Innovative resources. Classification and types of innovations. State regulation of the market of innovative resources

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Concept, essence, structure of innovative resources of an enterprise

The concept, essence, features of the innovative potential of science-intensive enterprises

Problems of effective management of intellectual capital

Assessment of the innovative potential of a science-intensive enterprise

Concept, essence, structure of innovative resources of an enterprise

Under innovative resources - understand the totality of financial, intellectual and material resources that an enterprise has to implement innovations.

The structure of innovative resources of a science-intensive enterprise includes a number of opportunities for innovative potential to increase the innovative activity of an enterprise in the present period of time and predict the growth of innovative activity in the future.

Thus, the innovative resources of the enterprise include:

1. Scientific and technical groundwork in the form of unfinished innovative projects.

2. Organization staff- as an innovative resource characterize the level of professional training, learning ability and innovativeness of the staff. In most modern companies, managers consider the skill level of employees to be a key factor holding back organizational development.(manager, innovative manager interested in innovation; people, staff with special education and experience in research and developmentany; personnel with special knowledge in the field of marketing, planning and forecasting needs, both latent and explicit needs);

3. Material resources of the enterprise(experimental instrumentation and bases, experimental, research and laboratory equipment);

4. Intangible resources of the enterprise- part of the resources that bring economic benefits over a long period of time and have an intangible basis for generating income. Such resources include objects of industrial and intellectual property(inventions, patents, licenses, utility models, technical and technologicalesky documentation, industrial designs, trademarks);

5. Effective innovation communication- allows you to comprehensively ensure the interaction between the participants of innovation activity in the process of their implementation of any stage of the innovation process (partnershipno communication of personnel withuniversities, fatheredomestic and foreign; informational and analytical departments, project management experience, strategic and long-term enterprise management).

6. Achieved technical and technological level.

7. Financial support for innovation activities (investments, advances in current costs (cost), own, borrowed, budgetary);

8. Infrastructure innovation resources(for example: design departments; technology laboratories; a marketing department focused on researching a new product, product or service; laboratories for quality control of products at the input and output);

At the same time, each of listed species resources are not independent. They have only a potential value and give a result only when combined with the subjective components of the potential - abilities, experience, motivation, labor, qualifications, technology, energy.

The concept, essence, features of the innovative potential of science-intensive enterprises

innovation capital intellectual high technology

An important characteristic of the efficiency and intensity of a firm's innovative processes is its innovative potential.

Innovation potential is the company's ability to update or improve, it shows the maximum amount of innovative products that can be obtained with a fuller use of all available innovative resources.

Innovative potential is the “readiness” of an enterprise to implement an innovative strategy focused on the introduction of new technologies, organization of management and presentation of a “new line” of products.

The components of the innovative potential are innovative resources. "Innovation potential" and "innovation resource" are different tools of management activity.

The peculiarities of innovative potential include the existence of two approaches to its assessment: detailed and diagnostic.

1. Detailed approach aboutestimates of innovative potential

It is carried out at the stage of innovation justification and preparation of a project for its implementation and implementation. Although it is quite laborious, it still provides systemic and useful information. The assessment of innovative potential is carried out according to the scheme: resource - function - project.

Stages of the innovative potential assessment scheme in a detailed analysis internal environment:

1. First, a description of the systemic normative model of the state of innovation potential is given;

2. then the actual state of the innovation potential is established for all blocks, components and parameters;

3. after that, the discrepancy between the normative and actual values ​​of the parameters of the organization's potential is analyzed;

4. strengths and weaknesses of the potential are highlighted;

5. an approximate list of works on innovative transformation (strengthening weaknesses) is left.

But a certain time limit, as well as the lack of specialists capable of conducting a system analysis, the absence or inaccessibility of information about the organization, force the use of a diagnostic approach to assessing innovative potential.

2. Diagnostic approach for assessing innovativecapacity

It is implemented in the analysis and diagnostics of the state of the organization according to a limited range of parameters accessible to both internal and external analysts.

The prerequisites for conducting a diagnostic analysis are as follows:

1. knowledge of the system model, as well as system analysis of the object under study, should be used;

2. according to the state of any one diagnostic parameter, the state of either the entire system or its essential part should be assessed;

3. Information about the values ​​of the selected diagnostic parameters must be reliable, since when the parameters are limited, the risk of losses increases due to an inaccurate diagnosis of the system state.

4. Innovations- Another feature of the innovative potential is innovations that are designed to ensure low production costs, a high level of workmanship and high competitiveness of products, as a result of which they must meet the following requirements:

1. Have novelty and high competitiveness;

2. Satisfy personal and social needs, be suitable for personal and industrial consumption.

Problems of effective management of intellectual capital

(profit growth, cost savings, increase in sales volumes)

Intellectual capital is what forms the competitiveness of an organization (knowledge that can be converted into value; the sum of all the skills that employees possess).

Example: databases, number of creatives, number of key deals, customer experience, patents, licenses, trademarks.

The activities of the intellectual capital management system of an enterprise should be aimed at increasing its competitiveness, maximizing the value of intellectual capital and the organization as a whole, intellectualization labor activity and increasing the value of intangible assets, creating conditions for continuous development.

There are problems associated with effective management intellectual capital of a science-intensive enterprise:

1. The problem of measuring intellectual capital- People are not viewed in terms of value, but rather as assets. This technique is effective in identifying "intangible values", but it does not answer questions about how these values ​​are created and developed.

2. The problem of organization and effective managementintellectual capital;

3. Problem motiveationdevelopment of the intellectual capital of the enterprise(that is, the problem is in the formation of a system of measures that ensure the interest and motivation of enterprise specialists in the field of intellectual production);

4. The problem of state regulation of the processes of reproduction of intellectualOth capital- (the problem lies in the absence of an unambiguous legal regulation of measures of state regulation of the intellectual and innovative activities of subjects today).

Assessment of the innovative potential of a science-intensive enterprise

The following indicators can be used to assess the innovative potential:

1. Scientific and technical potential (number of employees with a scientific degree; number of rational proposals per employee; number of patents, etc.);

2. Commercialization indicators (the share of new products in the total volume of manufactured products; the number of license agreements, etc.);

3. The duration of the work performed (the value of the innovation lag);

4. Characteristics of the innovativeness of the control system (forms of stimulating innovative activity at the enterprise; participation in the implementation of innovative projects of top management; the level of freedom provided to participants in innovative activity).

There is a fairly rich methodological toolkit for assessing the innovative potential of an enterprise.

One of the possible methods for assessing innovative potential is to build a tree of goals. The goal tree is a model that allows you to organize and combine goals into a single complex.

The coefficient of relative importance of subgoals on the way from this subgoal to the main goal is calculated by the formula:

Symbol meanings: Cubs. I - coefficient of absolute importance of the subgoal of the i-th level; П - product of coefficients; Catn. ij - coefficient of relative importance of the subgoal of the i-th level of the j-th number; m - the number of levels from the i-th subgoal to the main goal

Innovative potential according to the goal tree method is calculated by the formula:

Symbol meanings: IP - innovative potential of the enterprise; EOi - expert assessment of the i-th parameter, in points.

The assessment of the innovative potential of a science-intensive enterprise allows: 1) to determine the priority directions of point impact on innovative activity in order to increase the level of innovative potential; 2) compare the innovative potential of various enterprises; 3) choose a strategy for innovation.

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One of the main goals of management is to ensure a stable and resistant to changes in the external environment competitiveness of the enterprise, which necessitates high innovation activity.
During the last decades and in life ordinary people, and in the field of special professional activity Significant changes took place, which, on the one hand, were the result of scientific and technological progress, and on the other hand, were the result of a significantly intensified competition. The industrial stage of economic development allowed enterprises to achieve competitive advantages as a result of the concentration of capital, the development of integration processes, and increased dominance in the markets through mergers and acquisitions. In the context of the concept of the knowledge economy, the innovation economy, new technological opportunities and non-standard forms of doing business, based on the ability of the company's management to anticipate possible changes in technology and technology and the ability to determine possible and effective areas of application of innovations, to form new needs among potential consumers, become more significant.
The modern management paradigm proceeds from the necessity and possibility of demand management and the formation of new needs, which ultimately becomes a prerequisite for the growth of innovative activity of enterprises. Enterprise management is increasingly becoming oriented towards the long term, as innovations change the entire industrial and technological basis of business.
The term "innovation" was first used in the nineteenth century. in cultural studies and means the penetration of some elements of one culture into another. The meaning of the term "innovation" in translation from English "innovation" means - an evolving complex process of creating, distributing and using innovation, which contributes to the development and increase in the efficiency of entrepreneurial firms.
It should also be taken into account that the Latin word "novator" is a renovator, that is, a person who introduces and implements new, progressive principles, ideas, techniques in any field of activity, the English term "innovate" - to innovate, to innovate, to produce change, the concept of "innovator" denotes a company that creates new products, uses new technology. In the English-language economic literature, the term "innovation" has a long tradition everyday use, due to which a number of well-established expressions have developed that emphasize the breakthrough, especially important nature of those innovations that are denoted by the term "innovation" - "capital-saving innovation" - capital-saving innovations; "design innovation" - changing the design of the machine; "factor-saving innovation" - an innovation that saves costs for a factor of production (labor or capital); "financial innovation" - financial innovation, development of new financial methods; "manufacturing innovation" - a new method of production; "product innovation" - a new product.
Adam Smith, in his monograph The Wealthof Nations, published in 1776, argued that the organizational mechanism of capitalism is not only the market system (the ratio of supply and demand), but also competition, which forces not only to satisfy ever-increasing needs by lowering prices and quality improvement, but also to do it the most effective way through the transition to new technologies, i.e. through innovation.
F. Kotler defines innovation as an idea, product or technology launched into mass production and presented on the market, which the consumer perceives as completely new or having some unique properties.
The founder of the theory of innovation is Joseph Schumpeter, who interpreted innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination. production factors, motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit, which is identical in meaning to the concept of "innovation" and implies an object introduced into production as a result of a scientific research, a scientific discovery, qualitatively different in its parameters from previous analogues, or having no analogues, bringing significant economic benefits , i.e. new application of scientific and technical knowledge leading to market success.
J. Schumpeter focused his attention on economic innovations and highly appreciated the role of an entrepreneur - an innovator in economic progress, while considering entrepreneurs not only "independent" economic entities market economy, but also all those who actually perform the fundamental function - the combination of factors of production. He also considers entrepreneurs those who do not have long-term ties with an individual enterprise and use them only to carry out new combinations. According to Schumpeter, entrepreneurs are a special type of people, and their activity is a specific problem, since they perform the functions of creating something new, and it is more difficult to make something new objectively than to produce something familiar and tested.
In his opinion, the role of entrepreneurs is to reform or revolutionize production, using inventions to produce new goods or produce old ones in a new way, opening up new sources of raw materials and materials or new markets, reorganizing the industry, etc. content entrepreneurial activity is the implementation of "new combinations of factors" of production and various innovations .
A significant contribution to the development of the theory of the innovative path of economic development was made by N.D. Kondratiev, who, outlining the doctrine of large conjuncture cycles of half a century duration, substantiated the regular connection of “upward” and “downward” waves of these cycles with waves technical inventions and their practical use. The main role in the changes in the economic life of society N.D. Kondratiev assigned to scientific and technical innovations.
Innovation (innovation)- this is the end result of creative activity, which has been embodied in the form of a new or improved product or technology that is practically applicable and capable of satisfying certain needs, i.e. the result of the implementation of new ideas and knowledge for the purpose of their practical use to meet certain consumer needs.
Innovations form the conditions for increasing the level of competitiveness of enterprises, making up for the insufficient level of competitiveness. Thus, the indispensable properties (signs) of innovation are:

• scientific and technical novelty,
• industrial applicability,
• economic utility,
• commercial feasibility (efficiency) .

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity realized through the needs of the market. From this point of view, there are two points: "materialization" of innovation - from an idea to its embodiment in a product, service, technology; "commercialization" of innovation - turning it into a source of income.
The systemic, complex nature of innovation activity is reflected in the complexity and versatility of the concept of innovation. It includes a wide range of innovations with varying degrees of novelty of the knowledge embodied in them, applied in various industries and fields of activity, implemented in various markets, etc. .
Therefore, innovation management should be based on a typology of innovations, their classification according to various essential grounds, criteria, and parameters. The typology of innovations is important not only for the development of a consistent theory of innovation management, but also for the practice of innovation management. Innovation managers in their activities should proceed from the idea that different types innovations have their own characteristics of development, implementation and dissemination, require specific approaches to management, appropriate structures of innovation, its methods and styles.
The methodology for a systematic description of innovations is based on international standards, recommendations for the practical application of which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 and called the Oslo Guide, according to which common system innovations, four main types of innovations should be distinguished:

• Grocery.
• Technical and technological (process).
• Marketing.
• Organizational (organizational and managerial).

Product innovations are the most common type of innovation and are present in almost all enterprises. The dominance of product innovations is also confirmed by the data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. However, their nature differs from enterprise to enterprise. For some, this is a complete change in the range or a significant expansion of the range that goes beyond the traditional profile, for others - an increase in the consumer qualities of traditional profile products, taking into account consumer requests. Sometimes the release of new products was carried out without changing the technology and on old equipment, sometimes the development of new products was accompanied by the introduction of a new technology for the enterprise and the purchase of appropriate equipment.
It is the production of new products that can satisfy market demands that is the leading motive for technological innovation for the surveyed enterprises. At the same time, the specific prerequisites for innovation can be different: improvement of the technological process, saving resources, environmental requirements, inaccessibility of advanced technological solutions. Practically at all enterprises, the purpose of technological innovations was to increase competitiveness by improving product quality, reducing its cost, expanding the range and range of manufactured products.
It is noteworthy that technical innovations, i.e. the introduction of new equipment is most often due either to the transition to the production of new products, or the need to radically improve the quality of already manufactured products. In a number of cases, the installation and development of new equipment at Russian enterprises was due to the need to replace obsolete and worn-out equipment and expand the material and technical base due to the exhaustion of growth reserves due to old equipment.
Marketing innovation involves the introduction of a new method of marketing, including major changes in product design or packaging, product placement, marketing, or pricing to better meet consumer needs, open up new markets, or gain new market positions for an enterprise's product in order to increase sales volume.
A distinctive feature of a marketing innovation compared to other changes in marketing tools is:

• introduction of a marketing method that has not previously been used by this enterprise, which should become part of new concept or a marketing strategy that represents a significant departure from those previously existing in the enterprise;
• significant changes in the design of the product, which are part of the new concept of its marketing - changes in the form and appearance that do not change the functional or consumer characteristics of this product, changes in product packaging;
• development of new sales channels - the introduction of franchising, direct sales, exclusive retail or product licensing.

Often, the development of new products is accompanied by organizational and managerial innovations, which are most often characterized by the organization of new departments, divisions and services at all levels. Most enterprises created marketing departments, while in some of them, at the initial stage of reforms, the formation of marketing departments was a simple change in the signboard of the sales department. However, then their functions were expanded and divided into the study of demand for products and its forecasting, on the one hand, and sales organization, on the other. Accordingly, the introduction of marketing methods of sales management requires changes in the system of planning production volumes and pricing. In addition to changing the management structure, organizational and managerial innovations include other activities, the purpose of which is to increase efficiency and improve production and personnel management methods. Innovations in the social and labor sphere (the use of new forms of employment and contracts, new wage systems) can also be considered as managerial innovations.
As a rule, innovations in enterprises are complex. At the same time, different types of innovations were interconnected in terms of goals and results of implementation. In principle, local, point innovations are a routine activity of enterprises; without them, it is impossible to maintain the existence of an enterprise. Surprisingly, continuous complex changes have become routine for many enterprises. And this is one of the important characteristics of the modern innovation process at the enterprise level.
As the main criteria by which the types of innovations are distinguished, it is necessary to note the degree of novelty, radicalness of innovation; the nature of the practice in which the innovation is used; technological parameters innovation .
The classification of innovations allows:

• To systematize knowledge about the types of innovations, their manifestations and positions in the company's system.
• Ensure a more accurate identification of each innovation, determining its place among others, as well as possible limitations.
• Ensure the relationship between the type of innovation and the innovation strategy.
• Provide program (project) planning and system management of innovation at all stages of its life cycle.
• Develop an organizational and economic mechanism for implementing innovations and replacing it with a new one to solve the strategic tasks of the organization.
• Develop an appropriate mechanism of competence (overcoming anti-innovation barriers) that allows more successful promotion of innovation.

There are a number of generally accepted features of the classification of innovations (Fig. 3).
Basic innovation (sometimes also called radical) is an innovation that is based on scientific discovery or a major invention and is aimed at developing fundamentally new products and services, new generation technologies. The creation of basic innovations is associated with a large expenditure of resources, a high level of risks and uncertainty. However, at the same time, they are a source of subsequent improvements, modernization, distribution in other industries, the creation of new needs and new markets. This group of innovations is not widespread and numerous, but the return from them is disproportionately significant. The potential result of this innovation is to provide long - term competitive advantage and a significant increase in market position .
Improving innovation (the name incremental innovation is also used) is an innovation aimed at improving the parameters of manufactured products and the technologies used, improving products and technological processes. Improvement innovations are created as a result of observation and analysis both in the sphere of consumption of a product and in the process of its production. These improvements promise

Rice. 3. Classification of innovations

risk-free increase in consumer value of products, cost reduction. In addition, improving innovation is a consequence of the desire for product differentiation. Of particular importance are such innovations in the conditions of mass and large-scale production at large enterprises, as a result of which goods are balanced in all respects, aimed at long-term retention of market positions.
Table 13
Comparative characteristics of basic and improving innovations

Parameters	Basic innovations	Improving Innovation
1. Risks and difficulties:
1.1. Design failure	very likely	unlikely
1.2. Market failure	very likely	average degree probabilities
1.3. Project budget planning	difficult	easily feasible
1.4. Determining the timing of the project	difficult	easily feasible
2. Organization of work:
2.1. Research team uniform	team with strong leader	democratically run team
2.2. Leader type project	businessman, pioneer	specialist
2.3. Project curator	supreme leader organizations	middle manager, designated person
2.4. Resistance to innovation	very strong	moderate
3. Results:
3.1. The degree of novelty of the goods	very high, may not have an analogue, cardinal	small to medium
3.2. Change in market positions	essential	small to medium
3.3. Competitive advantages	long-term, provide leadership by quality	short-term, provide low costs

The dynamics of basic and improving innovations in an organization depends significantly on the place occupied by this organization in the structure of the industry, and its role in it. The Japanese researcher K. Kusunoki, using the example of the production of communication equipment, found that industry technology leaders or large organizations in their activities focus on improving innovations, while small organizations or industry outsiders often strive to create radically new products and technologies, ie. implement radical innovations.
The dynamics of basic (radical) and improving (incremental) innovations is also significantly affected by the stage of the sectoral life cycle. As you know, there are young industries (for example, the electronics industry, the software industry, the cable industry, etc.) and old ones (for example, light industry, coal, timber industry, etc.). Where an industry is in its lifecycle affects the balance between radical and incremental innovation.
In young industries, i.e. in the early stages of the industry life cycle, basic (radical) innovations prevail. In the later stages, i.e. in older industries, the vast majority are incremental innovations.
Pseudo-innovations (rationalizing innovations, modifying) - activities, the result of which is a partial improvement of the characteristics (sometimes secondary) of existing, including obsolete types of products, generations of equipment and technologies. They act as a temporary solution as opposed to real innovations, allowing them to stay on the markets of obsolete products, to keep inefficient technological processes.
Manufacturing innovations are embodied in new products, services or manufacturing process technologies, i.e. they represent the implementation of new knowledge in new products, services or the introduction of new elements into the production process, are implemented in the primary production activity. These are product and technological innovations.
Management innovation is new knowledge embodied in new management technologies, new administrative processes and organizational structures. Social innovation - a new way to solve social conflicts, type of social assistance, way of adaptation of workers, introduction of a system of social partnership.
If product and process innovations are generally recognized, their descriptions are included in international standards (Frascati Guide, 1993), then social innovations, including managerial ones, are often underestimated. Management innovations are much more profitable and cheaper than product and process innovations. But at the same time, their implementation is much more difficult, as it is associated with a change in behavior, habits, ideas, and business culture. They are riskier, as they affect the interests of people, cause conflicts, are less predictable, and can lead to inversion (the result that is directly opposite to the goal set). Therefore, social innovations must be carefully studied and analyzed.
Innovation can be used to meet any personal need - consumer innovation. Consumers in this case are, as a rule, individuals, families. The purpose of consumer innovation is to increase the economic, social, psychological effect of using the product. Another type of innovation is called investment innovation. The consumers of this innovation will be manufacturing enterprise, scientific organization, individual entrepreneur. The purpose of manufacturing innovation is to increase economic effect in the production of products of the enterprise that bought the innovation.
Each level in the enterprise system corresponds to certain types of innovations:

• strategic level - innovations in the mission, strategies, innovations in foreign economic activity, in negotiation processes;
• intracompany level - innovations in production processes, organization structure, control system;
• the personal level is innovation in the technique of personal labor, methods for developing the creative potential of the individual, methods for building a business career, and in training systems.

In terms of the scale of influence (impact), innovations distinguish between point (single) innovations that affect a separate parameter of the product and are embedded as new elements in a known technological system in order to improve it and complex ones, leading to the reorganization of the entire technological system(interrelated innovations and their complexes form a new technology, with the use of which it is possible to obtain new products, which, in turn, changes the structure of the organization of production and the management system).
Replacement innovations are innovations intended to replace existing (old) products or technologies with new or modified ones, while maintaining their purpose and functions.
Rationalizing innovations - presented in the form of a rationalization proposal. A rationalization solution is a technical solution that is new and useful for the organization, and provides for a change in the design of products, production technology and the equipment used, or a change in the composition of the material.
Expanding innovations - aimed at deeper penetration into various industries and markets of existing basic innovations.
Sustaining innovation is characterized by a situation where competition forces a company to produce more expensive improved products for its core customers. In such a situation, leading companies will definitely be ahead.
Disruptive innovations that aim to commercialize simpler, more convenient products that cost less and appeal to less attractive or even new consumer categories. Under these conditions, the "attackers" can defeat the leaders. Moreover, small and medium-sized businesses can act as “attackers”.
Reactive innovations are aimed at the survival of the firm, they appear as a reaction to the radical innovative transformations carried out by competitors.
Strategic innovations are proactive and aim to generate significant competitive advantage in perspective.
In practical management activities, generalized, integrated characteristics of the dynamics of innovation implementation by an economic entity are often used. Thus, the variety of types of innovations, with knowledge of the distinctive features of each of them, allows us to develop and provide conditions for their successful implementation.
The following basic principles of innovation are distinguished:

• Priority of innovative production over traditional.
• Efficiency of innovative production - resources allocated to innovations are justified only to the extent that they lead to commercial success.
• Organizational and structural isolation associated with the need and feasibility of creating under new idea or the invention of an independent innovation structure, which may be completely unsuitable for solving other problems.

These principles underlie the concept of the innovation life cycle, together with the periodization of the innovation process. The life cycle of an innovation is a specific period of time during which the innovation has an active life force and brings profit or other real benefit to the manufacturer and/or seller.
The role of the concept of the life cycle of innovation in planning the production of innovations and organizing the innovation process is of paramount importance and is as follows:

• the concept of the life cycle of innovation determines the need to analyze economic activity, taking into account the dynamics of the development of an economic entity, including a promising one;
• the concept of the life cycle of innovation justifies the need for a constantly organized activity for planning the release and / or acquisition of innovations;
• the concept of the life cycle of innovation serves as a basis for analysis and planning of innovation. As a result of the analysis, the stage of the life cycle of innovation is determined, the trend of its perspective development, decline and end of existence.

Innovation life cycles differ by type of innovation. These differences are primarily total duration cycle, the duration of each stage within the cycle, the features of the development of the cycle itself, a different number of stages. The types and number of life cycle stages are determined by the characteristics of a particular innovation. However, for each innovation, it is possible to determine the “core”, that is, the basic basis, of the life cycle with clearly defined stages (Fig. 4).
Figure 4 shows a comparison of the stages of the life cycle of innovation, both from the standpoint of a researcher and from the standpoint of an entrepreneur.
For a researcher, the initial process of producing innovation is fundamental research - experimental or theoretical research aimed at obtaining fundamentally new knowledge about the patterns of development of nature, society, man, and their relationship. The need for such research is due to the needs of the national economy or industry. They may end with recommendations regarding the establishment of applied research to determine the possibilities for the practical use of the acquired scientific knowledge, scientific publications, etc. Peculiarity fundamental research as a creative process - the impossibility to determine in advance the final result, the time and money spent to achieve it, the individual, unique nature of the study.
The results of fundamental research are presented in publications, scientific reports and presentations, contain theories, hypotheses, formulas, models, systematized descriptions. Includes two stages - exploratory and scientific and technical research

Rice. 4. Stages of the innovation life cycle

niya. To a greater extent, the second stage is associated with innovations, at which the selection of results suitable for practical implementation is carried out, the technical feasibility and economic expediency, areas of their primary use. The results of fundamental research can be used for various purposes, not always foreseen in advance, in different industries, over a long period of time - 30-40 years.

Applied research - scientific and scientific and technical activities aimed at obtaining and using knowledge for practical purposes, finding the most rational ways of practical use of the results of fundamental scientific research in the national economy. Their end result is recommendations for the creation of technical innovations - innovations - technological regulations, draft designs, technical specifications and requirements, methods and standards, projects of enterprises and technology of the future, standard standards, as well as other scientific recommendations. At this stage, experimental work related to laboratory and pre-production tests is also carried out.
The organization of applied research has a regulated procedure, which includes four main stages:

• Theoretical substantiation of the way and methods of development applied tasks, drawing up schemes and options for solving scientific and applied problems, mathematical and material models.
• Development and approval terms of reference(TOR), including information preparation, predictive assessment of the significance, costs, results and effectiveness, development of a program, methods and research scheme, including stages and assessment of the reliability of the research methodology. The scope of work, the composition of the performers, the cost estimate and the draft contract are determined.
• Experimental stage (experimental verification).
• Generalization and evaluation of the results of research work.

Design (lat. projectus - “thrown forward”) is a manufacturing process based on the results of applied research and experimental verification of scientific and technical documentation to create new or improved products, structures, processes and control systems, to create under given conditions not yet existing object according to its primary description. The end result project activities is a project, i.e. a set of documentation designed to create a specific object, its operation, repair and liquidation, as well as to verify or reproduce intermediate and final solutions on the basis of which this object was developed. The object of design can be a material object, the performance of work, the provision of a service. Design can be viewed on the one hand as the final phase of research, and on the other as the initial phase of production.
Design is also the search for scientifically sound, technically feasible and economically viable engineering solutions. The result of the design is a project of the future product. Design as a conscious purposeful activity has a certain structure, i.e. the sequence and composition of the stages and stages of project development, a set of procedures and involved technical means, the interaction of participants in the process. The main stages (stages) of the structure are shown in fig. 5.


Rice. 5. Stages of development of project documentation

Terms of Reference (TOR) establishes the main purpose, specifications, quality indicators and technical and economic requirements for the object being developed, a prescription for the implementation of the necessary stages of creating documentation and its composition, as well as special requirements for the product.
Technical proposal (PT) - a set of documents containing a technical and feasibility study of the feasibility of developing a project. Such a conclusion is given on the basis of an analysis of the customer's TOR and various options for possible solutions, their comparative assessment, taking into account the features of the developed and existing products, as well as patent materials.
Preliminary design(EP) - a set of documents containing fundamental decisions and giving a general idea of ​​​​the structure and principle of operation of the object being developed, as well as data that determine its purpose, main parameters and overall dimensions. In case of great complexity of the object, this stage may be preceded by a pre-project study containing theoretical studies designed to substantiate the fundamental possibility and expediency of creating this object.
Technical project(TP) - a set of documents that must contain the final technical solutions, giving a complete picture of the structure of the designed object, the initial data for the development of working documentation.
At the stage of the detailed design (DP), detailed documentation is first developed for the manufacture of a prototype and its subsequent testing. Tests are carried out in a number of stages, according to the results of which design documents are adjusted. Further, working documentation is developed for the manufacture of the installation series, its testing, equipping the production process of the main components of the product. Based on the results of this stage, the design documents are again corrected and working documentation is developed for the manufacture and testing of the head (control) series. On the basis of the documents of the products finally worked out and tested in production, manufactured according to a fixed and fully equipped technological process, then the final working documentation of the established production is developed.
In the process of developing project documentation, depending on the complexity of the problem being solved, it is allowed to combine a number of stages with each other. The stages of statement of technical specifications and technical design may be included in the cycle of research work (R&D), and the stages of the technical proposal and preliminary design can form a cycle of experimental design work (R&D).
The cycle of works is completed by the stage summing up the project activity - certification - determining the quality level of the created product and confirming its compliance with the requirements of those countries where its subsequent implementation is expected. The need to single out this stage as an independent one is due to the fact that at present the export of products or their sale within the country is in many cases unacceptable without a quality certificate.
The primary (pioneer) development of innovations is the introduction of the results of development into production, which involves the following procedure:

• individual production of new products required in single copies, development of serial production of new products, commissioning of new facilities, technological processes and control systems, practical use of new methods - technical development;
• achievement of the design capacity and the design volume of the use of innovation - production development;
• achievement of the design socio-economic efficiency of innovation - economic development.

Economic development ends with the achievement of design capacity and economic indicators: material and energy intensity, labor productivity, cost, profitability, return on assets. At this stage of development, additional work is carried out to eliminate the shortcomings identified in the process of production and technical development.
The spread of innovation, or diffusion, is its economic development on a large scale based on the dissemination of information about the innovation, replication of relevant documentation, equipment upgrades, personnel training, development and implementation of business plans, taking into account the specifics of specific enterprises and implementation experience.
Consumption as a phase of the life cycle of an innovation is characterized by a gradual stabilization of costs and an increase in the effect, mainly due to an increase in the volume of use of the innovation. It is here that the main part of the actual effect of the innovation is realized.
Obsolescence - completes the entire life cycle of an innovation. It begins at the end of the development of the next innovation, economic, environmental or social efficiency which makes its development rational.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the main indicators of the innovative activity of Russian enterprises (Fig. 6) indicate a decrease in the already low level in 2012. There are somewhat more enterprises implementing technological innovations, while the data indicate a sharp decrease in the number of enterprises implementing innovations. environmental, despite the priority of the concept of sustainable development in the world community.


Rice. 6. Share of organizations implementing innovations in the total number of surveyed organizations, %

Approaches to innovation in large companies basically fit into three schemes:

• "Searching for Market Requirements" - For example, companies like Apple and Procter & Gamble engage customers directly to generate new ideas.
• "Market followers" - such as Hyundai and Caterpillar, companies that monitor the market for incremental innovations and improvements to existing products.
• "Technology Oriented" - Companies like Google and Bosch depend on in-house technology capabilities to develop new products and services. They use investments to develop both breakthrough ideas and incremental innovations, hoping that these innovations will meet market demands.

Booz & Co, conducting research, estimated the number of enterprises implementing these strategies in Russia and in the world as a whole - fig. 7 - which indicates that in Russian corporations, innovations are mainly carried out by engineers and specialists in the technical areas of science who are not interested in the market and, as a result, do not listen to the opinion of the client, unlike foreign companies.

Rice. 7. Innovation strategies in companies
The foregoing indicates the importance and priority of solving the problems of modernizing approaches to the development of innovations in Russian companies and innovative and project management can become quite an effective tool here.

Control questions

1. What is innovation and innovation management?
2. What are the features of the emergence of innovation?
3. The evolution of technological structures.
4. The core of the technological order.
5. The concept of innovation and innovation. Classification of innovations.
6. Classification of sources of innovation.
7. Goals, objectives and content of innovation management.
8. The concept of the innovation process.
9. The main phases of the innovation process and their content.
10. The relationship between the life cycles of innovation, product and product.
11. The meaning and content of the phases of dissemination and diffusion of innovation - the main components of the stage of bringing innovation to the market.
12. Organizational forms innovative activity.
13. Organization of innovative activity at the enterprise.
14. Characteristics of an innovative organization.
15. Innovative system. Basic concepts.
16. National innovation system.
17. Regional innovation system.
18. Corporate innovation system.
19. Infrastructure of the innovation sphere.
20. Choosing an innovative business model.
21. Options for financing innovation activities.
22. Formation of an innovation team, participants of an innovation project.
23. Main mistakes of innovative enterprises.
24. The concept of innovative strategies and their classification.
25. Characteristics of enterprises of violets.
26. Characteristics of the enterprises of patients.
27. Characteristics of enterprises explerents.
28. Characteristics of commutator enterprises.
29. Assessment of the situation when choosing an innovative strategy.

Previous

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Innovation Resources
Rubric (thematic category)	Technologies

Classification of innovations

TOPIC 1.4. Classification of innovations, innovative resources, innovative products.

The origin of innovations, their purpose, influence and other characteristics require a certain classification that will allow them to be identified.

Consider general scheme classification of innovations and innovative products according to various criteria. It is based on the following features.

1. Source of idea for innovation.

a) discovery, scientific idea, scientific theory, phenomenon;

b) invention, a number of inventions, licenses;

c) rationalization proposals;

2. The form of innovation.

a) the product, its design or device;

b) technology, method, method;

c) material, substance;

d) living organism, plant;

e) buildings, construction;

f) information product (programs, etc.);

g) services;

3. Scope of innovation.

a) research area, changing R&D processes;

b) technical or product area, the emergence of products with new or improved properties;

c) technological sphere, the use of improved, more advanced methods of manufacturing products;

d) information and communication sphere, changes in the technology of information transfer and processing;

e) marketing sphere, changes in brands of goods and organizations;

f) logistics, changes in the organization of supply and marketing.

g) organizational and managerial sphere, changes in the organizational mechanism and management system;

h) socio-economic, legal sphere, changes in social, economic and legal conditions for the functioning of the enterprise.

4. The level of novelty.

a) world level of novelty;

b) domestic level of novelty;

c) industry level of novelty;

d) firm level;

e) expanding the portfolio of goods and services;

f) product and service renewal;

g) repositioning of goods and services;

h) reducing the firm's costs.

5. Scale of diffusion of innovations.

a) transnational;

b) federal;

c) regional;

d) municipal;

e) within associations and associations;

f) within the organization;

g) within a division.

6. The pace of implementation of innovations.

a) fast, growing;

b) slow, uniform;

c) slow, fading.

7. Stage of the life cycle of innovation.

a) research;

b) production;

c) industrial production;

d) marketing;

e) logistics;

f) diffusion;

g) routinization;

h) service support.

8. The depth of the changes.

a) radical or basic innovations;

b) improving innovation;

c) modification or private innovations.

9. Continuity of innovation.

a) openers, which can be followed by a stream of new innovations;

b) closing, innovations closing a number of industries;

c) substitutes;

d) canceling;

e) retrointroductions.

Resource provision, which is an important condition for the implementation of any type of economic activity, acquires a new content in the innovation process. Innovative activity, in comparison with other types of business, requires a complex set of resources, invested at increased risk and for a longer period. This imposes special requirements on the organization of resource support.

Under innovative resources It is customary to understand the resources that provide the possibility of innovative activity. These resources include: material and technical, labor, financial, intellectual, information resources.

The introduction of a scientific and technological innovation is usually associated with the mobilization of resources, in volumes and composition exceeding the capabilities of the resource base of one economic entity.

There is a close relationship between the attraction of innovative resources by the company and its innovative activity.

Innovative activity- ϶ᴛᴏ a complex characteristic of the innovative activity of an enterprise, including susceptibility to innovations, the degree of intensity of the actions taken to transform innovations and their timeliness, the ability to mobilize the potential of an extremely important quantity and quality. Innovative activity characterizes the readiness to update the basic elements of the innovation system - knowledge, technological equipment, information and communication technologies, as well as susceptibility to everything new.

To determine the coefficient of innovative activity, using expert methods, the parameters of innovative activity are evaluated. Each parameter of innovative activity is determined by an expert on a 5-point scale (Table 1.5).

Table 1.5. Evaluation of the innovative activity of the organization.

№	Estimated parameters of innovative activity	Designation	Parameter status level
	Quality of innovation strategy and innovation goal	A 1	1 2		4 5
	Level of mobilization of innovative potential	A 2	1 2		4 5
	The level of attracted investments	A 3	1 2		4 5
	Methods used in the implementation of innovative changes	A 4	1 2		4 5
	Correspondence of the firm's response to the nature of the competitive strategic situation	A 5	1 2		4 5
	Speed ​​(tempo) of development and implementation of the innovation strategy	A 6	1 2		4 5
	Validity of the implemented level of innovation activity	A 7	1 2		4 5
Final assessment of the state of innovation activity	K IA	1 2		4 5

An average coefficient is calculated according to the parameters of innovative activity, which will be the final assessment of innovative activity.

,

where is the number of parameters of innovative activity.

Let us consider in more detail the content of the parameters of innovative activity.

Evaluation of the quality of the innovation strategy and goals is an assessment of the compliance of the strategy with the mission of the enterprise, the external environment, potential, goals, and other strategies of the company.

Assessing the level of mobilization of innovative potential comes down to assessing the ability of management to demonstrate the highest competence in mobilizing innovative potential.

The assessment of the level of attracted capital investments consists in assessing the ability of management to attract investments of the required volume and acceptable sources of financing.

Evaluation of methods for implementing innovative changes consists in evaluating methods aimed at obtaining real competitive advantages. For example, for the design of innovative processes, the method of ʼʼparallel designʼʼ is used. In innovation marketing, this is the concept of ʼʼcustomer focusʼʼ.

The assessment of the compliance of the organization's reaction with the nature of the competitive strategic situation consists in assessing the compliance of innovative behavior with the state of the external and internal environment. There are three types of innovative behavior:

· reactive behavior- ϶ᴛᴏ behavior in which there is a delay in the start of the organization's response to change environment due to the fact that it takes time to make and transfer a decision, it leads to a significant increase in the total costs of the company;

· active behavior- ϶ᴛᴏ behavior based on experience, as soon as the data show that the progressive decline in profits should not be the result of normal fluctuations, there are immediate responses from management;

· planned and predictive behavior- ϶ᴛᴏ behavior, which is based on a strategic plan and forecast information. The method of control by weak signals (LSS) is used.

Weak signal control method(USS) is a method of management when the company's management makes responsible decisions on the basis of inaccurate, probabilistic information about the market. This method of management assumes that management already at the first weak signals does not wait for changes in the market, but begins to act. At the same time, practical steps on the part of management, aimed at using market opportunities that have not yet been clearly manifested, are becoming more definite, they are intensifying as more accurate and extensive information is received about changes in the situation in the external environment. By the time new opportunities become obvious to everyone, the company is already taking up all-round defense in order to defend what it has occupied before others. new niche on the market.

An assessment of the intensity of actions to create and promote innovations is characterized by such a set of indicators as: product update, technology update and technological equipment, updating of personnel knowledge, updating of organizational structures.

Renewability (novelty) coefficient- ϶ᴛᴏ the ratio of new and old products in the annual production plan. New in industrial production such products are considered to be those that, in modern dynamic market conditions, are produced within one to three years, but not more than five.

A sharp unreasonable increase in activity can turn the organization into the so-called "dead hero", and inadequate passivity dooms it to become a loser. Hence, it is important to assess the implemented level of innovation activity.

When evaluating any situation in the enterprise, it is also extremely important to take into account the innovative power (strength) shown by the organization in a particular situation. Innovative strength is defined as the product of the coefficient characterizing the strategic position and the coefficient of innovative activity.

where is the company's strategic position (determined from assessments of the state of the external and internal environment), is the coefficient of innovative activity.

The accumulated experience of many countries has shown that without taking into account the organizational and economic features of the distribution and consumption of resources in the innovation process, it is not possible to develop successful practical recommendations on the resource provision of innovative projects in an enterprise. Despite the fact that the investment process is closely related to innovation and its resource provision, the latter is wider than the process of investing in innovation. It also includes things like replenishing parts working capital spent in the cycle of the movement of a scientific and technical product͵ and such moments as, for example, staffing, closely intertwined with the investment process, but not directly reduced to its elements.

There are five basic types of resources used in the innovation process:

· material and technical;

personnel;

intellectual;

information;

financial.

Financial resources are not directly consumed in the innovation process, but can be accumulated, distributed and acquired for subsequent transformation into material, intellectual and human resources through market exchange.

Intellectual resources are commonly understood as the ability of a person to carry out innovative activities. The results of innovation activity are embodied in patents, licenses, know-how, as well as in prototypes and working models new technology etc.

Under human resources, it is customary to understand the personnel of an enterprise, which is the carrier of an intellectual resource.

Under the material and technical resource, it is customary to understand the material resource necessary for the development of innovation.

In relation to innovation activity, information is a key resource. The fact is that science, one of the components of innovative activity, produces new knowledge, that is, new information. The functioning of the system of scientific and technical information is provided both at the level of the enterprise and at the state level.

Resources directed to innovative projects can be divided into two fundamentally different groups: real and financial. The peculiarity of financial resources in terms of reproduction lies in the fact that they do not act directly as an element in the process of creating innovations, but can be converted into any other type of resources.

The innovative potential of an enterprise is the ability to carry out innovative activities with the achievement of a particular level of performance. In turn, the innovative potential is derived from the innovative resource.

The resources of innovation activity form the basis of the potential corresponding to them, but the latter is not identical to them. For example, an effective system of labor motivation increases personnel potential, but at the same time, human resources remain the same.

The composition of the innovation potential differs from the composition of the resources of innovation activity. For example, organizational potential is a derivative of all other real resources for innovation. Organizational capacity is understood as the presence of management personnel required qualifications, experience and age ͵ well-coordinated management team, mutual understanding between managers and developers.

Russia has a fairly high level of scientific potential, world-famous scientific schools, a large proportion of specialists with higher education in the national economy (almost every fifth employee has higher education), good groundwork in some promising areas of science. About 20,000 inventions are patented annually (according to Rospatent, 26,294 patents for inventions were issued in 2009), of which about 8-10% are sold, which indicates that the country has accumulated a significant stock of unrealized inventions.

Innovative resources - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Innovative resources" 2017, 2018.

on the course "Innovation Management (Management of Innovative Entrepreneurship)"

Choose, in your opinion, the most correct answer to the proposed questions.

• 1. The concept of "entrepreneur" introduced into science:
  • a) Cantillon;
  • b) Keynes;
  • c) Say;
  • d) Marx.
• 2. The introduction of the term "innovation" is associated with the name:
  • a) Keynes
  • b) Schumpeter;
  • c) Marx.
• 3. The theory of long-wave development of the economy has been developed:
  • a) Marshall
  • b) Schumpeter;
  • c) Keynes;
  • d) Kondratiev.
• 4. What components do not belong to the category of "new economy"?
• a) behavioral;
• b) financial;
• c) information;
• d) innovative.
• 5. What is the "Red Queen effect"?
• a) the rate of change;
• b) in the need to bypass a competitor through innovation;
• c) the need for innovation to maintain positions;
• d) limited possibilities of the imitation strategy.
• 6. Reproductive process does not include:
  • a) innovation process;
  • b) investment process;
  • c) scientific and technological progress;
  • d) saving.
• 7. Innovation is:
  • a) a new incentive system;
  • b) a new product;
  • c) fundamental scientific idea;
  • d) an object of new technology.
• 8. Innovation is characterized:
  • a) the commercializability of the innovation;
  • b) focus on meeting the ideal needs of the developer;
  • c) planning;
  • d) the measurability of the result.
• 9. Is a scientific and technical development an innovation that cannot be implemented in the next 13 years?
• a) yes;
• b) no;
• c) yes, with a planning horizon of 7 years;
• d) yes, after the specified period.
• 10. Innovation is different from other business processes:
  • a) focus on commercialization;
  • b) fundamental uncertainty;
  • c) low risks;
  • d) the nature of goal setting.
• 11. Innovative uncertainty and risks in comparison with similar characteristics of other business processes:
  • a) above;
  • b) below;
  • c) are incommensurable;
  • d) it all depends on the specific conditions.
• 12. Goal-setting in the innovation process is characterized by:
  • a) direction;
  • b) probabilistic character;
  • c) a wide range of results;
  • d) long planning horizon.
• 13. Non-formalizable mechanisms of the innovation process are:
  • a) interaction effects;
  • b) uncontrolled lags;
  • c) side effects;
  • d) aspects of innovation uncertainty.
• 14. The main classification characteristics of innovation are:
  • a) duration of development;
  • b) scope of application;
  • c) the degree of novelty;
  • d) the nature of the result (the object of innovation).
• 15. The main classification characteristics of innovation do not include:
  • a) development cost;
  • b) the source of the innovative idea;
  • c) the nature of the organization of research work;
  • d) compatibility of innovation with the planning period.
• 16. Spinoff is:
  • a) a term referring to the way the innovation is implemented;
  • b) a synonym for the term "technological push";
  • c) a synonym for the term "technological transfer";
  • d) a way of organizing innovative developments.
• 17. The benefits of a "first step" strategy include:
  • a) technological leadership;
  • b) low risks;
  • c) control of markets and distribution networks;
  • G) low cost innovative projects.
• 18. According to the degree of novelty, the following types of innovations are distinguished:
  • a) revolutionary;
  • b) architectural;
  • c) technological;
  • d) new for the implementing enterprise.
• 19. Modifying innovations provide:
  • a) technological breakthrough;
  • b) low costs;
  • c) strategic changes;
  • d) reduced risks.
• 20. Borrowed innovations:
  • a) increase costs
  • b) increase the technological level;
  • c) increase the aggressiveness of the enterprise strategy;
  • d) improve product quality.
• 21. By the nature of the results (object), the following types of innovations are distinguished:
  • a) commodity-product;
  • b) informational;
  • c) technical and technological;
  • d) market-network.
• 22. What type of innovation is characterized by a focus on price competition?
• a) for commodity products;
• d) for complex ones.
• 23. What type of innovation is characterized by a focus on non-price competition?
• a) for commodity products;
• b) for technical and technological;
• c) for organizational and managerial;
• d) for complex ones.
• 24. The life cycle of an innovation is different from the life cycle of a product:
  • a) the presence of a stabilization stage;
  • b) the presence of a development stage;
  • c) shorter duration;
  • d) less investment.
• 25. Investment and innovation cycles coincide in duration:
  • a) when evaluating an investment project;
  • b) in the case of fundamental innovation;
  • c) in case of market success of innovation;
  • d) in the absence of the information stage of the investment process.
• 26. In relation to the innovation process, the following types of development strategies are distinguished:
  • a) venture capital;
  • b) quick return of capital;
  • c) differentiation;
  • d) imitation.
• 27. Innovation and venture capital investment strategies coincide:
  • a) when developing a fundamental innovation;
  • b) with intra-company venture;
  • c) with venture support;
  • d) when developing a modifying innovation.
• 28. Which of the following risks are not typical for an innovative investment strategy?
• a) country;
• b) innovative;
• c) commercial;
• d) technological.
• 29. financial risk maximum:
  • a) with an innovative strategy;
  • b) with an imitation strategy;
  • c) with venture strategy;
  • d) is the same for all types of investment strategies.
• 30. More business risk:
  • a) with a fundamental product innovation;
  • b) with a modifying innovation;
  • c) with technological innovation;
  • d) with a complex innovation.
• 31. Necessary condition successful implementation of the simulation strategy is:
  • a) the financial strength of the investor company;
  • b) rapid development of real investments;
  • c) effective marketing;
  • d) market segmentation.
• 32. Not typical for imitation strategy:
  • a) innovation risk;
  • b) technological risk;
  • c) commercial risk;
  • d) regular risks.
• 33. Which of the forms of venture activity is directly a way to implement the innovation process?
• a) financial venture;
• b) intercorporate venture;
• c) intra-company venture;
• d) classic venture.
• 34. What risks does the venture strategy minimize?
• a) financial;
• b) technological;
• c) macroeconomic;
• d) innovative.
• 35. For innovative venture are not typical:
  • a) specialization;
  • b) corporate organizational structure;
  • c) orientation towards the use of scientific and technical transfer;
  • d) a different system of motivation than in large corporations.
• 36. The condition for the successful functioning of an intracorporate venture is:
  • a) high motivation of employees in research departments;
  • b) autonomy of venture divisions;
  • c) integration into the corporate structure.
• 37. What tasks does the development of the enterprise solve?
• a) improving the product range;
• b) introduction of innovations;
• c) ensuring the stability and sustainability of current production;
• d) adaptation to changing external conditions.
• 38. What are the main forms of enterprise development?
• a) innovative;
• b) structural;
• c) strategic;
• d) investment.
• 39. What are the main tasks of the state in the innovation process?
• a) creation of stimulating financial mechanisms;
• b) organization and financing of developments;
• c) training of personnel for innovative activities;
• d) raising the status of innovation activity in society.
• 40. For domestic enterprises in innovation activity is characterized by a model:
  • a) technological transfer;
  • b) "market challenge";
  • c) "technological push";
  • d) external investment.
• 41. R&D costs of an enterprise amount to 5 million conventional monetary units (c.u.) per year, and the cost of turnover is 200 c.u. in year. What is the value of the coefficient of innovation (manufacturability) of the enterprise?
• a) 40;
• b) 205;
• c) 195;
• d) 2.5%.
• 42. Market price enterprises is 3 billion c.u. The replacement cost of the assets is 600 thousand USD. What is the value of Tobin's coefficient?
• a) 20%;
• b) 16%;
• c) 2.4 billion c.u.;
• d) 5.
• 43. The value of the expected increase in profit from the introduction of innovation is 800 thousand c.u. in year. Research return index 0.5. What is the cost of an innovative project?
• a) 400 thousand cu;
• b) 1600 thousand cu;
• c) 799.5 thousand cu;
• d) 0.5 thousand c.u.
• 44. The organizational and managerial levels of innovation management include:
  • a) administrative;
  • b) legal;
  • c) strategic;
  • d) tactical.
• 45. The role of the enterprise in the innovation process is determined:
  • a) share of financing;
  • b) propensity to take risks;
  • c) influence on the innovation infrastructure of the society;
  • d) close relationship with the markets.
• 46. The innovative resources of the enterprise include:
  • a) working capital;
  • b) organizational culture;
  • c) technical and technological level;
  • d) funding opportunities.
• 47. The innovative resources of the enterprise do not include:
  • a) scientific and technical groundwork;
  • b) organizational hierarchy;
  • c) current costs;
  • d) intangible assets.
• 48. Innovation potential is:
  • a) the totality of innovative resources;
  • b) the maximum size of the contribution of ID to the efficiency of the enterprise;
  • c) all innovative activities of the enterprise;
  • d) a way of connecting innovative resources.
• 49. The Kaizen system provides:
  • a) a radical technological breakthrough;
  • b) development of new products;
  • c) massive small improvements;
  • d) improving the innovativeness of the organizational culture.
• 50. Formation and implementation of the innovation activity strategy includes:
  • a) innovative analysis;
  • b) management of innovative projects;
  • c) innovative goal setting;
  • d) strategy for the development of innovative resources.
• 51. What characteristics determine the amount of financing for innovation activities?
• a) financial capabilities of the enterprise;
• b) the reputation of research teams;
• c) retention of innovative personnel;
• d) maintaining the prestige of the company.
• 52. What is the most appropriate approach to innovation management?
• a) technocratic;
• b) behavioral;
• c) informational;
• d) adhocracy.
• 53. What tasks does the strategy of organizational and personal development of the organization's innovative resources solve?
• a) formation and development of innovative personnel;
• b) purchase of new equipment;
• c) improving the "innovation climate" in the organization;
• d) formation of organizational mechanisms to support the IE.
• 54. The internal participants in the innovative activity of the enterprise are:
  • a) venture capital firms
  • b) spinning companies;
  • c) consortia;
  • d) business angels.
• 55. An innovative project is:
  • a) the expected result of the innovation;
  • b) formation and implementation of a plan for the development of a specific innovation;
  • c) a package of documents fixing the innovation development plan;
  • d) innovative idea.
• 56. The design organization assumes:
  • a) a complex hierarchy;
  • b) matrix structure;
  • c) tight control;
  • d) flexible planning.
• 57. The design organization excludes:
  • a) command organization;
  • b) use of seminars;
  • c) directive planning;
  • d) publicity.
• 58. Sources of financing for an innovative project do not include:
  • a) own funds;
  • b) working capital;
  • c) borrowed funds;
  • d) sponsorship.
• 59. In accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the costs associated with financing unsuccessful innovative projects include:
  • a) to irretrievable losses;
  • b) the cost of production in full;
  • c) the cost of production in the amount of 70%;
  • d) on the cost of production in the amount of 30%.
• 60. The sources of innovative contradictions are:
  • a) staff;
  • b) technical and technological level of production;
  • c) the management of the enterprise;
  • d) external environment.
• 61. Innovation conflict is:
  • a) socialization of contradictions;
  • b) personalization of contradictions;
  • c) manifestation of contradictions;
  • d) extreme aggravation of contradictions.
• 62. Which phenomena are not stages in the development of conflict?
• a) socialization;
• b) awareness;
• c) manifestation;
• d) permission.
• 63. What types of conflicts are the most destructive in the innovation process?
• a) substantive;
• b) intragroup;
• c) intergroup;
• d) personal.
• 64. What methods of conflict resolution are acceptable in the innovation process?
• a) compromise
• b) retreat;
• c) use of force;
• d) problem solving.
• 65. The strategic meaning of the absolute efficiency indicator is:
  • a) profit maximization
  • b) in minimizing the own funds of the enterprise;
  • c) in maximizing the own funds of the enterprise;
  • d) maximizing return on investment.
• 66. An analogue of absolute efficiency among indicators of current production is:
  • a) the gross profit of the enterprise;
  • b) the overall profitability of production assets;
  • c) the costs of the enterprise;
  • d) profitability of sales.
• 67. The overall profitability of the enterprise's production amounted to 27.1%. The absolute efficiency of IP is 23.4%. Other circumstances are not specified. Investment decision under these conditions:
  • a) most likely, the project will be accepted;
  • b) most likely, the project will be rejected;
  • c) there is no criterion information for making a decision;
  • d) the decision depends on strategic plans guides.
• 68. Payback period of an innovative project:
  • a) is equal to the standard service life of the equipment;
  • b) less than the standard service life of the equipment;
  • c) more than the standard service life of the equipment;
  • d) depends on the value of absolute efficiency (E a).
• 69. The absolute efficiency of an innovative project is 0.20. Payback period of the project:
  • a) 20 years old;
  • b) 10 years;
  • c) 5 years;
  • d) there is no information for judgment.
• 70. Absolute efficiency does not allow:
  • a) rank IP;
  • b) take into account IP priorities;
  • c) compare single-purpose IPs;
  • d) discount profits and investments.
• 71. The disadvantages of the Ea indicator are:
  • a) the aggregated nature of the assessments;
  • b) the impossibility of accounting for the liquidity of investments;
  • c) the impossibility of comparing multidirectional projects;
  • d) "grinding" of investment.

Additional tests

1. Which model of the innovation process is characterized by an emphasis on the importance of the market and R&D response to it?

A. Consistent.

B. Parallel-serial.

B. Conjugate.

2. What is meant by the term "emergence"?

A. System integrity.

B. Hierarchy.

B. Manageability.

3. What parameters characterize the innovation life cycle?

A. Temporary and technical.

B. Technical and economic.

B. Temporary and economic.

4. Which scientist introduced the categories of "new technological system" and "technological revolution"?

A. Cluster.

B. Kleinknecht.

B. Schmukler.

6. What goals is innovation management aimed at?

A. To achieve specific innovative goals, optimal results through the rational use of scientific, labor, material and financial resources.

B. To receive innovations, their mass production and marketing.

B. To develop innovations.

7. Which of the following allows a business to obtain an interest-free loan where the buyer-broker makes a partial prepayment?

A. Option.

B. Promissory note.

B. Bond.

8. What country is the birthplace of risky (venture) financing?

A. Russia.

B. Japan.

9. In what market is there a commercial exchange of various objects of an innovative product?

A. In the stock market.

B. In the innovation market.

B. In the technology market.

10. What is the main result economic evaluation innovations?

A. Economic effect.

B. The price of the goods.

B. The value of the innovation.

11. The purpose of which method of choosing an innovation policy is to obtain forecasts or a list potential consequences any problem?

A. Script writing method.

B. Delphi method.

B. Method of games.

12. What method of choosing an innovation policy allows you to build a model with a minimum of data, as well as maximize the value of the data used in the model?

A. Monte Carlo method.

B. Imitation.

B. Delphi method.

13. Which of the forecasts involves activities aimed at changing the course of events?

A. Regulatory.

B. Passive (search).

B. Active.

14. What model should be used to predict processes that can be represented by a combination of seasonal and linear additive models?

A. Holt - Winter.

B. Holt - Muir.

B. Box - Jenkins.

15. The essence of which of the analytical models is to simulate the structure of a real system and its development over time, depending on the simulated external influences?

A. Optimization.

B. Imitation.

B. Playful.

16. The idea of ​​what method of searching for the idea of ​​innovation consists in a collective attack of the problem that has arisen in order to choose the most successfully proposed idea?

A. Trial and error.

B. Method of control questions.

B. Brainstorming.

17. Which scientist proposed the method of morphological analysis?

A. F. Zwicky.

B. A. Osborne.

B. C. Wyoming.

18. Which of the innovation management techniques does not apply to the techniques that affect the production of innovations?

A. Benchmarking.

B. Reengineering.

B. Marger.

19. Which one following concepts means engineering consulting services for the creation of new facilities or large projects?

A. Engineering.

B. Benchmarking.

B. Reengineering.

20. What value will the debt equal to 3,000 rubles reach in two years with growth at a compound rate of accrual of 13.5% per annum?

A. RUB 4573.85

B. 3325.11 rubles.

B. RUB 3864.67

21. Which of the following firms are the main conductors of radical technical innovations?

A. Medium S&T and Innovation Firms.

B. Small scientific, technical and innovative firms,

relying on government support.

B. Large innovative firms.

22. In which country was a law passed in 1982 to promote innovative small business research?

A. In Japan.

B. In Germany.

23. Which of the ministries of the Russian Federation is engaged in budgetary provision of innovation policy and audits innovation projects?

A. Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

B. Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation.

B. Ministry economic development and trade of the Russian Federation.

24. In what federal law contains basic rules state support innovation activity in the Russian Federation?

A. "On Science and State Science and Technology Policy".

B. "On innovation activity and on state innovation policy."

B. "About scientific activity".

25. What is the function of the special benefit “tax credit for R&D growth”?

A. Engage in the purchase and operation of the latest equipment.

B. Use new technologies.

B. Encourage businesses to create and fund large, costly science programs.

26. Which of the following tax incentives is used in France to generally stimulate the development of small businesses?

A. Possibility of deferring tax payments in the event of a temporary lack of liquidity.

B. Establishing a non-taxable minimum.

B. Introduction of income tax cuts.

27. From the payment of what tax are R&D performed at the expense of the state budget, the Russian Fund for Technological Development, as well as off-budget funds of ministries, departments, associations formed for these purposes, R&D, carried out by educational and scientific institutions on the basis of economic contracts?

A. Income tax.

B. Property tax.

28. What is the mixed investment scheme for projects aimed at import substitution of goods?

A. 50% to 50%.

B. 40% to 60%.

B. 30% to 70%.

29. How many percent of the cost of products sold can an enterprise allocate to the Extra-budgetary Fund for Investment Financing?

30. Which of the following tax benefits do you consider the most socially just?

A. Income Tax Exemption.

B. Exemption from payment of tax on part of the profits directed to innovative activities.

B. Exemption from payment of tax on a portion of profits sent to charitable foundations whose activities are related to innovation.

31. An innovative project is:

A. complex system interdependent and interconnected in terms of resources, deadlines and executors of activities aimed at achieving specific goals (tasks) in priority areas of science and technology development.

B. Developed research and development plan aimed at solving actual theoretical and practical tasks having economic, socio-political significance.

B. Type of financing in which the income received from the implementation of the project is the main or only source of repayment of debt obligations.

32. In domestic science, the term "project financing" is interpreted as:

A. Financing based on the viability of the project itself, without regard to the creditworthiness of its participants, their guarantees and guarantees of repayment of loans by third parties.

B. Investment financing, in which the source of debt repayment is cash flows generated as a result of the implementation of the investment project itself.

B. A type of financing in which project revenues are the primary or sole source of debt repayment.

33. At the stage of preliminary selection, three classes of projects (technologies) are formed:

A. High priority.

B. Priority.

B. Non-priority.

D. Rejected.

34. Organizations with the status of a state scientific center:

A. Exempted from paying value added tax when purchasing materials, equipment, purchased products, services of third parties necessary for the implementation of programs financed from the federal budget; import customs duties, etc.

B. From all taxes for up to one year.

B. From all taxes for up to three years.

35. Multiprojects are:

A. Multi-purpose complex programs that combine a number of multi-projects and hundreds of mono-projects, interconnected by one tree of goals.

B. Projects carried out, as a rule, by one organization or even one division, distinguished by the setting of an unambiguous innovative goal.

B. Comprehensive programs that bring together dozens of mono-projects aimed at achieving a complex innovative goal.

36. The main methods for the examination of innovative projects financed from the budget include:

A. Descriptive.

B. Comparative.

B. Computing.

G. Settlement.

37. The business plan should enable the investor to make a comprehensive assessment and, first of all, show:

A. That there are sufficient production and resource capabilities.

B. That the novelty of the project does not violate anyone's copyright.

B. That the inflation rate is acceptable within the projected time frame for the project.

38. The management of the federal scientific and technical program is carried out by:

A. Scientific advice.

B. Committee on Science and Technology of the Russian Federation.

B. State Research Center.

39. External factors motivating innovation include:

A. Competitive fight for markets.

B. Getting the maximum profit.

B. Constant changes in market conditions.

D. Increasing market share and conquering new market segments.

40. The reasons for the decline in investment in the country's economy are:

A. Quite a high level of taxes.

B. Strengthening state power.

B. High cost of credit resources.

D. Reducing the rate of inflation.

41. Vertical borrowing strategy:

A. Implemented by the parent company of vertically integrated structures that transfer already proven technologies to small enterprises that are part of the structure.

B. Adopted by large leading firms during periods of new products entering the market, the demand for which has not yet been determined.

B. It is typical for small enterprises as part of large vertically integrated structures that are forced to accept and borrow technologies from enterprises - the leaders of these structures.

42. The purpose of functional system analysis (FSA):

A. Reducing the cost of production, work and services while improving or maintaining the quality of the work performed.

B. Stabilization of the market position.

B. Increasing the technical level of production, the competitiveness of products.

43. FSA consists of several stages:

A. Preparatory.

B. Informational.

B. Stage of engineering forecasting.

D. Stage of parametric optimization of production facilities.

44. Innovation projects are:

A. A source of production potential formation.

B. The source of the formation of scientific and technical potential.

B. A mechanism for optimizing the structure of assets.

45. The external innovation policy of the organization is aimed at:

A. To monopolize the market for this product.

B. To change or expand the scope of activities.

B. To increase the capacity of the organization.

D. On the transition to new technologies.

46. ​​From what stage do the pre-production stages of the product life cycle begin:

47. What document is the main guarantee of intellectual property protection in the Russian Federation?

A. The Constitution of the Russian Federation.

B. Patent Law of the Russian Federation.

48. What should innovative products have?

A. Specialization.

B. Unification.

B. Individualization.

49. Which of the following is fully or partially confidential knowledge, experience, skills, including technical, economic, administrative, financial and other information?

A. Trademark.

B. Industrial design.

B. Know-how.

50. Which of the following items is not included in the general information about the investment project?

A. Financial plan.

B. Product release program.

B. Tax environment.

51. Which of the indicators is not included in the calculation of private indicators of changes in the efficiency of the use of material resources as a result of the implementation of scientific and technical measures?

A. Reducing the material consumption of specific types of products.

B. Relative savings in material costs.

B. Relative savings in depreciation costs.

52. Which of the criteria is not used in practice when evaluating innovations?

A. Scientific.

B. Entrepreneurial.

B. Economic.

53. What period is more acceptable for evaluating the results of innovation activity?

A. One year.

B. Three years.

B. Five years.

54. Which of the three factors is not taken into account when calculating the impact of changes in product quality on costs per 1 rub. products?

A. Change in wages.

B. Change in prices for consumed raw materials.

B. Changing the cost of production by improving the quality of the product.

55. What will be the savings from reducing the cost of production due to the implementation of innovation, if the volume of products produced through the implementation of innovation is 1 million rubles, and in the base case it is 700 thousand rubles, and the standard cost of production using innovation is equal to 7, and without - 10 rubles?

A. 728 thousand rubles.

B. 635 thousand rubles.

B. 558 thousand rubles.

56. Determine what is the share of net income in the total income received through the implementation of innovation, if the net income created through the implementation of innovation is 20 million, and the income received through the implementation of innovation is 31 million rubles?

A. RUB 1.55 million

B. 0.645 million rubles.

B. RUB 0.523 million

57. As experience shows foreign countries, the most vulnerable link in the protection of trade secrets is:

A. Insecurity of information systems.

B. Personnel of the organization.

B. Irrational attribution of information to the "CT" of the enterprise.

58. Biometric identification methods are divided into two large groups:

A. Static.

B. Physiological.

B. Inertial.

G. Dynamic.

59. A consistent solution of three tasks (classification of an object, determination of forms and methods of protection and selection of methods for monitoring their effectiveness) is necessary when developing measures:

A. Protect the scientific and technological potential.

B. Protection of scientific and technical property.

B. Protection of assets on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

60. All biometric identification systems perform two main functions:

A. Registration.

B. Identification.

B. Archiving.

D. Systematization.

61. "Lamer" is a user:

A. Unreasonably considers himself a specialist.

B. Novice user.

B. Experienced user.

D. Specialist user.

62. Secure information systems are based on:

A. On failsafe.

B. On safety.

B. On inaccessibility.

D. On security.

63. Firewall is:

A. A collection of hardware and software that links two or more networks and is also the central point of security control.

B. Network host computer that performs software, known as a proxy server.

B. This is a system that provides registration of users, formation of a matrix and access to computing and information resources of the network.

64. One of the three most popular types of firewall architecture is:

A. One-way master firewall.

B. Two-way master firewall.

B. Three-way master firewall.

65. trade secret- it:

A. The legally protected right of an enterprise to limited access to information on production, technological, trade, financial and other business transactions and documentation on them.

B. Technical knowledge, experience, trade secrets necessary to solve a technical problem.

The concept and essence of an innovative company

The traditional approach to defining the specifics of an innovative company is to indicate the need for a situation in which the introduction of complex innovations is an integral part of the organization and its industry segment, therefore, a company is innovative if a significant part of its activities is related to innovative processes.

Thus, the general approach to defining the essence of an innovative company is related to the specifics of the activities it carries out.

According to this approach, an innovative company largely depends on adaptation to the external environment, flexible management of the ability to innovate. However, this approach is largely limited to defining the key activity of an innovative company, depending on the concepts of "innovation" and "innovative activity".

Components of the concept of an innovative company

Innovation can be seen as a result, as a change, or as a process. In particular, the following definition can be given:

Innovation is the finished result of scientific and technical activity to create a fundamentally new or improved object, technology or process, the practical development and implementation of which will lead to a beneficial effect for society or the satisfaction of specific social needs.

On the other hand, innovation is the use of the results of scientific and technical activities aimed at improving a process.

In addition, an important aspect of the concept of innovation is the profitable nature of its use. In other words, new technologies, production, organizational, technological, economic, social solutions should bring profit as a result of their application.

Thus, innovation is a complex, voluminous category that is studied in different dimensions.

Innovation activity is the creation, development, dissemination and use of innovations. Innovative activity is a complex set of scientific, technological, organizational, managerial, financial and economic activities aimed at turning the results of scientific, technological and applied developments into a commercial result. This approach implies an initial need to finance such activities. It is possible to give a more concise definition, according to which innovation activity is aimed at the creation, development, dissemination and use of innovations.

At the same time, it is possible to offer a more complete and objective definition.

Innovative activity is an activity aimed at the use, implementation, development and effective implementation accumulated knowledge, technologies and equipment, the results of scientific research and development work to improve technologies, products, production processes.

Thus, innovation activity can be considered from two points of view:

1. As a means of providing a strategic advantage to companies for which innovation itself is not the main type of business;
2. As a type of activity, the product of which is specific scientific, scientific, technical and other results that can be used as the basis for innovations in other industries.

Innovative companies may meet both criteria to varying degrees, depending on the nature of their activities and the specifics of innovation.

The concept of an innovative enterprise

An innovative enterprise is such if its main goal is to bring new ideas, developments, innovations to a specific consumer and achieve commercial success.

An innovative enterprise is commercial organization which carries out the practical implementation of technologies containing confidential information of a technical, economic, administrative, financial or other nature, and receives the largest share of income from the creation and subsequent sale of innovative products or as a result of the use of innovative technical and technological processes.

Depending on the fundamental nature of the content of innovation activity, we can distinguish types of innovative enterprises:

1. An innovative enterprise focused on the end product, technology or process that is the finished product.
2. A technology-oriented innovative enterprise is engaged in the introduction of technologies aimed at improving production processes, technical aspects, technological procedures within the framework of its core business.
3. Organizational and production innovative enterprise focuses its activities on improving production and complex processes of its organization.
4. An innovative enterprise focused on managerial innovation is engaged in relevant activities without being tied to specific products, processes and technologies.

Product-oriented innovative companies are mainly focused on creating fundamentally new goods, services or works based on innovations. Technology-oriented innovative enterprises are distinguished by a significant level of efficiency of their technologies. Managerial innovative companies are characterized by advanced methods of development and decision-making, personnel management, etc. The most complex are organizational and production innovative enterprises, whose activities in many aspects are the result of the introduction of innovations.

An innovative enterprise can exist on the basis of one of three models:

1. Internal organization - innovation is created within the company on the basis of the implementation of innovative projects by various departments;
2. External contract organization - an innovation is created on the basis of contracts for its creation and development between third-party organizations;
3. External venture organization - additional third-party funds are attracted to implement innovative projects.

In general, an innovative company must have the ability to continuously create innovative developments and implement their developments in its activities, using the technologies, management resources and commercial opportunities available to the enterprise. It should be noted that innovation is important for an innovative enterprise, often being their value factor in development.

The characteristics of an innovative enterprise are shown in the figure.

Characteristics of an innovative enterprise

Consequently, it is common for an innovative enterprise to implement new ideas in various areas of its activity, including both internal and external resources, but, in particular, relying on its own employees, specialists with strategic importance for system technologies used by the company in its current economic activity.

Innovative enterprises achieve the highest economic effect if the results of innovative developments provide the company with opportunities to improve its technological level, thereby providing a long-term competitive advantage.

At the same time, the combination of technological, managerial, commercial, organizational innovations makes it possible to create strategic advantage an enterprise only if the innovative company carries out innovative activities in a complex manner, focusing on the development of technologies as a whole. In fact, it can rightly be said that innovative enterprise strives for its development through innovative technologies, while the area of ​​their direct implementation is not as important.

Accordingly, an innovative company should have the following characteristics:

• the ultimate goal of an innovative company is the production of competitive products;
• innovation activity for the company is a long and dynamic process that corresponds to the conditions of the functioning of this company;
• an innovative company must have preliminary developments, a technical and technological system for their implementation in order to meet the changing business conditions;
• independent nature and independence of directly innovative activity;
• focus on obtaining economic benefits in the long run.

Considering the list key features For an innovative company, one can judge the need for a target orientation of innovative activity, since the introduction of innovations for the sake of the process itself does not seem rational.

Literature

1. Afonin I.V. Innovation management [Text] / I.V. Afonin. – M.: Infra-M, 2011.
2. Grishin V.V. Management of innovation activity in the conditions of modernization of the national economy [Text] / V.V. Grishin. – M.: Dashkov i K, 2012.
3. Medynsky V.G. Innovation management [Text] / V.G. Medynsky. – M.: Infra-M, 2011.
4. Nureev R.M. Development Economics [Text] / R.M. Nureyev. – M.: Infra-M, 2012.
5. Yashin S.N. Economics and financial support of innovation activity [Text] / S.N. Yashin. - St. Petersburg: BHV-Petersburg, 2013.

 

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