists of five sections (titles).
1. Electronic public service of administrative and budgetary management.
2. Federal Office of Electronic Public Service.
3. Information security.
4. Approval of appropriations and deadlines.
5. Protection confidential information and reliability of statistics.
Goals of creating an electronic state:
1) ensuring interdepartmental cooperation;
2) development of the spread of e-government;
3) expanding the participation of citizens in public administration;
4) raising the level of awareness of decision makers;
5) reduction of costs and expenses for state structures;
6) access to reliable state information. The system of authorities exercising powers in the field of creation and functioning of the electronic state:
1) information agencies;
2) information officer;
3) council of senior officials on information (interdepartmental character);
4) department for e-state issues;
5) administration administrator (appointed by the president);
6) administrative and budgetary management;
7) director of administrative and budgetary department;
8) interdepartmental commission on state information.
However, today "electronic government", with rare exceptions, has not yet become a reality. There are more and more examples of "government on-line" (government on-line), which is inherently not identical to "e-government". "Government on-line" is a static government sites that rarely contain anything other than general information about the work of this government structure and contact numbers. The most advanced of them offer citizens a small number of electronic transactions, such as paying taxes.
Naturally, among specialists there are different points of view on the content of the concept of "electronic government". Let us consider only some of the interpretations of this term. Thus, e-government is defined as follows:
- organization of public administration based on electronic means of processing, transmitting and disseminating information, providing services to state bodies of all branches of government to all categories of citizens (pensioners, workers, businessmen, civil servants, etc.) by electronic means, informing citizens about work by the same means government agencies;
– information technologies in public administration;
- automated public services, the main functions of which are: ensuring free access of citizens to all necessary state information, collecting taxes, registering vehicles and patents, issuing the necessary information, concluding agreements and arranging the supply of materials and equipment necessary for the state apparatus. This can lead to a reduction in costs and savings of taxpayers' funds for the maintenance and financing of the activities of the state apparatus, an increase in the openness and transparency of the activities of government bodies;
- the use of new technologies in government bodies, including Internet technologies.
According to some experts, these definitions represent e-government rather as a way to modernize existing structures and services, and not as an independent idea of a comprehensive transformation of the very principles of organizing government management. From this point of view, this approach is wrong, because in the first place it is not economically justified. E-government, as the provision of state structures with modern information technologies that implement traditional services, means additional budget costs aimed at simple duplication of off-line (off-line) activities in electronic form. But there is another approach. In many countries, primarily in the US and the UK, e-government is seen rather as a concept aimed at improving the efficiency of the state as a whole.
Consider the main provisions of the concept of e-government on the example of foreign experience.
In the public life of any country, there are three main subjects - the state, citizens and commercial organizations. Therefore, ideally, e-government should consist of three main modules: G2G (government for government) - government to government; G2B (government to business) - government to business; G2C (government to citizens) - government to citizens.
E-government contains online services for citizens and businesses on a single portal, electronic document management in government and parliamentary structures, a common database for different government structures to prevent duplication of information and repeated costs, often a closed specialized information network for intra-government transactions (for example, Govnet), an extensive information and telecommunications infrastructure, cryptography systems and other methods of protecting information, including personal data, digital signature, electronic key, smart cards, other means of authorizing access to information and operations with it.
In this way, e-government enables government agencies to use new technologies to provide people with better access to government information and services, improve the quality of these services, and better participate in democratic institutions.
Speaking about the improvement of the public administration system, among the main achievements of "electronic government" are the following.
1. Possibility of "economical public administration". The savings from replacing paper information flows with electronic ones are enormous. The US government alone spends about a billion dollars a year to print a number of documents that are also published online. The main circulation - 30 million copies of the federal register, 1 million copies of verbatim records of hearings and 65 million copies of the presidential budget - is intended for officials with access to the Internet. Thus, most of this printed matter is sent straight to the capital's dustbins.
Another example. The electronic publication of phone numbers, postal and physical addresses of government employees allowed the State of Florida to save 295 thousand dollars a year on the reproduction and distribution of paper directories, as well as solve the problem of updating this information, 30% of which after a year (from publication to publication) is outdated. Multiply that by 50 states and add in the federal government apparatus guide, and you have another source of huge savings.
The U.S. Code of Federal Employment and Fire Regulations weighs 1,000 pounds in print, and lists requirements for military-grade livers at 15 pages. The publication of all government documents on the web will help to reduce costs and make information more accessible at the same time. In addition, the electronic form is much better suited to complex specifications. The printed documentation for the state competition for the creation of a new cargo aircraft weighs 3.5 tons, and in electronic form it could easily fit on a couple of CDs.
By moving its key structures to the Internet, the government itself, without the participation of any of the external allies, could give citizens a powerful incentive to adopt the web lifestyle. If the state - usually the largest "enterprise" in any country - takes the lead in introducing new technologies, this will automatically raise the technical level of the entire national economy and give impetus to the development of the information market. By an administrative order or various benefits, it can induce all companies that have at least some relationship with it to take the necessary steps.
2. Saving time. For example, South Australia used to publish its 50-page official job listing with a circulation of 5,000 copies weekly. At the same time, announcements of a free place that had appeared reached the addressees with a delay by the time the booklet was replicated and distributed to several hundred offices scattered throughout the state, so that the deadline for accepting applications from applicants began taking into account the timing of their forwarding by regular mail.
Now the whole process is carried out in an electronic document management automation system based on Microsoft Exchange software. First, information about opening vacancies goes to the personnel departments of government agencies and to a number of recruitment agencies in a privileged position. If it turns out that any government employee would like to transfer to the vacant position, the hiring manager will automatically receive an email notification and cancel the wide publication of the announcement, so that no one wastes time offering their services. And if there are no such applicants, the announcement will go to the press and the hiring manager will also receive notifications by e-mail about its publication indicating the names and numbers of newspapers. Thus, the state government expects not only to save 50-80% of its annual recruitment costs through the introduction of the new system, but also to significantly reduce the time to fill vacancies while unconditionally observing the principle of equality of opportunity, including for employees of remote offices of government agencies.
3. The possibility for government organizations to open their knowledge management and business accounting systems to the public. German federal ministry Finance is developing electronic system management of archives of public records. The project provides for automatic routing, storage and publication of documents on closed or public web sites - depending on the signature.
Another example is the Massachusetts government competition system. Participation conditions, all documents that may be required for this, and subsequently information about the winners are published online. The result of the introduction of this system was not only a reduction in the cost of holding competitions, but also the emergence of various public organizations a real opportunity to purchase the goods they need at more low prices. As in most states, in Massachusetts, municipalities, village governments, and school districts can buy their products from manufacturers on the same terms as the government. In the paper world, however, it is almost impossible to find traces of "state" prices for most of the necessary goods. Now, any city agency or school can check out the state's best rate on the new system's Web site.
4. Opportunity for citizens to directly influence the adoption of managerial decisions. So, for example, in the case when a government structure is going to make changes to the procedure for providing certain service, it will be able to post information about the proposed changes to its policy on its website on the Internet and invite interested persons to express their opinion about this service and the proposed new policy. The feedback received can then be used to improve this policy.
5. Improving the quality of services provided by government organizations to citizens. The implementation of government services via the Internet will allow citizens to use them without leaving their homes. This will increase the flexibility, speed and availability of government services, and possibly reduce their cost.
6. The ability to receive integrated services, as different government organizations will be able to interact more effectively with each other. For example, as a result of an accident, a person needs to contact several different government organizations and in each state their situation and needs. If all these organizations had the opportunity to share information and integrate their services, a person would have to do all the required procedures just once.
7. Raise the level of public awareness, which will be able to receive up-to-date comprehensive information about government laws, regulations, policies and services. By making this information about all existing rules and regulations available on the Internet, people will have more opportunities to engage in any activity, both personal and professional, safely and within the law.
Naturally, the implementation of such a large-scale concept is associated with overcoming many difficulties. In order to encourage citizen participation in government, the following points should be taken into account when developing ways to use information and communication technologies.
8. The possibility of dividing the population into those who have the skills and tools to use new technologies, and those who do not. If citizens are not armed and do not own equipment, then they are unlikely to be able to influence e-government in any way. E-government should bring people together, not divide them. Therefore, “electronic government” should be organized in such a way that, on the one hand, the usual ways of accessing government services for those who need them are preserved, and on the other hand, places of public access to the Internet are created and educational programs are operating, the task of which - help citizens to master new technologies.
As for the process of creating a government network infrastructure in the Russian Federation, it corresponds to the stages that all governments go through.
The first stage, which is characterized by the creation of initial "departmental interfaces", is almost completed. The vast majority of federal executive bodies have created and are steadily functioning websites.
By order of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation prepared and approved the List of Regular Mandatory Information for Posting by Federal Executive Authorities in the Russian Segment of the Internet. The list requires the following information to be included:
- official name federal body executive power and official details (address, phone numbers of the reference service, e-mail address);
- regulation on the federal executive body;
– organizational structure federal executive body (leadership, structure of the central office, territorial bodies, subordinate institutions and enterprises);
- normative acts regulating the activities of the federal executive body;
- regulatory legal acts affecting the rights and obligations of citizens and organizations adopted by the federal executive authorities in accordance with their competence;
– information on the state of affairs in the industry (field of reference);
- information on federal targeted programs in the implementation of which the federal executive body participates, including information on the implementation of program provisions;
– daily information from the press service (public relations departments) on the activities of the federal executive body;
- details of public reception offices of the federal executive body (address, telephone numbers, procedure for working with citizens and organizations).
The above information must be provided in full, with the exception of information classified in accordance with the law as information with restricted access.
In the development of this List, the Department of Government Information developed in July 2001 "Recommendations for the creation and maintenance of the Internet site of the federal executive body", which take into account the experience in creating an "electronic" infrastructure by the leading governments of the world, detail many of the tasks and issues related to the development and maintenance of government websites.
The next stage is the deployment of an infrastructure on the Internet that provides users with possible services of a purely informational nature that work with the user in an external information loop.
Today, as part of the creation of the Internet portal of the Government of the Russian Federation, a more advanced infrastructure of the system for informing the public about the activities of state authorities is being formed. We are talking about the creation of horizontally and vertically integrated government news resources, supported by the information departments of various federal departments and local authorities.
Within the framework of the government network information circuit, mechanisms are being created that support online departmental communities, primarily information departments of ministries and departments (press services or public relations departments), which are more ready than others to master new technologies of the Internet. ". As these network mechanisms and services are developed, experience and solutions can be transferred to other areas of the government control loop.
An infrastructure of network mechanisms for dialogue (interaction) between the government (departments) and citizens (communities) is being created in the form of specialized online forums on various socially significant problems. Forums can solve problems of supporting permanent expert communities. The portal contains a specialized interactive module that allows you to quickly support any dialog task.
Online services are being created for journalists and media editors. We are talking about creating a virtual accreditation system that provides journalists with online access to events held at the Government House, ministries and departments (which is especially important for regional media).
The portal will have a modern catalog of network resources of state authorities providing full-fledged search and other services. This is not only useful and convenient for users, but also allows you to monitor situations in the field of state network resources.
A reference and information database of government documents has been created for users, integrating the texts of more than 17 thousand government documents with interfaces, providing a convenient search.
It may be promising to develop a network government infrastructure that allows solving the problems of information support for the activities of the government, ministries and departments in non-standard (crisis, problematic) situations. New technologies make it possible to quickly create "virtual sites" for the task ", it is quite easy to administer them. But the most important thing is not to create additional off-line structures.
An infrastructure is being developed to support network projects for various government agencies, as well as an on-line system for training and vocational training civil servants.
Since 2002, the e-government project has been identified as a priority in the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia (2002-2010)".
In particular, the Program includes the tasks of ensuring the information transparency of the activities of state authorities and the openness of state information resources for civil society, creating prerequisites for effective interaction between state authorities and citizens based on the widespread use of information and communication technologies. It is planned to implement a set of measures to increase the openness of state information resources not only at the federal, but also at the regional and local levels (through the introduction of information and communication technologies).
In order to accelerate the formation of an infrastructure for interactive interaction between citizens and public authorities, a single concept state policy in the development of the Russian segment of the payment card infrastructure and the use of electronic personal tools in automated systems of interaction between public authorities.
Undoubtedly, the implementation of this program will play important role for the development of the Russian Federation as a democratic, "information" state.
Chapter 5. Legal regimes of information resources
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