What academic right does a teacher have. Legal status of teaching staff. See what "academic freedom" is in other dictionaries

An important component of the legal status teaching staff are their academic rights and freedoms.

The concept of academic freedom is quite widespread in modern European states and USA. Academic freedom is understood primarily as the right of professorial teaching staff, researchers and students to freely conduct scientific research, as well as freely dispose of the information obtained in the course of such research.

There is the International Non-Governmental Association “Academy for Academic Freedom”. It formulated two basic principles of academic freedom:

  • both inside and outside the educational institution or research organization, there is complete freedom to raise any questions and seek the truth, including about controversial and unpopular views, regardless of whether anyone is offended by one or another point of view;
  • educational institutions and research organizations have no right to limit the academic freedoms of their staff members, nor use their public statements as a reason for disciplinary action or dismissal 1 .

Academic freedoms stem from the specifics of scientific and teaching activities. They are necessary to ensure proper protection of teachers and researchers from excessive pressure from state structures. Academic freedoms are aimed at ensuring that the teacher has the opportunity to independently choose programs and teaching methods, freely express his opinion, freely participate in scientific research, etc. In addition, academic freedoms provide for the right of teachers to free use of information resources and the right to participate in the management of educational organizations.

At the same time, the use of academic freedoms should not violate the rights and legitimate interests of other persons, the norms of the current Russian legislation, as well as the requirements professional ethics pedagogical workers.

Academics for academic freedom [ Electronic resource]: http://www.afaf.org. uk/ (Date of access: 23.12.2016)

IN Russian Federation teaching staff enjoy the following academic rights and freedoms:

  • 1. Freedom of teaching, freedom of expression, freedom from interference in professional activities.
  • 2. Freedom of choice and use of pedagogically sound forms, means, methods of education and upbringing.
  • 3. The right to creative initiative, development and application of author's programs and methods of education and upbringing within the framework of the educational program being implemented, a separate academic subject, course, discipline (module).
  • 4. The right to choose textbooks, teaching aids, materials and other means of training and education in accordance with the educational program and in the manner established by law about education.
  • 5. The right to participate in the development of educational programs, including curricula, calendar training schedules, working subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), methodological materials and other components of educational programs.
  • 6. The right to carry out scientific, scientific and technical, creative, research activities, participation in experimental and international activities, developments and innovations.
  • 7. The right to free use of libraries and information resources, as well as access in the manner prescribed by local regulations educational organization providing educational activities, to information and telecommunication networks and databases, educational and methodological materials, museum funds, material and technical means of providing educational activities necessary for the high-quality implementation of pedagogical, scientific or research activities in organizations engaged in educational activities.
  • 8. The right to free use of educational, methodological and scientific services of an organization engaged in educational activities, in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation or local regulations.
  • 9. The right to participate in the management of an educational organization, including in collegial management bodies, in the manner prescribed by the charter of this organization.
  • 10. The right to participate in the discussion of issues related to the activities of an educational organization, including through management bodies and public organizations.
  • 11. The right to association in public professional organizations in the forms and in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
  • 12. The right to apply to the commission for the settlement of disputes between participants in educational relations.
  • 13. The right to protect professional honor and dignity, to a fair and objective investigation of violations of the norms of professional ethics of teachers.

REGULATIONS ON THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE PEDAGOGICAL WORKER. ACADEMIC RIGHTS AND FREEDOM OF PEDAGOGICAL WORKERS.

1. General Provisions

2. Academic rights and freedoms

3. Labor rights and social guarantees

4. Working hours

5. Professional development

6. Responsibilities

7. Responsibility

1. General Provisions

1.1. This provision has been developed in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" No. 273-FZ of December 29, 2012, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, as amended. No. 90-FZ dated 30.07.2006, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 04.30.2003 No. 191 “On the duration of working hours (the norm of hours of pedagogical work for the rate wages) teaching staff", by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of March 27, 2006 No. 69 "On the features of the working hours and rest time of pedagogical and other workers educational institutions”, by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation of December 24, 2010 No. 2075 “On the duration of working hours (the norm of hours of pedagogical work for the wage rate) of pedagogical workers

1.2.Legal status teacher is a set of rights and freedoms (including academic), labor rights, social guarantees and compensations, restrictions, duties and responsibilities, which are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

1.3.According to the law on education, “a teacher is individual who is in labor, service relations with an organization carrying out educational activities, and performs the duties of training, educating students and (or) organizing educational activities. Therefore, it is a teacher, educator, educator additional education, teacher, teacher-organizer, teacher-speech therapist, teacher-psychologist, etc.

1.4. Persons with a secondary vocational or higher education who meet the qualification requirements specified in qualification guides and/or professional standards. Qualifications and professional standards are indicated in the job descriptions of teachers.

2. ACADEMIC RIGHTS AND FREEDOM OF PEDAGOGICAL WORKERS.

2.1. Pedagogical workers have the right to freedom of teaching, free expression of their opinion, freedom from interference in their professional activities.

2.2. Pedagogical workers are free to choose and use pedagogically sound forms, means, methods of teaching and education.

2.3. Pedagogical workers have the right to creative initiative, development and application of author's programs and methods of teaching and upbringing within the framework of the educational program being implemented, a separate academic subject, course, discipline (module).

2.4. Pedagogical workers have the right to choose textbooks, teaching aids, materials and other means of education and upbringing in accordance with the educational program of the school and in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education.

2.5. Pedagogical workers have the right to participate in the development of educational programs, including curricula, academic calendars, working subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), methodological materials and other components of the educational programs of the school.

2.6. Pedagogical workers have the right to carry out scientific, scientific and technical, creative, research activities, participate in experimental and international activities, developments and in the implementation of innovations.

2.7. Pedagogical employees have the right to free use and access, in the manner prescribed by the local regulations of the school, to information and telecommunication networks and databases, educational and methodological materials, museum funds, material and technical means of providing educational activities necessary for the quality implementation of pedagogical activities.

2.8. Pedagogical workers have the right to free use of educational, methodological and scientific services of an organization carrying out educational activities, in the manner prescribed by Russian legislation and local regulations.

2.9. Pedagogical workers have the right to participate in the discussion of issues related to the organization and provision educational process schools.

2.10. Pedagogical workers have the right to association in public professional organizations.

2.11. Teachers have the right to apply to the commission for the settlement of disputes between participants in educational relations.

2.12. Pedagogical workers have the right to protection of professional honor and dignity, to a fair and objective investigation of violations of the norms of professional ethics of pedagogical workers.

2.13. The academic rights and freedoms of teachers must be exercised with respect for the rights and freedoms of other participants in educational relations.

3. Labor rights and social guarantees

3.1. Pedagogical workers enjoy the following labor rights and guarantees: the right to a shorter working week, to an annual basic extended paid leave, to a long vacation for up to one year at least every ten years of continuous teaching work, to early appointment of an old-age labor pension , to provide pedagogical workers out of turn with residential premises under social employment contracts, the right to provide residential premises of a specialized housing stock, as well as other labor rights, measures social support established by federal laws and legislative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

3.2. The subjects of the Russian Federation are legally entitled to establish additional measures state support graduates of professional educational organizations and educational organizations higher education involved in teaching activities (young professionals).

3.3. According to the law on education in salaries ( official salaries) teaching staff includes the amount of the monthly monetary compensation for the provision of book publishing products and periodicals, established as of December 31, 2012

4.Working time

4.1.B work time teaching staff, depending on the position held, includes educational (teaching), educational work, individual work with students, scientific, creative and research, as well as other pedagogical work provided for by labor (official) duties and (or) an individual plan - methodological, preparatory, organizational (preparation and conduct of work with students, parents, the public, participation in meetings, meetings, duty, etc. ), diagnostic, monitoring work, work provided for by the plans of educational, physical culture and health, sports, creative and other events held with students.

4.2. Article 333 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation establishes a reduced working time for teachers - 36 hours per week. The working time of a teacher consists of normalized and non-standardized parts. The norm of study hours for the wage rate is set in astronomical hours - 18 hours, so the breaks between classes, with a 45-minute lesson, are the teacher's working time, which he uses on duty (looking after the children in the office), preparing for the next lesson, including airing the classroom, catering for children, educational, individual, etc. work. The salary rate is paid both for the performance of teaching work within the established norm of hours, and for the performance of other duties stipulated by job duties and qualification characteristics.

4.3. The mode of performing teaching work is regulated by the schedule of training sessions.

4.4. The non-regulated part of the working time is not performed on certain working days of the week, but is calculated for more long terms school work plans for the year, month, MO plans, plans class teacher, calendar schedule, etc. the establishment of any norms of time for its implementation, artificially increasing the working time of pedagogical workers in excess of its normalized part related to teaching, with the exception of the norm of time for duty during the educational process.

4.5. The mode of working time and rest is determined employment contract, local regulations, work schedules and class schedules.

5. Professional development

5.1. Pedagogical workers have the right to additional professional education in the field of pedagogical work at least once every three years.

6. Responsibilities

6.1.. The worker, having certain rights, also bears certain responsibilities, incl. he must carry out his activities at a high professional level, ensure the full implementation work program, to develop in students cognitive activity, independence, initiative, creative abilities, to form a civic position, the ability to work and live, to form a culture of a healthy and safe lifestyle.

6.2..At the same time, he is obliged to apply pedagogically sound and high-quality education forms, methods of education and upbringing; take into account the peculiarities of the psychophysical development of students and their state of health, observe special conditions necessary for the education of persons with disabilities, interacting, if necessary, with medical organizations; comply with legal, moral and ethical standards, requirements of professional ethics; respect the honor and dignity of students and other participants in educational relations.

6.3. The teacher is also obliged to systematically improve his professional level; undergo certification for compliance with the position held, medical examinations (when applying for a job, periodic, extraordinary), training and testing of knowledge and skills in the field of labor protection, comply with the charter, internal labor regulations and other local acts of the educational organization.

6.4 Specific official duties according to the profile of pedagogical work are established by the job description.

6.5. The teaching staff is prohibited from:

  • provide paid educational services students of the educational organization in which he works;
  • use educational activities for political agitation, forcing students to accept political, religious or other beliefs or renounce them, to incite social, racial, national or religious hatred, for agitation promoting exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of citizens on the basis of social, racial, national , religious or linguistic affiliation, their attitude to religion, including by providing students with false information about the historical, national, religious and cultural traditions of peoples, as well as to encourage students to take actions that are contrary to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

7. Responsibility

7.1. Failure or improper performance teachers of their official duties are taken into account when they pass certification.

7.2. Teachers are responsible for non-performance or improper performance of their duties in the manner and in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

7.3. The term of the provision is not limited. When legislation changes, changes are made to the act in the prescribed manner.

1. The legal status of a teacher is understood as a set of rights and freedoms (including academic rights and freedoms), labor rights, social guarantees and compensations, restrictions, duties and responsibilities, which are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. The Russian Federation recognizes the special status of teaching staff in society and creates conditions for their implementation professional activity. Pedagogical workers in the Russian Federation are granted rights and freedoms, measures of social support aimed at ensuring their high professional level, conditions for the effective fulfillment of professional tasks, increasing the social significance and prestige of pedagogical work.

3. Pedagogical workers enjoy the following academic rights and freedoms:

1) freedom of teaching, free expression of one's opinion, freedom from interference in professional activities;

2) freedom of choice and use of pedagogically sound forms, means, methods of education and upbringing;

3) the right to creative initiative, development and application of author's programs and methods of education and upbringing within the framework of the educational program being implemented, a separate academic subject, course, discipline (module);

4) the right to choose textbooks, teaching aids, materials and other means of education and upbringing in accordance with the educational program and in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education;

5) the right to participate in the development of educational programs, including curricula, calendar study schedules, work subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), methodological materials and other components of educational programs;

6) the right to carry out scientific, scientific and technical, creative, research activities, participate in experimental and international activities, developments and implementation of innovations;



7) the right to free use of libraries and information resources, as well as access, in the manner prescribed by local regulations of an organization carrying out educational activities, to information and telecommunication networks and databases, educational and methodological materials, museum funds, material and technical means of providing educational activities necessary for the qualitative implementation of pedagogical, scientific or research activities in organizations engaged in educational activities;

8) the right to free use of educational, methodological and scientific services of an organization carrying out educational activities, in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation or local regulations;

9) the right to participate in the management of an educational organization, including in collegial management bodies, in the manner prescribed by the charter of this organization;

10) the right to participate in the discussion of issues related to the activities of the educational organization, including through management bodies and public organizations;

11) the right to associate in public professional organizations in the forms and in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

12) the right to apply to the commission for the settlement of disputes between participants in educational relations;

13) the right to protect professional honor and dignity, to a fair and objective investigation of violations of the norms of professional ethics of teachers.

4. The academic rights and freedoms specified in part 3 of this article must be exercised in compliance with the rights and freedoms of other participants in educational relations, the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the norms of professional ethics of teachers, enshrined in the local regulations of the organization carrying out educational activities.

5. Pedagogical workers have the following labor rights and social guarantees:

1) the right to reduced working hours;

2) the right to additional professional education in the field of pedagogical activity at least once every three years;

3) the right to an annual basic extended paid leave, the duration of which is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation;

4) the right to a long vacation for up to one year at least every ten years of continuous pedagogical work in the manner prescribed by federal body executive power, carrying out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education;

5) the right to early appointment of an old-age labor pension in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

6) the right to provide teaching staff who are registered as in need of residential premises, out of turn residential premises under social rental agreements, the right to provide residential premises of a specialized housing stock;

7) other labor rights, measures of social support established by federal laws and legislative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

6. The working hours of teaching staff, depending on the position held, include educational (teaching), educational work, individual work with students, scientific, creative and research work, as well as other pedagogical work provided for by labor (official) duties and (or) individual plan, - methodical, preparatory, organizational, diagnostic, monitoring work, work provided for by the plans of educational, physical culture and health, sports, creative and other events held with students. Specific labor (official) duties of teachers are determined by labor contracts (service contracts) and job descriptions. The ratio of educational (teaching) and other pedagogical work within working week or academic year is determined by the relevant local regulatory act of the organization carrying out educational activities, taking into account the number of hours according to the curriculum, the specialty and qualifications of the employee.

7. The mode of working time and rest time of pedagogical workers of organizations engaged in educational activities is determined collective agreement, internal labor regulations, other local regulations of an organization engaged in educational activities, an employment contract, work schedules and class schedules in accordance with the requirements of labor legislation and taking into account the specifics established by the federal executive body that performs the functions of developing state policy and regulatory legal regulation in the field of education.

8. Pedagogical workers living and working in rural areas settlements, workers' settlements (urban-type settlements) are entitled to compensation for the cost of housing, heating and lighting. The amount, conditions and procedure for reimbursement of expenses related to the provision of these measures of social support to pedagogical workers of federal state educational organizations are established by the Government of the Russian Federation and are provided at the expense of the budgetary allocations of the federal budget, and pedagogical workers of educational organizations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipal educational organizations are established by the legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation and are provided at the expense of budget appropriations of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

9. Pedagogical workers of educational organizations participating, by decision of authorized executive authorities, in conducting a unified state exam during working hours and released from their main work for the period of conducting a unified state exam, are provided with guarantees and compensations established by labor legislation and other acts containing norms labor law. Pedagogical workers participating in the unified state exam are paid compensation for their work on the preparation and conduct of the unified state exam. The amount and procedure for payment of the specified compensation are established by the constituent entity of the Russian Federation at the expense of budgetary appropriations from the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation allocated for the conduct of the unified state exam.

10. In order to attract graduates of professional educational organizations and educational organizations of higher education to pedagogical activities, the authorities state power subjects of the Russian Federation have the right to establish additional measures of state support.

Article 47 Rights and freedoms of teaching staff, guarantees of their implementation

  • checked today
  • law dated 08.01.2020
  • entered into force on 30.12.2012

Art. 47 Law on Education in the last valid version of August 6, 2019.

There are no new versions of the article that have not entered into force.

Compare with the version of the article dated 01/01/2019 01/01/2016 01/01/2015 12/30/2012

The legal status of a pedagogical worker is understood as a set of rights and freedoms (including academic rights and freedoms), labor rights, social guarantees and compensations, restrictions, duties and responsibilities, which are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The Russian Federation recognizes the special status of teaching staff in society and creates conditions for them to carry out their professional activities. Pedagogical workers in the Russian Federation are granted rights and freedoms, measures of social support aimed at ensuring their high professional level, conditions for the effective fulfillment of professional tasks, increasing the social significance and prestige of pedagogical work.

Teaching staff enjoy the following academic rights and freedoms:

  • 1) freedom of teaching, free expression of one's opinion, freedom from interference in professional activities;
  • 2) freedom of choice and use of pedagogically sound forms, means, methods of education and upbringing;
  • 3) the right to creative initiative, development and application of author's programs and methods of education and upbringing within the framework of the educational program being implemented, a separate academic subject, course, discipline (module);
  • 4) the right to choose textbooks, teaching aids, materials and other means of education and upbringing in accordance with the educational program and in the manner prescribed by the legislation on education;
  • 5) the right to participate in the development of educational programs, including curricula, calendar study schedules, work subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), methodological materials and other components of educational programs;
  • 6) the right to carry out scientific, scientific and technical, creative, research activities, participate in experimental and international activities, developments and implementation of innovations;
  • 7) the right to free use of libraries and information resources, as well as access, in the manner prescribed by local regulations of an organization carrying out educational activities, to information and telecommunication networks and databases, educational and methodological materials, museum funds, material and technical means of providing educational activities necessary for the qualitative implementation of pedagogical, scientific or research activities in organizations engaged in educational activities;
  • 8) the right to free use of educational, methodological and scientific services of an organization carrying out educational activities, in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation or local regulations;
  • 9) the right to participate in the management of an educational organization, including in collegial management bodies, in the manner prescribed by the charter of this organization;
  • 10) the right to participate in the discussion of issues related to the activities of the educational organization, including through management bodies and public organizations;
  • 11) the right to associate in public professional organizations in the forms and in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
  • 12) the right to apply to the commission for the settlement of disputes between participants in educational relations;
  • 13) the right to protect professional honor and dignity, to a fair and objective investigation of violations of the norms of professional ethics of teachers.

The academic rights and freedoms specified in part 3 of this article must be exercised in compliance with the rights and freedoms of other participants in educational relations, the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the norms of professional ethics of pedagogical workers, enshrined in the local regulations of the organization carrying out educational activities.

Pedagogical workers have the following labor rights and social guarantees:

  • 1) the right to reduced working hours;
  • 2) the right to additional professional education in the field of pedagogical activity at least once every three years;
  • 3) the right to an annual basic extended paid leave, the duration of which is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation;
  • 4) the right to a long vacation for a period of up to one year at least every ten years of continuous teaching work in the manner established by the federal executive body responsible for the development and implementation of state policy and legal regulation in the field of higher education, in agreement with federal executive body responsible for the development and implementation of state policy and legal regulation in the field of general education;
  • 5) the right to early appointment of an old-age insurance pension in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
  • 6) the right to provide teaching staff who are registered as in need of residential premises, out of turn residential premises under social rental agreements, the right to provide residential premises of a specialized housing stock;
  • 7) other labor rights, measures of social support established by federal laws and legislative acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The working hours of teaching staff, depending on the position held, include educational (teaching) and educational work, including practical training students, individual work with students, scientific, creative and research work, as well as other pedagogical work provided for by labor (official) duties and (or) an individual plan - methodological, preparatory, organizational, diagnostic, monitoring work, work provided for plans for educational, health-improving, sports, creative and other events held with students. Specific labor (official) duties of teachers are determined by labor contracts (service contracts) and job descriptions. The ratio of educational (teaching) and other pedagogical work within the working week or academic year is determined by the relevant local regulatory act of the organization carrying out educational activities, taking into account the number of hours according to the curriculum, the specialty and qualifications of the employee.

The mode of working time and rest time of teaching staff of organizations engaged in educational activities is determined by a collective agreement, internal labor regulations, other local regulations of an organization engaged in educational activities, an employment contract, work schedules and class schedules in accordance with the requirements of labor legislation and taking into account features established, depending on the scope of jurisdiction, by the federal executive body that carries out the functions of developing and implementing state policy and legal regulation in the field of general education, or the federal executive body that carries out the functions of developing and implementing state policy and legal regulation in higher education.

Pedagogical workers living and working in rural settlements, workers' settlements (urban-type settlements) are entitled to compensation for expenses for paying for housing, heating and lighting. The amount, conditions and procedure for reimbursement of expenses related to the provision of these measures of social support to pedagogical workers of federal state educational organizations are established by the Government of the Russian Federation and are provided at the expense of the budgetary allocations of the federal budget, and pedagogical workers of educational organizations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipal educational organizations are established by the legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation and are provided at the expense of budgetary appropriations from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Pedagogical workers of educational organizations participating, by decision of the authorized executive authorities, in conducting the state final certification in educational programs basic general and secondary general education during working hours and released from the main work for the period of the specified state final certification, guarantees and compensations are provided, established by labor legislation and other acts containing labor law norms. Pedagogical workers participating in the state final certification for educational programs of basic general and secondary general education are paid compensation for the work on preparing and conducting the said state final certification. The amount and procedure for payment of such compensation are established by the constituent entity of the Russian Federation at the expense of the budgetary appropriations of the budget of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation allocated for the state final certification in educational programs of basic general and secondary general education.

In order to attract graduates of professional educational organizations and educational organizations of higher education to teaching activities, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have the right to establish additional measures of state support.


ACADEMIC FREEDOM ACADEMIC FREEDOM is a common name for a group of specific rights and freedoms of the individual, implemented in the field of education and scientific research. Federal Law "On Higher and Postgraduate Vocational Education" dated July 19, 1996, teaching staff from among the teaching staff, researchers and students of a higher educational institution are provided with A.S., including the freedom of a pedagogical worker of a higher educational institution to state the educational subject at their own discretion, choose topics for scientific research and conduct them by their own methods, as well as the student to acquire knowledge according to their inclinations and needs. Provided by A.S. entail academic responsibility for creating optimal conditions for the free search for truth, its free presentation and dissemination.

Big legal dictionary. - M.: Infra-M. A. Ya. Sukharev, V. E. Krutskikh, A. Ya. Sukharev. 2003 .

See what "ACADEMIC FREEDOM" is in other dictionaries:

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    Common name for a group of specific rights and freedoms of the individual, implemented in the field of education and scientific research. In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education of July 19, 1996 ... ...

    academic freedom- the generally accepted name for a group of specific rights and freedoms of the individual, implemented in the field of education and scientific research. Federal Law On Higher and Postgraduate Vocational Education dated July 19, 1996 to teaching staff from among ... ... Big Law Dictionary

    ACADEMIC FREEDOM- the right of university teachers to conduct academic work, relying only on their conscience, without restrictions from the state or the church, as well as the right of students to self-government and to organize their studies at their own discretion ... Professional education. Dictionary

    FREEDOM ACADEMIC- ACADEMIC FREEDOM... Legal Encyclopedia

    - (see ACADEMIC FREEDOM) ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

    Rights Theory Natural and legal rights Rights of claim and rights of freedom Negative and positive rights ... Wikipedia

    Rights Theory Natural and legal rights Rights of claim and rights of freedom Negative and positive rights Individual and group rights ... Wikipedia

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