Social support of citizens at the municipal level. The system of social protection of the population at the state and municipal levels. The system of social protection of the population at the present stage includes

Social protection is an important but very difficult economic and political task for the government, especially for municipalities, because they are closest to the territory, to a specific person (despite the fact that today the social protection bodies are part of the government). Total in Russian Federation There are 256 categories eligible to receive social support. Performance analysis social assistance shows that only 19% of the total amount of social benefits and payments falls on the share of the poorest segments of the population.

Today, the authorities are faced with a large number of questions:

What is "poverty", what is its threshold?

What income to consider when determining eligibility for social assistance?

Should one-time allowances, loans, credits, insurance payments, income from subsidiary farming be taken into account?

How to account for income from secondary employment or odd jobs?

How to eliminate social dependency? etc.

Answering these and many other questions requires clarity of concepts, the development of certain principles and a comprehensive program. social work on their basis, a system of training personnel working in this area is needed.

In the territory municipality social protection institutions are represented by social protection or social service centers, social protection institutions, social security departments, labor and employment departments, night stays, social assistance centers for families and children, shelters, etc.

The main goals of social protection on the territory of the municipality: a) ensuring the reproduction of generations, including children, the elderly; b) providing guarantees to able-bodied citizens in case of illness, injury, injury, pensions and other risks; c) elimination of absolute poverty;

Local self-government bodies can develop and implement local targeted support programs from the municipal budget and with the help of attracted funds. Example: Until recently, housing subsidy programs could serve as an example. This is one of the few mass programs to provide targeted social assistance with a clear link to the level of family income.

The organization of work by the authorities on social protection of the population is extremely important today, but in order to be effective, it is necessary to have a comprehensive program of the executive authorities of the subject and municipal bodies in the field of social protection of the population.

Trends in the provision of social assistance and planned expenditures in this area are determined by the development of the economy of the constituent entities of the federation and their municipalities, so each municipality should develop dynamically in all areas: industry, services, social sphere, etc.

Chapter 2. Analysis of the management of social security and social protection of the population in the city of Dzerzhinsk

2.1 Socio-economic characteristics of the city of Dzerzhinsk

The city of Dzerzhinsk is the second largest city in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The results of the social and economic development of the city district of Dzerzhinsk for January-June (1st half of the year) 2012 indicate the formation of the necessary conditions for the restoration of the economy and the standard of living of the population.

According to the results of the 1st half of 2012, the commercial turnover of large and medium-sized organizations of the city increased by 22.9% compared to the corresponding period of 2011 and amounted to 26.6 billion rubles.

The basis of the city's economy is industry, consisting of 46 large and medium-sized enterprises. About 36.1 thousand people are employed at industrial enterprises, which is 32.6% of those employed in the city's economy. The dominant position in terms of the volume of shipment of products of own production in the industry is occupied by manufacturing industries (77.3%). The population of Dzerzhinsk has a downward trend. As of July 1, 2012, the population of the city was 254,937 people. Dynamics of the number of Dzerzhinsk for 2002 - 2011 shown in fig. 2.1.

Rice. 2.1 Dynamics of the population of the city of Dzerzhinsk for 2002-2011, thousand people

The state of the labor market is of no small importance for the characterization of the city. In most types of economic activity, the reduction in the number of employees continues, but the rate is lower than the same period in 2011. .90 thousand people) and amounted to 54,701 people. The highest level of staff reduction takes place in manufacturing industries (by 4.7% or 1.23 thousand people) and in their composition in the chemical industry, where the number is reduced by 0.82 thousand people or 4.7%.

The situation on the labor market is improving, the unemployment rate is decreasing, but its value is still higher than before the crisis. In June 2012, the number of officially registered unemployed decreased by 173 people. As of 07/01/2012, 1510 unemployed people were registered in the employment center of the city of Dzerzhinsk, the unemployment rate is 1.3, which is below the regional average.

The value of the subsistence minimum per capita in June 2012 amounted to 5280.71 rubles. and decreased over the month by 0.8%. The value of the subsistence minimum for the second quarter of 2012 - 5287.44 increased by 7.6% or 374.46 rubles compared to the corresponding period in 2011. The living wage for the able-bodied population in June amounted to 5637.55 rubles, for pensioners - 4294.86 rubles, for children - 5221.22 rubles.

Thus, the socio-economic characteristics of the city shows that in the first half of 2012 the city's industry showed a stable positive growth trend.

One of the main positive aspects in the reporting period is the increase in real wages - by 4.2%.

Budget revenues increased relative to January-June 2011 by 15.2%, expenditures - by 4.2%. Budget surplus - 114.7 million rubles.

The consequences of the crisis affected the financial condition of enterprises - losses doubled, profits decreased by 31.3%, which in turn had an impact on the investment activity of enterprises - investments decreased by 35.8%. The social passport of the city of Dzerzhinsk is presented in the Appendix.

Thus, it is clear that in the city of Dzerzhinsk there are a large number of categories in need of social protection.

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Introduction
2. Analysis of the management system of social protection of the population in the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk
2.1 Characteristics of the Novoilinsky district and the population served
2.2 Analysis of the performance indicators of the social protection department of the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk
3. Measures to improve the system municipal government social protection of the population in the USZN of the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications

Introduction

Today, the social protection of the population should play not only the role of social compensation for the poor, but also serve as a certain counterbalance to the rapidly growing wealth inequality. An important problem is the protection of the entire population from progressive impoverishment.

The actualization of the social protection of the population lies in the fact that the concept of "social protection" is associated with the concept of "social care" of the state, when individual assistance to a person, groups of people, organized by professionally trained people and expressed by the concept of "social work", its ultimate goal will have the support of a person's confidence in their abilities, their capabilities. That is why, in recent years, most specialists in the social protection of the population have abandoned such a broad, but vague concept as "social protection of the population", and are increasingly using the term "social support of the population by the state."

One of the ultimate goals of the entire social policy of the population is associated with the concept of independent living, which considers a person and his problems in the light of his civil rights and not from the point of view of his personal and social difficulties, and society needs an orientation towards overcoming physical and psychological barriers in environment through social services, methods and means.

The need for specialization of forms, improvement of methods of social protection, emerging issues of financing the social sphere have led to an increased interest in resolving these problems of many specialists.

In addition, recently there has been more and more talk about the transfer of the main functions of providing social support to the population from the federal and regional levels of government to "places", for example, to municipalities. However, for the most part, the mechanisms of this transmission and the process of implementing social protection of the population, therefore, have not been studied and not defined.

The object of research is the mechanism of municipal management of social protection of the population and social security.

The subject of the research is the development of proposals for improving the system of municipal management of social protection of the population on the example of the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk.

The purpose of the study is to develop proposals for improving the system of municipal management of social protection of the population on the example of the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

to study the theoretical and methodological foundations of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation;

to analyze the activities of institutions of social protection of the population in the Novoilinsky district of Novokuznetsk;

to analyze the mechanism of financing social protection in modern conditions, to find out its functions.

The legal basis for social protection of certain categories of the population is formed by the following laws of the Russian Federation - "On forced migrants", "On employment in the Russian Federation", "On social protection of the disabled", "On social services for the elderly and disabled", "On the basics of labor protection in the Russian Federation", "On the Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation", etc.

Interest in the formation and functioning of the system of social protection of the population in present stage shown by many researchers of modern Russian society. So the foundations of the organization of social protection of the population are considered in the works of such authors as M.I. Lepikhov, N. Podshibyakina, V. Sharin and others.

social protection municipal government

The economic foundations of social protection of the population are considered by V.D. Roik, T.S. Panteleeva, G.A. Chervyakov and others.

The main directions and principles of social work are presented in the works of A.I. Voitenko, E.I. Komarova, A.N. Savinova, P.D. Pavlenok and others.

The practical significance of the work is determined by the fact that the results of the study can be used in the development of social programs, as well as in the educational process, in vocational training specialists.

The work consists of three chapters, introduction, conclusion and list of references.

1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the municipal administration of social protection of the population

1.1 Essence, directions and functions of social protection of the population

Modern Russia is going through a transitional period that has affected all spheres of the country's socio-economic life, causing the emergence of many socially unprotected sections of the population - the unemployed, refugees and internally displaced persons, the disabled, and so on. Under these conditions, social protection of the population, or protection from risks through comprehensive assistance to a person from the state in solving various problems throughout his life, acquires key importance, consistent with the social policy pursued in Russia.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993, the Russian Federation (RF) was proclaimed a social state. His most specific traits are reflected in the ongoing social policy, which, according to Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

Social policy is a sphere of practical implementation of the most important function of the state to create conditions that provide each member of society with the realization of his needs, taking into account the value system approved by society, and therefore the center of social policy is always a person who simultaneously acts as its goal, subject and subject.

Social policy is a part of the general policy of the state, which concerns relations between social groups, between society as a whole and its members, associated with changes in the social structure, the growth of the welfare of citizens, the improvement of their lives, the satisfaction of their material and spiritual needs, the improvement of lifestyle.

Social policy is carried out through a system of measures on ethics and morality. Including (the formation and determination of the place of the latter in the life of individual members of society (individuals, families, groups, strata, etc.); on the public and personal life of members of society, including state regulation the material and cultural environment in which a person's needs for food, clothing, housing, recreation, entertainment, and health maintenance are met; on the socio-psychological characteristics of various types of personalities, social groups, layers, etc.

As for the social protection of the population, at the present stage it is the most important and priority direction of the social policy of the Russian Federation, being a system of principles, methods, legally established by the state social guarantees, measures and institutions that ensure the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintenance of life support and active the existence of the individual, various social categories and groups; a set of measures, actions, means of the state and society directed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens.

Social protection is a state policy aimed at ensuring social, economic, political and other rights and guarantees of a person, regardless of his gender, nationality, age, place of residence and other circumstances.

Social protection of the population in the broad sense of the word is a set of socio-economic measures carried out by the state and society and ensuring the provision of optimal living conditions, satisfaction of needs, maintaining life support and active existence of the individual to various social categories and groups, as well as a set of measures aimed against risk situations in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, death of the breadwinner. It represents a set of measures to ensure a state-guaranteed minimum level of material support for socially vulnerable segments of the population during the period of economic transformation. .

Characteristic of the current stage is the rapid development of the methodology and methods of social protection of the population, which is of great practical and theoretical importance. It should be noted that the methodology of social protection is understood as a system of principles and methods for organizing and building theoretical and practical activities aimed at risk situations in the normal life of citizens, such as illness, unemployment, old age, disability, death of the breadwinner, and others, and under the methodology - a set of techniques, methods of research and operations of practical and theoretical development of the social protection of the population as a system.

The system of social protection of the population at the present stage includes:

social Security;

social insurance;

social support (help).

Social protection of citizens is carried out at the expense of the federal and local budgets, specially created funds for social support of the population, non-state funds.

The main principles of social protection of the population are humanity, social justice, targeting, comprehensiveness, ensuring the rights and freedoms of the individual.

The need to improve the system of social protection of the population is caused by the transition to market relations in society.

The main goals of social protection of the population are as follows:

1) getting rid of absolute poverty, when the average per capita total family income is below the subsistence level;

2) rendering financial assistance population in extreme conditions;

3) assistance in the adaptation of socially vulnerable groups of the population to the conditions of a market economy.

So, one of the elements of social protection of the population in the crisis conditions of transition to market relations is social assistance, provision in cash or in kind, in the form of services or benefits provided subject to social guarantees legally established by the state; totality social services, medical and social, socio-economic, social, social, psychological, socio-pedagogical and other support of a person from state and non-state structures during his crisis, in difficult life situations.

The provision of state social assistance is carried out in the following forms:

1) cash payments (social benefits, subsidies, compensations and other payments);

2) in-kind assistance (fuel, food, clothing, footwear, medicines and other types of in-kind assistance).

Social assistance performs the function of assistance for poverty to certain groups of the population in extreme conditions; is in the nature of periodic and one-time monetary supplements to pensions and benefits, in-kind payments and services in order to neutralize critical life situations, unfavorable economic conditions. Social assistance (support) is provided at the expense of local authorities authorities, enterprises (organizations), non-budgetary and charitable foundations in order to provide targeted, differentiated assistance to those in need.

Social security is a system of legal, economic and organizational measures created by the state that are aimed at compensating or minimizing the consequences of changes in the material and (or) social position citizens, and in cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation, other categories individuals due to the occurrence of circumstances recognized by the state as socially significant (insurance risks).

Social insurance is part of the state system of social protection of the population, the specifics of which is the insurance of working citizens against a possible change in material and (or) social status, including due to circumstances beyond their control.

Compulsory social insurance is a system of legal, economic, organizational measures created by the state aimed at compensating or minimizing the consequences of changes in the material and (or) social status of working citizens, and in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, other categories of citizens due to their recognition as unemployed, industrial injury or occupational disease, disability, illness, injury, pregnancy and childbirth, loss of a breadwinner, as well as the onset of old age, the need to receive medical care, sanatorium treatment and the onset of other established insurance risks subject to compulsory social insurance.

Today in the Russian Federation there are 4 types of compulsory state social insurance:

1) pension insurance;

2) social insurance in case of temporary disability;

3) social insurance against industrial accidents and occupational diseases;

4) health insurance.

The most important component of the social protection of the population is the institution of social work bodies. The purpose of their activities is to pursue a state policy aimed at establishing stable and orderly links between various levels of the organizational system, designed to form social relations in society, provide citizens with potential life benefits to meet their needs, and develop economic independence in management.

The objects of management in the system of social protection of the population are institutions and organizations, labor and educational teams of this system, as well as relations between people. The subjects of management are bodies directly involved in the problems of social assistance to the population (ministries, committees, departments, administrations, departments of social protection of the population, labor collectives). The main function of bodies, institutions of social protection of the population (SPS) is to improve the activities of its various structural elements, regulated by certain norms and controlled social institutions to ensure the achievement of the set goals.

Main levels of social work bodies:

federal level (republic);

region;

labor collective;

non-state (charitable) public organizations.

Important role in the system of social protection of the population play trade unions, administration and various forms self-management in labor collectives.

The main functions of the department of social protection of the population on federal level:

1) organization of pension services and provision of benefits;

2) social service;

3) medical and social expertise;

4) rehabilitation of the disabled and the provision of prosthetic and orthopedic care;

5) social assistance to families and children;

6) preparation of legislation on social protection of the population;

7) foreign economic and international cooperation;

8) development of provisions on the fundamentals of social policy;

9) analysis and forecast of the standard of living of various categories of the population;

10) preparation of recommendations for the development of regional social programs;

11) development of social standards, etc. .

The functions of the management of social protection of the population at the regional (local) level are regulated by higher authorities with a certain independence and include:

1) ensuring and solving production and economic problems;

2) planned and financial and economic activities;

3) creation of various social assistance funds;

4) solution of economic problems, etc. .

Forms of social protection are "reflection in collective agreements additional measures of social protection, support (payments, benefits, in-kind assistance, etc.) for employees and members of their families, as well as pensioners at the expense of the relevant funds of enterprises ".

The social functions of the labor collective are:

1) improvement of the material and cultural conditions of people's lives;

2) development of the social structure of the team;

3) improving relations within the team;

4) improvement of social security, healthcare;

5) organization of assistance in family life, leisure activities;

6) observance of the principle of social justice.

Certain functions are performed by various charitable organizations and funds for social assistance to the population:

1) social and medical assistance to the lonely, the elderly, the infirm;

2) b) social rehabilitation of the disabled;

3) c) legal assistance to socially needy categories of the population, etc. .

In general, the purpose of the social protection system is manifested in its general functions:

1. The economic function is expressed in the provision of material support by citizens in a difficult life situation, in promoting development social production in general and individual sectors of the national economy, the economic recovery of priority development zones.

2. A political function aimed at bringing together the social level of various segments of the population, creating conditions that ensure a decent life for every person. It is designed to stabilize public relations.

3. The demographic function contributes to stimulating the growth of the country's population, the reproduction of a healthy generation, and the growth of life expectancy.

4. The social rehabilitation function is associated with meeting the needs of the elderly and disabled citizens. It is expressed in the creation of conditions conducive to the preservation of their legal status and health care for all citizens.

The first direction of social protection is the social protection of children, childhood and adolescence, which is focused on creating conditions for the life and development of children that allow all children, regardless of which family they were born and live in, to have the best opportunities for maintaining health, material well-being, free accessible education, preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, realization of one's abilities.

State policy in the interests of children is based on the principles of legislative provision of the rights of the child; state support of the family in order to ensure the full-fledged upbringing of children, protect their rights, prepare them for a full life in society; establishment and observance of state minimum social standards of the main indicators of the quality of life of children, taking into account regional differences in these indicators; responsibility officials, citizens for violating the rights and legitimate interests of the child, causing harm to him; state support bodies local government, public associations and other organizations carrying out activities to protect the rights and legitimate interests of the child.

Accordingly, the social protection of children and adolescents should effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development, from social risks.

Of particular importance for the social protection of children at the present stage is the creation of specialized institutions for minors, which are designed to provide assistance to that category of adolescents that previously did not enjoy the attention of the authorities. Abandoned by family and school, they were at best only interested in law enforcement in connection with illegal activities. In violation of international legal regulations children and adolescents who did not commit offenses were often kept for a long time in the reception centers of the internal affairs bodies, waiting to be sent to children's boarding schools.

Thus, the social protection of children and adolescents at the present stage is consistent with the state policy in the field of childhood, which recognizes this period of a person's life as the most important stage, and therefore undertakes to do everything to prepare them for a full life. Social protection of children and adolescents is multidirectional, affecting the most diverse areas of their life, however, the priority area of work is work with children and adolescents suffering from varying degrees of social maladjustment, which leads them to the streets, to drugs, prostitution, etc.

The second direction of social protection is the social protection of the able-bodied population, designed "to provide for the creation of conditions that ensure a balance of rights, duties and interests of citizens, when a person can fully realize the ability to be economically independent, while not infringing on the interests of fellow citizens and participating in social assistance needy." Labor, its remuneration and, as a result, monetary savings acquired securities and real estate should become the main sources of income and social well-being of a person. A working person must be sure that the most difficult life situations - illness, a temporary period of unemployment or other problems that infringe on his economic independence and social well-being, will be overcome if he makes his own efforts, since there are all conditions for this in the country.

Social protection of the able-bodied population, the protection of their labor are based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Labor Protection in the Russian Federation", adopted on July 17, 1999, and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The implementation of the main directions of the state policy in the field of labor protection is ensured by the coordinated actions of the authorities state power of the Russian Federation, public authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local authorities, employers, associations of employers, as well as trade unions, their associations and other representative bodies authorized by employees on labor protection issues.

The state implements training, vocational training and retraining programs for workers, as well as guarantees the payment of unemployment benefits and retraining. The state provides citizens who have lost their jobs, laid off from enterprises, organizations and institutions, as well as citizens who are looking for work for the first time or who want to resume labor activity after a long break, compensation, pays scholarships during the period of vocational training, retraining or advanced training; pays unemployment benefits; creates opportunities to participate in paid public works; compensates for expenses in connection with voluntary relocation to another locality at the suggestion of the employment service. Every citizen who has reached the age of 16 and has the status of an unemployed person can exercise the right to receive unemployment benefits or compensation. This right is lost when a citizen reaches retirement age.

Along with labor protection, an important component of the social policy of the state is the protection of the health of citizens. The protection of the health of citizens is a set of measures of a political, economic, legal, social, cultural, scientific, medical, sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic nature, aimed at preserving and strengthening the physical and mental health of each person, maintaining his long-term active life providing him with medical care in case of loss of health.

Thus, we can conclude that the social protection of the able-bodied population should include mechanisms that provide citizens of the Russian Federation with protection from social risks that prevent:

- effective employment of a person;

Providing, in accordance with the law, additional employment guarantees to categories of the population in need of special social protection and experiencing difficulties in finding work, including young people, single parents and large families raising minor children or disabled children, persons of pre-retirement age, military personnel, dismissed to the reserve, the disabled, persons affected by man-made and natural disasters, as well as victims of military conflicts, persons long time unemployed, persons serving a sentence or undergoing compulsory treatment by a court decision, etc.;

- payment and receipt wages and all types of social benefits in the amounts and terms stipulated by the legislation;

- health protection of employees and prevention of unfavorable working conditions;

- provision and receipt of material and other assistance to persons in crisis material and social situations;

- realization by young people of their potential in scientific, cultural and sports plans;

- equal rights for men and women in all matters social life(first of all, we are talking about full de facto equality in wages, promotion, access to education, scientific activity, culture and sports).

The third direction of social protection is the social protection of disabled citizens, which should be aimed at the humanization of all spheres of life of these people. It is unacceptable that any of them feel like an extra person, burdening loved ones, society. Everyone should, as long as possible, retain the desire and ability to live in a family, actively participate in the economic, political, cultural development of society, enjoy all its benefits and, if possible, increase them.

In accordance with Article 2 of the Federal Law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled", adopted on November 24, 1995, the social protection of the disabled is a system guaranteed by the state economic, social and legal measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) life restrictions and aimed at creating opportunities for them to participate in society on an equal footing with other citizens.

Social services for the elderly and disabled is an activity to meet their needs for social services. It includes a set of social care services, catering, assistance in obtaining medical, legal, socio-psychological and natural types of assistance, assistance. In vocational training, employment, leisure activities; assistance in organizing funeral services and others that are provided to elderly citizens and the disabled at home or in institutions social service regardless of the form of ownership.

The fourth direction of social protection is the social protection of the family, which should ensure effective prevention of social risks that prevent:

- preservation of the institution of the family;

- creating and maintaining a family;

- living in the family of its members suffering from disabilities;

- implementation of measures to provide workers with family responsibilities with such employment conditions that would allow them to combine family and professional responsibilities;

- development and assistance to state and other forms of ownership of institutions and services for child care and family assistance;

- ensuring the right of every woman to the widest possible range of family planning services;

- measures to reduce maternal and child mortality;

- granting women the right to maternity leave;

- granting parental leave to the mother or father (guardian) or, at the discretion of the family, to another relative who actually cares for the child;

- termination labor relations an employer with a woman during her absence from work for the above reason;

- the payment of benefits for child care, pregnancy and childbirth, the receipt by a woman of medical care, including free prenatal medical care, obstetric care during and after childbirth;

- refusal of the employer to hire and reduce wages for women for reasons related to pregnancy and childbirth, the presence of children;

- transfer of pregnant women, as well as women with children under the age of 3, in accordance with medical requirements, for more light work excluding the impact of adverse production factors no reduction in wages;

- development of family leisure and recreation.

Social protection of the family at the present stage is the most developing area of social protection, since it is in the family that all social problems characteristic of modern Russian society are reflected, and these problems are always specific, since they are directly related to the type of family.

The organization of the implementation of these areas of social protection of the population is determined by the legal framework for the social protection of the population in the Russian Federation.

1.2 Regulatory framework of the municipal department of social protection of the population

Social protection of the population and the mechanism for its implementation are based on constitutional and legal legislative foundations and international pacts on human rights and freedoms. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the international covenants on civil and political, economic, social and cultural rights proclaim and recognize the rights of all people to life, liberty and security of person, dignity, freedom of opinion, the right to work, rest, education, social security, protection of material and moral interests.

Society cannot do without establishing the rights, freedoms and duties of its citizens. At the same time, they cannot be set arbitrarily, as they are determined by the achieved level of material, cultural and spiritual capabilities. The fundamental rights, freedoms and obligations of citizens are legally consolidated and guaranteed by the state in its main law - the Constitution.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims that the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

The Russian Federation also protects the labor and health of people. A guaranteed minimum wage is established governmental support families, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, disabled and elderly citizens, a system of social services is being developed, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are being established.

Article 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states:

1. Every citizen is guaranteed social security in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for the upbringing of children and in other cases established by law.

2. Pensions and allowances are established.

In Article 39 of the Constitution, according to which every person is guaranteed social security in cases of disability, for the upbringing of children and in other situations established by law.

Every citizen has the right to social protection. The constitution obliges the state to create all the necessary conditions to exercise this right.

It not only proclaims the right of citizens to social protection, but also clearly defines the ways of its implementation. First of all it is:

- Compulsory pension insurance for employees;

- creation of other funds that are sources of financing of social protection of the population;

- Adoption of federal laws guaranteeing the exercise of these rights.

In particular, on August 2, 1995, the Federal Law "On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and the Disabled" was adopted. According to the degree of concentration of legislative material, this law can be considered as normative act codification value.

It is distinguished by the relevance of regulatory regulation, a special capacious internal structure (consists of 7 chapters, 40 articles), which provides a single coordinated regulation relations in the field of social services for this category of citizens.

This law, in essence, is the base for the institution of social services, because. regulates in a complex a range of issues related to social services for the two most weakly social groups of the population - the elderly and the disabled.

The Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" dated December 10, 1995 establishes the foundations legal regulation in the field of social services for citizens in difficult life situations. At the same time, the following principles of social services for citizens are distinguished: targeting; availability; voluntariness; humanity; priority; confidentiality; preventive focus.

The codification law, the norms of which regulate public relations, are the Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the health of citizens" dated July 22, 1993. The Fundamentals fix the concept of protecting the health of citizens and its basic principles, the rights of citizens in the field of health protection. In particular, it separately provides for the right to health protection: families, pregnant women and mothers, minors, military personnel, elderly citizens, and the disabled.

The federal law of May 19, 1995 "On state benefits to citizens with children" also became codifying. This law established single system allowances addressed to citizens with children. This is a pregnancy and childbirth allowance for a woman, a one-time allowance for women registered in the early stages of pregnancy; childbirth allowance due to each family; allowance for parental leave until the age of 1.5 years; monthly allowance for each child from the moment of his birth until the age of 16 (students 18) years old. In subsequent years, additions to this law were issued, in terms of changing the amount of payments.

Another codifying law was the Federal Law of July 16, 1999 "On the Fundamentals of Compulsory Social Insurance". It consolidated the basic principles for the implementation of compulsory social insurance, types of social risks, insured events, types of insurance coverage for compulsory social insurance, rights and obligations of subjects of compulsory social insurance.

Citizens are provided with social benefits in accordance with the above Law of the Russian Federation "On State Benefits to Citizens with Children", as well as the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment in the Russian Federation" as amended on April 20, 1996, the Federal Law of December 21, 1996 " O additional guarantees on social protection of children - orphans and children left without parental care", Federal Laws of September 17, 1998 "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" and of January 12, 1996 "On Burial and Funeral Business".

A number of current laws regulate the provision of pensions to various categories of citizens, for example, Federal Law No. 173-FZ of December 17, 2001 "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation" and Federal Law No. 166-FZ of December 15, 2001 "On state pension provision in the Russian Federation.

Social protection involves the provision of assistance to specific people in need, taking into account their individual needs. In the Russian Federation, relevant regulatory legal acts have been issued and are in force to regulate the provision of social support to one or another category of those in need.

Of great practical importance in the implementation of social protection of various categories of the population is the adopted a number of social programs, great advantage which is the special allocation of "program resources" and their concentration on the achievement of sub-goals, objectives and, ultimately, the goals of programs. Today, the following social programs operate in the Russian Federation:

- Federal comprehensive program "Social Support for the Disabled";

- Presidential program "Youth of Russia";

- The program of retraining and employment of military personnel subject to dismissal, and the reserve or retired, citizens dismissed from military service, and members of their families in their places of compact residence;

- Federal migration program.

Thus, the Constitution as the basic law of the state and legal acts that specify and fill with real content the social rights, freedoms and duties of the individual (Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, federal laws, Decrees of the Government, legal acts adopted by the subjects of the Federation, municipal authorities) constitute and form the legal space in which the social mechanism protection of human interests. The operation and effectiveness of this mechanism are directly related to the activities of people and largely depend on their conscientiousness, professionalism, competence and other qualities. That is why the further development and improvement of the social protection system requires a more serious approach to solving legal issues.

1.3 Overseas experience social protection of the population

20th century became a century of destruction of traditional channels of social assistance: communities, families. Communication within the community is torn under the pressure of ongoing processes of industrialization, urbanization and individualization of public life. The family is going through a period of disintegration, which limits the possibilities of mutual assistance. In this regard, in the first half of the 20th century, a redistribution of roles takes place: the state becomes one of the main guarantors of the social security of a person.

For this stage The development of European and American civilization is characterized by the fact that, along with repression, the mechanism of social maneuvering through the adoption of social legislation and the foundation social institutions aimed at creating a system of social support for wage workers and members of their families.

The main player in the social field, of course, becomes the state. To an ever greater extent, the state is beginning to realize the need to intervene in the social sphere, and therefore to have public service professional social workers. In the first decades of the twentieth century Almost all developed countries are actively expanding in the social sphere, building a social policy, creating a legal framework, developing models and systems of social support for the population. Basically, they operate to this day. At the same time, there are also differences in the models of social support for the population in various Western countries.

Particularly interesting experience social system Germany. Germany, along with the states of Northern Europe, has an exemplary social security system. The basis of this system was laid in the time of Bismarck: accident insurance, sickness insurance, pension insurance. In 1919 unemployment insurance was introduced.

Importance for formation abroad modern system social assistance was provided by the principles of the Elberfeld system, which took its name from the city where it was effectively applied. In the middle of the 19th century, it spread throughout almost the entire territory of Germany and part of France. Based on these principles:

the independence of each guardianship in considering particular issues and the centralization of the general direction of affairs;

individualization of assistance with a detailed examination of each person in need;

attraction of all sections of society to active participation in the charity of the poor.

Over time, the methods and forms of work have changed, but the main principle of social work remains the provision of social assistance.

Social assistance is the main part of the social guarantee system in Germany, serving to get out of a difficult situation. socially provisions individuals and having the necessary institutions and services for these purposes.

Social assistance is also called social services that are provided outside the social security system. These are services general: the issuance of money as a state subsidy for housing, in large families for children, for the poor - for education.

Services such as education are especially important for the young poor and the poor, as they help to further professional growth and career. The solution of the problems of education is completely in the hands of the authorities of the federal states. Each federal state decides in its own way within the framework of federal law. According to German social law, every student of ability, with good academic results, is entitled to individual support in his education, although he may not have enough of this necessary means.

Of interest is the system of social protection in the leading capitalist country - the United States.

As in Western European countries, the US social protection system is being reformed, adapting to modern conditions, but relying on solid material resources and the established system of values. National system Social Security was laid down in the 1930s and dates back to the signing of the Social Security Act by President Franklin Roosevelt in August 1935. It was all based on the orientation of Americans to success, to personal responsibility for their well-being and the well-being of their families. The American system of social protection has clearly expressed two directions: the system of social security and the system of social assistance.

Social security programs enjoy a high status of social respectability, as wage earners regularly pay taxes to the respective funds. The social insurance system is mainly used by the middle and upper strata of society. This system protects the economically actively employed population from the main socio-economic risks: old age, loss of a breadwinner, disability, illness, industrial injuries, unemployment.

In the article of social expenditures of the US budget, this section of social protection accounts for about 75%. The size of social insurance pensions is 2.5 times higher than cash benefits for poverty.

It should be noted that both social insurance and social assistance in the United States are not of an abstract nature, but have a number of basic and auxiliary programs.

One of major programs- the basis of the pension system General Federal Program (OFP). To receive a full pension, you must be at least 65 years of age and have worked for at least 3 months in each year between the ages of 21 and 65. With a decrease in the length of service, the pension decreases, the minimum required length of service is 10 years.

The tax to the Pension Fund (including the part of medical care under the Medicor program) is 15.3% of income, with half paid by the employer and the other half by the employee. The fund's spending is strictly regulated: out of every dollar that goes into the fund, 69 cents go to trust funds that pay monthly old-age pensions to the insured, their family members, and widows; 19 cents goes to trust funds that pay the bills of the insured under the Medicor program, 12 cents to trust funds to pay pensions to the disabled and their families; and 1 cent is spent on administrative expenses.

The most important component of the social insurance system is the Medicor program for retired health care, which was established in 1965, covers more than 30 million Americans and is of the greatest social importance in the life of the country. Insurance is divided into basic and additional. The main one pays for treatment in general hospital conditions, additional treatment and medical services at home. Additional insurance voluntary insurance with the payment of an insurance premium, as well as payment for the services of doctors and services in polyclinics, the Medicor program provides for health insurance for people aged 65 years and older and some other groups of the population.

A compensatory function similar to the social insurance system is performed by the federal-state unemployment insurance system, introduced in the mid-1930s. The unemployment insurance system is offset by a tax on entrepreneurs, wage-earners no payments are made for this purpose.

The second direction of the system of social protection in the United States is social assistance. Unlike social insurance programs for social assistance to the poor do not enjoy prestige and support in American society, because the poor do not pay social taxes and represent a much smaller part of the population.

One of the main federal social assistance programs is the Assistance to Families with Dependent Children (PSED) program.

Funding for this program is provided by the federal government on a parity basis with the states, approximately 50 to 50. Within the framework of the PSED, mothers or relatives who are raising children receive benefits. Family support is complex. Such a family, in addition to cash assistance, is entitled to receive food stamps, school-age children receive free meals "School Breakfast Program". The family receives medical assistance under the Medicaid program. Approximately a quarter of families receiving child support use housing.

At the same time, beginning in 1981, a requirement was introduced to work on a gratuitous basis in order to receive benefits under major federal social programs. Two programs require this as mandatory condition for federal social assistance: the Dependent Child Assistance Program and the Food Stamp Program.

The Medicaid program, created in 1965, provides medical services to people living below the poverty line. About 23 million people receive assistance through it, it is paid entirely from the budget by the federal government together with the state authorities.

The foundations of social insurance in Germany were laid in the last century by Chancellor Bismarck, and since then the mechanism of social policy, being improved, creates reliable social protection for the population.

In Germany, the legislation establishes compulsory insurance for every employee upon reaching a certain age for all types of insurance: pension, unemployment and sick leave.

Insurance funds account for about 37% of the wage fund at each enterprise. They are formed at the expense of deductions from the wages of the worker and contributions from the employer in approximately equal proportions. The state legislates only the amount of payments to insurance funds. The system of payments to social insurance funds operates on the principle of solidarity: the strong pay for the weak.

Pension insurance contributions amount to 1.7% of the wage fund and ensure the formation of one of the largest insurance funds - the pension fund. The Fund is intended to finance the following types of pensions: a) old-age pensions (assigned to working men from 65 years of age, women from 60 years of age). The amount of pensions is determined by the length of service, which means the term for paying contributions to Pension Fund. With an experience of up to 40 years, 61% of net earnings are paid before retirement, and with an experience of 45 years or more - 69%. It should be noted that the length of service includes the time spent on raising children, serving in the army and the period of involuntary unemployment; b) disability pension in connection with its loss as a result of an accident and if a person has been disabled since childhood; c) pensions on the death of the breadwinner.

Unemployment insurance provides a contribution to this fund in the amount of 6.8% of the payroll.

In Germany, the following amounts of unemployment pensions are determined by law - 63-68% average salary in the last 3 months before losing your job. These percentages are calculated from the so-called "net" salary, i.e. remaining after payment of all taxes and contributions. Workers are eligible for unemployment benefits vocational education and work experience of at least three years, and unskilled workers - with work experience of at least 6 years.

The payment of benefits is made subject to certain conditions (loss of work by the employee in full, and not in part; mandatory registration at the labor exchange is required; lack of alternative options for working at another enterprise). The allowance is paid from 6 to 32 months.

If the employee does not have the right to receive the specified benefit (for example, the period of time necessary for this has not been worked out), then unemployment assistance is paid in this case. Assistance is issued if there are no other sources of livelihood and none of the relatives can support the unemployed. The amount of assistance is 56-58% of the net previous salary for the last three months of work.

The third type of payments from the unemployment fund is social assistance to the poor and those who have no means of subsistence due to a long illness or illness of close relatives.

Unemployment benefits, assistance and social benefits are not taxed.

Unemployment insurance in accordance with the Law is at the expense of the entrepreneur.

Hospital insurance (sickness insurance) in Germany is legally regulated by Federal law. The order of hospital insurance is that citizens are automatically members of local sickness funds, then join the production and sectoral funds, and then optionally, on a voluntary basis, additional ones. The amount of deductions ranges from 8 to 16% (on average 12.5%) of the wage fund.

There are currently about one thousand sickness funds of four types in the country: industrial, local, branch, additional. Production cash desks are created at enterprises with at least 450 employees. Local correspond to a territorial sign (urban, quarterly, rural, etc.). Branches serve people of a certain specialty (transport workers, builders, etc.). Additional cash desks are intended for people with a high level of income.

The concept of hospital insurance in Germany is based on differentiation and a commercial approach. Its essence lies in the fact that the amount of contributions and the level of service measures depends on the income of the insurers. In particular, if a citizen earns at the minimum level (about 5 thousand marks per month), then he must be insured. This is due to the fact that in case of illness, his earnings will not be enough for treatment, and according to the constitution of Germany, a sick person cannot be deprived of medical care.

With high incomes, a citizen can join a private health insurance fund, which provides a prestigious level of medical care. In private health insurance funds, there is no principle of joint distribution of medical expenses, and therefore the young and healthy pay less, the old and the sick pay more.

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General information

In the process of development of culture, civilization, in the course of technological progress, the collapse of communal ties, the state began to increasingly act as a guarantor of the social security of people. The emergence and development of the market system contributed to the separation of this function into an independent activity. Over time, it began to take on a new meaning. First of all, social support of the population acts as a protection against negative influences market relations. At the same time, it is an integral element of the economic system. Social support is aimed at those who are not able to provide a decent life on their own. In fact, this is a necessary compensation for the opportunity to conduct entrepreneurial activity and earn income in a stable society.

Main directions

At the government level, special programs are being developed, the purpose of which is social support:

Prerequisites for the emergence of activities

Within the framework of market relations, the individual can satisfy his needs only through the receipt of profit from property or in the form of payment for his labor. But in every society there are people who do not have property that would bring passive income. There are also those who are unable to work due to age, the presence of a disease, due to the adverse effects of military, political, environmental, national and other conflicts, demographic changes, natural disasters, and so on. All these people will not be able to live if they are not helped. The government is interested in securing the support of the population for a number of reasons. In particular, these should include:

The duty of the authorities is to create conditions for a decent life for people. It is proclaimed by the Universal Declaration, which is valid in all civilized countries.
Any country strives for an expanded reproduction of skilled workers.
Social support of citizens stimulates the economic situation of different strata and groups of society, thus reducing internal tension in the country.

Protection principles

A civilized market can function normally only with the expansion and deepening of the social security of the population. In a broad sense, the protection of the people is a certain direction of the internal policy of the government. It is focused on ensuring the constitutional rights of people and minimum guarantees. Social support is provided regardless of gender, age, nationality, place of residence. In other words, protection is guaranteed for all individual rights and freedoms. The interaction of the market system and social protection should be taken into account not only in relation to the whole society, but also at the level of certain groups, the individual, and the family. The main goal of protection is the desire to provide specific people with the necessary assistance in difficult situations.

Social support of citizens in Russia

The protection system in the country is in the process of formation. Over time, it will turn into a qualitatively new, diversified, independent branch of the economy. To date, the system employs about 400 thousand employees, more than 16 thousand institutions operate. In unfavorable demographic conditions, with increasing requirements for the quality of services, social support is aimed at:

Efficient distribution of budget funds for the solution of priority tasks.
Improving the welfare of vulnerable categories.
More active implementation of the system of targeted assistance to those in need.
Development of a system of services for the population, expansion of the range and improvement of their quality.
Formation of a favorable environment for people with disabilities.
Improvement of the material and technical base of social protection institutions.

All these activities are governmental tasks. Budgetary funds are allocated for their solution.

Regional policy

Social support at the level of subjects of Russia has a narrower focus. The emphasis in regional policy is on:

Improving the protection system, using an individual approach, optimizing the costs of maintaining social facilities. spheres while maintaining the proper level of quality of services, development of staffing.
Providing financial assistance in kind or in cash.
Introduction of new measures of social support.
service in the respective institutions.
Provision of medical and legal assistance.
Providing subsidies and incentives.

Event results

Concentration of power efforts in social direction will allow:

Financial support

In accordance with Art. 61 of the Federal Law No. 131, the equalization of the degree of budgetary security in municipal districts (urban districts) is carried out by providing subsidies from the relevant funds. The distribution of funds is carried out in the manner formulated in the law of the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the requirements of the BC. This takes into account financial opportunities local bodies to exercise their powers to solve territorial problems. The distribution of subsidies from regional funds is carried out among the municipalities, in which the level of estimated provision of budget funds does not exceed the established indicators for municipal districts(urban districts). The values are determined according to the methodology approved by the regional law in accordance with the requirements of the BC. In accordance with the provisions of the Budget Code, a part of regional subsidies can be provided to each municipality per inhabitant. The BC provides for cases in which regional legislation may formulate a different procedure for calculating the specified share of funds.

Alternative security

The above subsidies can be partially or completely replaced by additional standards for deductions from regional and federal fees and taxes to municipal budgets. The procedure for their calculation is formulated by the legislation of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in accordance with the requirements established in the BC. The distribution of subsidies from regional support funds or additional standards replacing them is approved at the regional level for the coming financial year.

Social support measures

There are quite a lot of families in need of financial support today in the country. At the government level, programs have been developed under which one-time and regular payments are made. In particular, one of the types of assistance is maternal capital. As for the disabled, military personnel, people who have lost their breadwinners, monthly pension payments are provided for them. Social support for children is actively carried out. Parents are entitled to receive monthly payments for each child. In addition to financial assistance, government programs provide for:

Maintenance and care of those in need in hospitals.
Vocational training, employment of disabled people, medical, prosthetic and orthopedic care, rehabilitation measures, benefits for paying utility bills, etc.

Minors left without parental care

Social support for orphans is provided by the government in different directions. Regional authorities are additionally developing their own programs to provide these persons. The main law on social support for minors left without parental care is Federal Law No. 159. This normative act formulates the main directions for ensuring their protection. The activities of regional structures are carried out in the following areas:

Education.
Health.
Housing.
Employment.

Education

Orphans have the right to:

In addition, orphans, except for those who lost one or both parents during their education, have the right to:

Increased scholarship.
Annual allowance for the purchase of writing materials and educational literature.
100% of the salary accrued during the internship.

healthcare

Orphans are provided with free services and surgical treatment in medical institutions, medical examinations, regular medical examinations, and rehabilitation. These persons also receive vouchers to student/school preventive labor and recreation camps. If there are medical indications, they are provided with a referral to sanatorium treatment. At the same time, travel to the place and back is paid for by the state.

Employment

In the professional sphere, orphans receive the following guarantees:

For individuals, for the first time job seekers and registered at the employment center as unemployed, benefits are provided for six months. Its size is the average salary for a particular region.
In case of liquidation of the enterprise or reduction of personnel, employees are provided by the employer or his successor with professional retraining with subsequent employment.

housing issue

Orphaned children have the right to receive housing once from specialized fund under a contract of employment. At the same time, the area of the provided premises must comply with the established standards for footage per person. The term of the contract is 5 years. If at the end of this period the person living in the premises is in a difficult life situation, the document can be extended for another 5 years. The possibility of renewing the contract is provided once. Persons who do not have their own premises, or if they have one, but it is impossible to stay in it (if their parents are deprived of their rights, do not meet sanitary and technical standards, and so on) have the right to receive housing. This opportunity is reserved for persons who have reached the age of 23 before actually receiving housing. To provide the area, it is necessary to write an appropriate application when citizens reach the age of 18 and complete their stay in special institutions, after the end of military service. The document can be submitted by a minor at the age of 14 with the consent of the trustees or guardians. If this was not done, then the citizen, upon reaching the age of 18, writes an application on his own.

8.1. Provision of social assistance at the municipal level

Considering social work as a type of activity aimed at helping people in difficult life situations, it should be noted that at the municipal level this activity is carried out in the form of providing social assistance to the population, providing social services on the basis of municipal institutions of social support, social services, organizations guardianship and custody of minors, etc.

The range of social services provided in the field of social protection of the population at the municipal level has been reduced with the entry into force of federal law No. 131-FZ "On general principles organizations of local self-government in the Russian Federation. Issues of social support for the population were excluded from the list of issues of local importance, the relevant powers were assigned to the competence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the law reserves the right of local self-government bodies to exercise certain powers that are not related to issues of local importance. The law also provides for a mechanism for the transfer of certain state powers to local governments. The transfer of these powers is carried out through the adoption of a law by the subject of the Russian Federation, which lists the transferred powers, issues of financing the transferred powers, control over their execution. As a rule, the following powers are transferred: to organize guardianship and guardianship of minors, social support for large families, foster families, guardians and trustees of minors, orphans and children left without parental care, etc.

At the expense of the local budget, at the municipal level, the provision of social assistance to persons in difficult life situations is organized. To receive material assistance in cash, it is necessary to contact the administration of the municipality, provide documents confirming the difficult life situation. In accordance with the approved procedure, the documents are considered, and a decision is made to provide or refuse to provide social assistance. The amount of social assistance is determined taking into account the difficult life situation that has developed for a citizen, within the limits of the allocations provided for in the budget of the municipality. As a rule, a maximum amount of social assistance is set.

In order to provide social assistance to the population in kind, centers of social support for the population may be formed in municipalities. Assistance is provided to people who find themselves in a difficult situation due to loss of property due to fire, natural disaster, loss of livelihood, long-term medical treatment, low family income, etc. Assistance, as a rule, is provided by things donated by residents of the municipality, institutions, organizations, etc. (clothes, essentials, Appliances and furniture). In addition to providing assistance, consultations are organized for the population on issues of obtaining social support measures.

Despite the fact that the powers to organize the provision of social services are within the competence of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in the municipalities of some constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the work of social service centers for the population (for example, in Novosibirsk, Tyumen regions) is organized, providing social services to the elderly and the disabled, children and families with children, people who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Local governments can provide certain categories citizens benefits for receiving services and maintenance in municipal institutions of the social sphere, social and domestic orientation ( municipal institutions education, health care, culture, municipal pharmacies, baths, etc.).

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